Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kalaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gól-, the o-grade root present of *gel- (“cold”). Related to Latin gelū (“frost, cold”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑ.lɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kalaną

1. to be cold, to freeze

Inflection

Conjugation of *kalaną (strong class 6)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kalō	*kalaų	—	*kalai	?
2nd singular	*kalizi	*kalaiz	*kal	*kalazai	*kalaizau
3rd singular	*kalidi	*kalai	*kaladau	*kaladai	*kalaidau
1st dual	*kalōz	*kalaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kaladiz	*kalaidiz	*kaladiz	—	—
1st plural	*kalamaz	*kalaim	—	*kalandai	*kalaindau
2nd plural	*kalid	*kalaid	*kalid	*kalandai	*kalaindau
3rd plural	*kalandi	*kalain	*kalandau	*kalandai	*kalaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kōl	*kōlį̄
2nd singular	*kōlt	*kōlīz
3rd singular	*kōl	*kōlī
1st dual	*kōlū	*kōlīw
2nd dual	*kōludiz	*kōlīdiz
1st plural	*kōlum	*kōlīm
2nd plural	*kōlud	*kōlīd
3rd plural	*kōlun	*kōlīn
	present	past
participles	*kalandz	*kalanaz

Derived terms

• *kaldaz
• *kallōną
• *kalmaz
• *kalmijô
• *kalōną
• *kōlijaną

 

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kalan
  • Old English: calan
    • Middle English: calen
• Old Norse: kala
  • Icelandic: kala
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: kala, (past participle) kalen
  • Swedish: kala (dialectal)
• →⇒ Proto-Finnic: *kalëda (see there for further descendants)