Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaldāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *kaldaz (“cold”) +‎ *-āną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑl.dɑː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kaldāną

1. to become cold

Inflection

Conjugation of *kaldāną (weak class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kaldō	?	—	?	?
2nd singular	*kaldaisi	?	*kaldai	*kaldāsai	?
3rd singular	*kaldaiþi	?	*kaldāþau	*kaldāþai	?
1st dual	*kaldōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kaldāþiz	?	*kaldāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*kaldāmaz	?	—	*kaldānþai	?
2nd plural	*kaldaiþ	?	*kaldaiþ	*kaldānþai	?
3rd plural	*kaldānþi	?	*kaldānþau	*kaldānþai	?
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kaldadǭ	*kaldadēdį̄
2nd singular	*kaldadēz	*kaldadēdīz
3rd singular	*kaldadē	*kaldadēdī
1st dual	*kaldadēdū	*kaldadēdīw
2nd dual	*kaldadēdudiz	*kaldadēdīdiz
1st plural	*kaldadēdum	*kaldadēdīm
2nd plural	*kaldadēdud	*kaldadēdīd
3rd plural	*kaldadēdun	*kaldadēdīn
	present	past
participles	*kaldāndz	*kaldadaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kaldēn
  • Old English: cealdian, *caldian
    • Middle English: colden, calden, chelden, kelden
      • English: cold
      • Yola: coale
  • Old Saxon: kaldōn
    • Middle Low German: kolden
  • Old Dutch: *kaldon
  • Old High German: kaltēn
    • Middle High German: kalten
• Old Norse: kalda
  • Icelandic: kalda