Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/askǭ

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Usually connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₂e(H)s- (“to dry, burn”), with an uncertain suffix; compare Old Armenian աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”). In view of the voiced cluster in Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō), Kroonen suggests a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ed- (“to dry”) + *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), the first element of which is based on Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒋾 (ḫa-a-ti /⁠ḫāti⁠/) and Ancient Greek ἄζω (ázō), both “to dry up”. Compare also Old Polish ozd, Czech ozditi (“to dry malt”), which could point to a root *h₂esd- or compound *h₂(H)s-d-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑs.kɔ̃ː/

Noun

*askǭ f

1. ash, ashes

Inflection

Verner alternation was preserved in this noun, so that some forms had the stem *azg-; however, the distribution of the alternants is currently unknown.

ōn-stemDeclension of *askǭ (ōn-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*askǭ	*askōniz
vocative	*askǭ	*askōniz
accusative	*askōnų	*askōnunz
genitive	*askōniz	*askōnǫ̂
dative	*askōni	*askōmaz
instrumental	*askōnē	*askōmiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *askā
  • Old English: æsce, asċe, axe, acse, ahse, axse, æxe
    • Middle English: asshe, axe, aske, ash, assche, aysshe, asche, aisshe, asske, acxe, ass, esche, esk, eshe
      • English: ash
      • Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis
      • Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)
  • Old Frisian: *aske, *eske
    • Saterland Frisian: Ääske
    • West Frisian: jiske
  • Old Saxon: aska
    • Middle Low German: asche
      • German Low German: Asch
      • Plautdietsch: Ausch
  • Old Dutch: *aska
    • Middle Dutch: asche
      • Dutch: as, asch (obsolete), asse
        • Afrikaans: as
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: asi
        • Negerhollands: haschěsis, hassesje, assche, ašiši, hašiši, haši, babaši, aschies, assisje, az
  • Old High German: asca, aska
    • Middle High German: asche
      • Alemannic German: Äsche
      • Cimbrian: èssa
      • German: Asche
      • Luxembourgish: Äsch
      • Vilamovian: oś
      • Yiddish: אַש (ash)
• Old Norse: aska
  • Icelandic: aska
  • Faroese: øska
  • Norwegian:

    Bokmål: aske

    Nynorsk: oske, oska

  • Old Swedish: aska
    • Swedish: aska
  • Old Danish: askæ
    • Danish: aske
• Gothic: 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō)
• → Proto-Finnic: *ahku, *aho (see there for further descendants)