Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/etaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti, from *h₁ed- (“to eat”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈe.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*etaną

1. to eat

Inflection

The past singular is anomalous and has long ē rather than the expected short a (possibly continuing the Proto-Indo-European reduplicated stative *h₁eh₁óde).

Conjugation of *etaną (strong class 5)

	active voice				passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*etō	*etaų	—		*etai	?
2nd singular	*itizi	*etaiz	*et		*etazai	*etaizau
3rd singular	*itidi	*etai	*etadau		*etadai	*etaidau
1st dual	*etōz	*etaiw	—		—	—
2nd dual	*etadiz	*etaidiz	*etadiz		—	—
1st plural	*etamaz	*etaim	—		*etandai	*etaindau
2nd plural	*itid	*etaid	*itid		*etandai	*etaindau
3rd plural	*etandi	*etain	*etandau		*etandai	*etaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ēt	*ētį̄
2nd singular	*ēst	*ētīz
3rd singular	*ēt	*ētī
1st dual	*ētū	*ētīw
2nd dual	*ētudiz	*ētīdiz
1st plural	*ētum	*ētīm
2nd plural	*ētud	*ētīd
3rd plural	*ētun	*ētīn
	present	past
participles	*etandz	*etanaz

Derived terms

• *atjaną
• *atōną
• *ēsaz
• *ētijô
• *ētiz
• *etulaz
• *ētą
• *fraetaną
• *ubatją

Related terms

• *etunaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *etan
  • Old English: etan, eata — Northumbrian, eotan, ætan
    • Middle English: eten, eete, eeten, ete, etin, ethe, ette, æten, etenn (Early Middle English)
      • English: eat
      • Scots: ait, aet, eat, eit, ete
      • Yola: at, ayth, eight
  • Old Frisian: ita, eta
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum: iidj

      Mooring: ääse

    • Saterland Frisian: iete, íete
    • West Frisian: ite
  • Old Saxon: etan
    • Middle Low German: ēten
      • Low German: eten
  • Old Dutch: etan
    • Middle Dutch: ēten
      • Dutch: eten
        • Afrikaans: eet
      • Limburgish: aete
  • Old High German: ëȥȥan
    • Middle High German: ëȥȥen
      • Alemannic German: ässe

        Walser: essen, ässä, asse, assu

      • Bavarian: eisn, essn, èssn

        Cimbrian: èzzan, èssan, ezzan

        Mòcheno: èssn

      • Central Franconian: äße, esse (Kölsch, northernmost Ripuarian), eaße (parts of Moselle Franconian)

        Hunsrik: esse

      • German: essen
      • Luxembourgish: iessen
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Pennsylvania German: esse

      • Vilamovian: aosa
      • Yiddish: עסן (esn)
• Old Norse: eta
  • Icelandic: eta, éta
  • Faroese: eta
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: eta, ete; (dialectal) ita, åtå, øtå
  • Elfdalian: jätå
  • Old Swedish: æta
    • Swedish: äta
  • Old Danish: ætæ
    • Danish: æde
      • Norwegian Bokmål: ete
    • Scanian: æda
  • Gutnish: äte, jite, jeta
• Gothic: 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan)
• → Proto-Finnic: *ettana (see there for further descendants)