Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/līþaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to go, depart, die”). Cognate with Tocharian A litā- (“to pass on”), Avestan 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ⁱriθiieⁱti, “to die, pass away”), Ancient Greek λοίτη (loítē, “tomb”), Latin lītus (“shore, beach”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈliː.θɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*līþaną^[1]^[2]

to go; pass
to go through

Inflection

Conjugation of *līþaną (strong class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*līþō	*līþaų	—	*līþai	?
2nd singular	*līþizi	*līþaiz	*līþ	*līþazai	*līþaizau
3rd singular	*līþidi	*līþai	*līþadau	*līþadai	*līþaidau
1st dual	*līþōz	*līþaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*līþadiz	*līþaidiz	*līþadiz	—	—
1st plural	*līþamaz	*līþaim	—	*līþandai	*līþaindau
2nd plural	*līþid	*līþaid	*līþid	*līþandai	*līþaindau
3rd plural	*līþandi	*līþain	*līþandau	*līþandai	*līþaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*laiþ	*lidį̄
2nd singular	*laist	*lidīz
3rd singular	*laiþ	*lidī
1st dual	*lidū	*lidīw
2nd dual	*lidudiz	*lidīdiz
1st plural	*lidum	*lidīm
2nd plural	*lidud	*lidīd
3rd plural	*lidun	*lidīn

	present	past
participles	*līþandz	*lidanaz

Derived terms

Related terms

*laidō

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *līþan
- Old English: līþan
  - Middle English: liþen (early)
- Old Frisian: lītha
  - Saterland Frisian: liede
  - West Frisian: lyen, lye, lit, lije
- Old Saxon: līthan
  - Middle Low German: lîden
    - German Low German: lieden
- Old Dutch: līthan
  - Middle Dutch: liden
    - Dutch: lijden
      - Afrikaans: ly
      - Negerhollands: lyd, lyden, lijden, leiden
    - Limburgish: lieje
- Old High German: līdan
  - Middle High German: līden
    - Alemannic German: liide, lide
    - German: leiden
    - Hunsrik: leide
    - Luxembourgish: leiden
Old Norse: líða
- Icelandic: líða
- Faroese: líða
- Norwegian: lide
- Old Swedish: līþa
  - Swedish: lida
- Danish: lide
- → Scots: lide
Gothic: *𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*leiþan)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*līþan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 340
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*līþanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 248

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*līþan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 340

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*līþanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 248

[1]

[2]