Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sitjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

• *setjaną

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti, from the root *sed- (“to sit”). Formal cognate with Ancient Greek ἕζομαι (hézomai).

Reconstruction

There is dialectal variation with and without the *j, the reason for which is disputed. An alternative reconstruction assumes pre-Germanic *sed-éi-ti ~ *sed-i-énti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsit.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*sitjaną

1. to sit

Inflection

Conjugation of *sitjaną (strong class 5 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sitjō	*sitjaų	—	*sitjai	?
2nd singular	*sitisi	*sitjais	*siti	*sitjasai	*sitjaisau
3rd singular	*sitiþi	*sitjai	*sitjaþau	*sitjaþai	*sitjaiþau
1st dual	*sitjōs	*sitjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*sitjaþiz	*sitjaiþiz	*sitjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*sitjamaz	*sitjaim	—	*sitjanþai	*sitjainþau
2nd plural	*sitiþ	*sitjaiþ	*sitiþ	*sitjanþai	*sitjainþau
3rd plural	*sitjanþi	*sitjain	*sitjanþau	*sitjanþai	*sitjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sat	*sētį̄
2nd singular	*sast	*sētīz
3rd singular	*sat	*sētī
1st dual	*sētū	*sētīw
2nd dual	*sētudiz	*sētīdiz
1st plural	*sētum	*sētīm
2nd plural	*sētud	*sētīd
3rd plural	*sētun	*sētīn
	present	past
participles	*sitjandz	*setanaz

Derived terms

• *bisitjaną
• *gasitjaną
• *sadulaz

Related terms

• *satjaną
• *setlaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *sittjan
  • Old English: sittan
    • Middle English: sitten, zitten, zitte (Kent)
      • English: sit
      • Scots: sit
      • Yola: zit
  • Old Frisian: sitta
    • West Frisian: sitte
  • Old Saxon: sittian
    • Low German: sitten
  • Old Dutch: sitten
    • Middle Dutch: sitten
      • Dutch: zitten
        • Afrikaans: sit
  • Old High German: sizzen, sitten
    • Middle High German: sitzen
      • Alemannic German:

        Swabian: sitza

      • Central Franconian: setze
      • Cimbrian: zètzan (suppletive; some conjugations)
      • German: sitzen
      • Luxembourgish: sëtzen
      • Yiddish: זיצן (zitsn)
• Old Norse: sitja
  • Icelandic: sitja
  • Faroese: sita
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: sidda, sidde, sidja, sikia, sikje, sitja, sitje, sitta, sitte
  • Jamtish: siti
  • Elfdalian: sittja, sitta
  • Old Swedish: sitia
    • Swedish: sitta
  • Old Danish: sitiæ, sitæ, sittæ
    • Danish: sidde
      • Norwegian Bokmål: sitte
    • Scanian: seda
  • Old Gutnish: sitia
    • Gutnish: sitä, site, sitte
• Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (sitan)