Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/singwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *séngʷʰ-e-ti, from *sengʷʰ- (“to recite, sing”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀμφή (omphḗ, “divine voice, oracle”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsiŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*singwaną^[2]^[3]

to sing

Inflection

Conjugation of *singwaną (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*singwō	*singwaų	—	*singwai	?
2nd singular	*singwizi	*singwaiz	*singw	*singwazai	*singwaizau
3rd singular	*singwidi	*singwai	*singwadau	*singwadai	*singwaidau
1st dual	*singwōz	*singwaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*singwadiz	*singwaidiz	*singwadiz	—	—
1st plural	*singwamaz	*singwaim	—	*singwandai	*singwaindau
2nd plural	*singwid	*singwaid	*singwid	*singwandai	*singwaindau
3rd plural	*singwandi	*singwain	*singwandau	*singwandai	*singwaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sangw	*sungį̄
2nd singular	*sanht	*sungīz
3rd singular	*sangw	*sungī
1st dual	*sungū	*sungīw
2nd dual	*sungudiz	*sungīdiz
1st plural	*sungum	*sungīm
2nd plural	*sungud	*sungīd
3rd plural	*sungun	*sungīn

	present	past
participles	*singwandz	*sunganaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *singwan
- Old English: singan
  - Middle English: singen, cingen, cinggen, singgen, singe, synge, syngen, cyngyn, cynggyn, zinge (Kent)
    - English: sing
    - Scots: sing
    - Yola: zing
- Old Frisian: singa, siunga, sionga
  - North Frisian: schong
  - Saterland Frisian: sjunge
  - West Frisian: sjonge
- Old Saxon: singan
  - Middle Low German: singen
    - Low German: singen
    - Plautdietsch: sinjen
- Old Dutch: singan
  - Middle Dutch: singen
    - Dutch: zingen
      - Afrikaans: sing
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: singgi
      - Jersey Dutch: sänge
      - Negerhollands: sing, siṅ
      - → Sranan Tongo: singi
        → Caribbean Javanese: singi
    - Limburgish: zinge
- Old High German: singan
  - Middle High German: singen
    - Alemannic German:
      - Swabian:
        Sathmar Swabian: singe
    - Bavarian: singa
      - Cimbrian: singen
    - Central Franconian:
      - Hunsrik: singe
    - German: singen
    - Luxembourgish: sangen
    - Rhine Franconian:
      - Pennsylvania German: singe
    - Yiddish: זינגען (zingen)
Old Norse: syngva, syngja
- Icelandic: syngja
- Faroese: syngja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: syngja, syngje, synga, synge
- Jamtish: syngje, sjunge
- Dalian: singa, siunga
  - Elfdalian: singga
- Old Swedish: siunga
  - Swedish: sjunga
- Old Danish: siungæ
  - Danish: synge
    - Norwegian Bokmål: synge
  - Scanian: sjonga, sjønga
- Old Gutnish: singva
  - Gutnish: singge, singg', singga
Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (siggwan)
Crimean Gothic: singhen

References

^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EDPG
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*singwan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 437
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*senʒwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 324

[EDPG-1] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EDPG

[2] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*singwan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 437

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*senʒwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 324

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