Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunþaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

*kunnaną (“to know”) +‎ *-þaz (past participle suffix). See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

May also be analyzed as from pre-Germanic *ǵń̥h₃tos, via unexplained accent shift from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós,^[1] or analogical replacement of the suffix.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkun.θɑz/

Participle

*kunþaz^[2]^[3]

past participle of *kunnaną

Adjective

*kunþaz

known

Inflection

Declension of *kunþaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kunþaz	*kunþai	*kunþō	*kunþôz	*kunþą, -atō	*kunþō
Accusative	*kunþanǭ	*kunþanz	*kunþǭ	*kunþōz	*kunþą, -atō	*kunþō
Genitive	*kunþas, -is	*kunþaizǫ̂	*kunþaizōz	*kunþaizǫ̂	*kunþas, -is	*kunþaizǫ̂
Dative	*kunþammai	*kunþaimaz	*kunþaizōi	*kunþaimaz	*kunþammai	*kunþaimaz
Instrumental	*kunþanō	*kunþaimiz	*kunþaizō	*kunþaimiz	*kunþanō	*kunþaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kunþô	*kunþaniz	*kunþǭ	*kunþōniz	*kunþô	*kunþōnō
Accusative	*kunþanų	*kunþanunz	*kunþōnų	*kunþōnunz	*kunþô	*kunþōnō
Genitive	*kunþiniz	*kunþanǫ̂	*kunþōniz	*kunþōnǫ̂	*kunþiniz	*kunþanǫ̂
Dative	*kunþini	*kunþammaz	*kunþōni	*kunþōmaz	*kunþini	*kunþammaz
Instrumental	*kunþinē	*kunþammiz	*kunþōnē	*kunþōmiz	*kunþinē	*kunþammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kunþ
- Old English: cūþ
  - Middle English: couth
    - English: couth
    - Scots: couth
- Old Frisian: kūth
  - Saterland Frisian: kuud
- Old Saxon: kūth, *kunth
  - Middle Low German: kunt
    - German Low German: kund (in derivatives)
- Old Dutch: cunt
  - Middle Dutch: cont
    - Dutch: kond
- Old High German: kund
  - Middle High German: kunt
    - German: kund
Old Norse: kunnr, kuðr
- Icelandic: kunnur, kuður
- Faroese: kunnur
- Old Swedish: kunder
  - Swedish: kund
- Old Danish:
  - Danish: kund
Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (kunþs)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kunþa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 312
^ “couth, adj. (and n.¹)”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1893.
^ “cǒuth, adj. (& n.)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kunþa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 312

[OED-2] “couth, adj. (and n.¹)”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1893.

[3] “cǒuth, adj. (& n.)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

[1]

[2]

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