Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/libjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“leave, cling, linger”), with semantic development "to leave, cling" > "to remain" > "to live".

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈliβ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*libjaną

1. to live, to be alive

Inflection

Conjugation of *libjaną (weak class 3 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*libjō	*libjaų	—	—	—
2nd singular	*libaisi	*libjais	*libai	—	—
3rd singular	*libaiþi	*libjai	*libjaþau	—	—
1st dual	*libjōs	*libjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*libjaþiz	*libjaiþiz	*libjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*libjamaz	*libjaim	—	—	—
2nd plural	*libaiþ	*libjaiþ	*libaiþ	—	—
3rd plural	*libjanþi	*libjain	*libjanþau	—	—
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*libdǭ	*libdēdį̄
2nd singular	*libdēz	*libdēdīz
3rd singular	*libdē	*libdēdī
1st dual	*libdēdū	*libdēdīw
2nd dual	*libdēdudiz	*libdēdīdiz
1st plural	*libdēdum	*libdēdīm
2nd plural	*libdēdud	*libdēdīd
3rd plural	*libdēdun	*libdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*libjandz	*libdaz

Related terms

• *lībaną
• *lībą

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *libbjan
  • Old English: libban, lifian — Anglian
    • Middle English: lyven, leeve, lefe, leve, leven, libbe, libben, lifen, live, liven, lybbe, lyve, libbæn, libbenn, livie, livien, luvien
      • English: live
      • Scots: leeve
      • Yola: live
  • Old Frisian: leva
    • Saterland Frisian: líeuwje
    • West Frisian: libje
  • Old Saxon: libbian
    • Middle Low German: leven
      • German Low German: lęven, lewen, lewe (in other dialects, including Low Prussian)
  • Old Dutch: libben
    • Middle Dutch: leven
      • Dutch: leven, leeven (obsolete)
        • Afrikaans: leef, lewe
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
        • Jersey Dutch: lêve
        • Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
      • Limburgish: laeve
    • Middle Dutch: leven
      • Dutch: leven, leeven (obsolete)
        • Afrikaans: leef, lewe
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
        • Jersey Dutch: lêve
        • Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
      • Limburgish: laeve
  • Old High German: lebēn
    • Middle High German: lëben
      • Alemannic German: lëëbe
        • Alsatian: lawe
        • Swabian: läba
      • Bavarian:

        Cimbrian: lem

        Mòcheno: lem

      • German: leben
      • Luxembourgish: liewen
      • Vilamovian: łaowa
      • Yiddish: לעבן (lebn)
• Old Norse: lifa
  • Icelandic: lifa
  • Faroese: liva
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: leva, liva (pre-1917 spelling)
  • Old Swedish: liva, leffua
    • Swedish: leva, lefva (pre-1906 spelling)
  • Danish: leve
    • Norwegian Bokmål: leve
• Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (liban)