Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunnaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti, from *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkun.nɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kunnaną

to know, to be familiar with, to recognise
to know how, to be able to

Inflection

Conjugation of *kunnaną (preterite-present)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kann	*kunnį̄	—	—	—
2nd singular	*kannt	*kunnīz	—	—	—
3rd singular	*kann	*kunnī	—	—	—
1st dual	*kunnū	*kunnīw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kunnudiz	*kunnīdiz	—	—	—
1st plural	*kunnum	*kunnīm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*kunnud	*kunnīd	—	—	—
3rd plural	*kunnun	*kunnīn	—	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kunþǭ	*kunþēdį̄
2nd singular	*kunþēz	*kunþēdīz
3rd singular	*kunþē	*kunþēdī
1st dual	*kunþēdū	*kunþēdīw
2nd dual	*kunþēdudiz	*kunþēdīdiz
1st plural	*kunþēdum	*kunþēdīm
2nd plural	*kunþēdud	*kunþēdīd
3rd plural	*kunþēdun	*kunþēdīn

	present	past
participles	*kunnandz	*kunþaz

Usage notes

The main distinction between *kunnaną and *maganą is that the former deals with one's own capabilities, whereas the latter indicates ability due to favourable circumstances not under one's control.

Derived terms

Related terms

*knēaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kunnan
- Old English: cunnan
  - Middle English: cunnen, can, canne, conne, connen, cun, cunne, kanne
    - English: can, con, cun, could, cunning, canny
    - Scots: can, cun, cunning
    - Yola: canna, cou
- Old Frisian: kunna
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum: kön
    Hallig: kune
    Helgoland: kan
    Mooring: koone
    Sylt: ken
  - Saterland Frisian: konne
  - West Frisian: kinne
- Old Saxon: kunnan
  - Middle Low German: künnen, kynnen, kunnen, konnen, können, kȫnen, konen
    - Low German: könen
    - Plautdietsch: kjanen
- Old Dutch: cunnan
  - Middle Dutch: connen
    - Dutch: kunnen, (dialectal) kennen, konnen
      - Afrikaans: kan (from inflected form kan)
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: kan (from inflected form kan)
      - Javindo: ken
      - Negerhollands: kan, ka (from inflected form kan)
      - Petjo: kan, ken
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: can (from inflected form kan)
    - Limburgish: kónne
    - West Flemish: keunn
- Old High German: kunnan
  - Middle High German: kunnen, künnen
    - Alemannic German: chöne, chönne (Uri)
      - Swabian: kenna
        Sathmar Swabian: kenne
    - Central Franconian: kenne, känne (variant spelling)
    - East Central German:
      Erzgebirgisch: kènn
      Upper Saxon German: gönn
    - German: können
    - Luxembourgish: kënnen
    - Rhine Franconian:
      - Pennsylvania German: kenne
    - Vilamovian: kenna
    - Yiddish: קענען (kenen)
Old Norse: kunna
- Icelandic: kunna
- Faroese: kunna
- Norwegian:
  Norwegian Bokmål: kunne
  
  Norwegian Nynorsk: kunne, kunna
- Old Swedish: kunna
  - Swedish: kunna
- Old Danish: kunnæ
  - Danish: kunne
- Elfdalian: kunna
- Gutnish: kunne
Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kunnan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 311

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kunnan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 311

[1]