Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaldaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From the original past participle of *kalaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Diachronically from Proto-Indo-European *goltós.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑl.dɑz/

Adjective

*kaldaz

1. cold

   Antonyms: *warmaz, *haitaz

Inflection

Declension of *kaldaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kaldaz	*kaldai	*kaldō	*kaldôz	*kaldą, -atō	*kaldō
Accusative	*kaldanǭ	*kaldanz	*kaldǭ	*kaldōz	*kaldą, -atō	*kaldō
Genitive	*kaldas, -is	*kaldaizǫ̂	*kaldaizōz	*kaldaizǫ̂	*kaldas, -is	*kaldaizǫ̂
Dative	*kaldammai	*kaldaimaz	*kaldaizōi	*kaldaimaz	*kaldammai	*kaldaimaz
Instrumental	*kaldanō	*kaldaimiz	*kaldaizō	*kaldaimiz	*kaldanō	*kaldaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kaldô	*kaldaniz	*kaldǭ	*kaldōniz	*kaldô	*kaldōnō
Accusative	*kaldanų	*kaldanunz	*kaldōnų	*kaldōnunz	*kaldô	*kaldōnō
Genitive	*kaldiniz	*kaldanǫ̂	*kaldōniz	*kaldōnǫ̂	*kaldiniz	*kaldanǫ̂
Dative	*kaldini	*kaldammaz	*kaldōni	*kaldōmaz	*kaldini	*kaldammaz
Instrumental	*kaldinē	*kaldammiz	*kaldōnē	*kaldōmiz	*kaldinē	*kaldammiz

Derived terms

• *kaldāną
• *kaldį̄
  • Middle Dutch: kelde ⇒ coude (see there for further descendants)
  • Old High German: kaltī (see there for further descendants)
• *kaldijǭ

Related terms

• *kalaną
• *kaliz
• *kōlaz
• *kōliz
• *kōlijaz
• *kōluz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kald
  • Old English: ċeald, cald — Anglian
    • Middle English: cold, cald, chald, cheald, cheld
      • English: cold
      • Geordie English: cawd, cauld
      • Scots: cald, cauld
      • Yola: coale, khoal, cole
  • Old Frisian: kald
    • Saterland Frisian: koold
    • West Frisian: kâld
  • Old Saxon: kald
    • Middle Low German: kold, kolt
      • Low German:
        • German Low German: kold, kol, kolt, koolt, koold
        • Westphalian:

          Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: käult

          Lippisch: kault

          Sauerländisch: kàld

          Westmünsterländisch: kold

      • Plautdietsch: kolt
  • Old Dutch: kalt, *kald, *kold (in toponyms)
    • Middle Dutch: cout, calt
      • Dutch: koud
        • Afrikaans: koud
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: kautu
        • Negerhollands: koud, koude, kout, kot, kou
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: kout
        • → Kwinti: kowru
        • → Saramaccan: koto
      • Limburgish: kaad
      • West Flemish: koed, kod
  • Old High German: kalt
    • Middle High German: kalt
      • Alemannic German: chalt

        Walser: chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte

      • Bavarian: ckolt, kholt, kòlt, koid, kålt (Southern Bavarian, Carinthia, Tyrol), ckolt (Timau), kholt (Sauris), kòlt (Sappada)

        Cimbrian: kalt, khalt (Luserna, Sette Comuni)

        Mòcheno: khòlt, kòlt

      • Central Franconian: kalt
      • German: kalt
      • Luxembourgish: kal
      • Pennsylvania German: kalt
      • Vilamovian: kāłt
      • Yiddish: קאַלט (kalt)
• Old Norse: kaldr
  • Icelandic: kaldur
  • Faroese: kaldur
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: kald; (dialectal) kald’u, kald’e
  • Norwegian Bokmål: kald
  • Elfdalian: kold
  • Old Swedish: kalder, kaller
    • Swedish: kall
  • Old Danish: kald
    • Danish: kold
      • Norwegian Bokmål: kold (Riksmål)
  • Gutnish: kaldar
• Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds)