From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
This is a Swadesh list of Karluk languages, specifically Proto-Turkic, Uyghur, Uzbek, Chagatai and Karakhanid, compared with that of English.
| № | English | Proto-Turkic
edit (197) | Uyghur
ئۇيغۇرچە (uyghurche)
edit (207) | Uzbek
oʻzbek tili
edit (207) | Chagatai
چغتاى
edit (52) | Karakhanid
edit (166) |
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| 1 | I (1sg) | *ben | men | men | män | men |
| 2 | you (2sg) | *sen | sen, siz*, sili* | sen | siz*, sän* | sen |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | *ol | u | u | u, ul | ol |
| 4 | we (1pl) | *biŕ | biz | biz | biz | biz |
| 5 | you (2pl) | *siŕ | siler, sizler*, her qaysiliri* | siz, sizlar, senlar | sizlär | siz |
| 6 | they (3pl) | | ular | ular | ular, alar | olar |
| 7 | this | *bu(-n) | bu | bu | bu*, ušbu*, šu*, šul* | bū |
| 8 | that | *ol | u | shu, o'sha | ul/ol, ušul* | ol |
| 9 | here | | bu yerde | bu yerda, bu yoqda, bu yonda | bu yär* | mundā |
| 10 | there | | u yerde | u yerda, u yoqda, u yonda | ul yär* | andā |
| 11 | who | *kem | kim | kim | | kim |
| 12 | what | *nē- | nëme | nima, na | nemä | nē, nemē, negǖ, qayū |
| 13 | where | *kanta, *kanï | qeyerde | qayerda, qayda | | qandā, qayūdā, qanï̄ |
| 14 | when | *kačan | qachan, qanchide, nechchide | qachon | | qačan |
| 15 | how | *nēče | qandaq | qalay, qanday, nechik | | neteg |
| 16 | not | *ermeŕ | yoq, emes | emas, yo'q | emäs*, -may-/-mäy-* | yōq, ermēs |
| 17 | all | *bütün, *kamug | hemme*, barche, pütün, barliq | barcha, hamma*, butun, bari, borliq | | qamuɣ, barčā |
| 18 | many | *ȫküĺ | köp | koʻp | | köp, üküš |
| 19 | some | | bir qanche*, azraq*, bezi* | bir necha, bir qancha, ba'zi*, ayrim | | |
| 20 | few | *āŕ | az | oz, kam*, picha | | āz |
| 21 | other | | bashqa, özge, artuq | boshqa, o'zga | | aδïn, aδruq, öŋī |
| 22 | one | *bīr | bir | bir | bir* | bīr |
| 23 | two | *ẹk(k)i | ikki | ikki | ikki | ikkī |
| 24 | three | *üč | üch | uch | uč | üč |
| 25 | four | *tȫrt | töt | toʻrt | | tȫrt |
| 26 | five | *bẹ̄ĺ(k) | besh | besh | | bḗš |
| 27 | big | *bedük | chong*, yoghan, büyük, zor* | katta, buyuk, ulkan | čoŋ | bedük, uluɣ |
| 28 | long | *uŕak | uzun | uzun | | uzun |
| 29 | wide | *gēŋ | keng | keng | | keŋ, yasï̄ |
| 30 | thick | *kalïŋ | qëlin | qalin, yo'g'on | | qalïn |
| 31 | heavy | *iagïr | ëghir | ogʻir | | aɣïr |
| 32 | small | *kičüg | kichik | kichkina, kichik | kičik | kičig, ušaq |
| 33 | short | *kïsga | qisqa | qisqa | | qïsɣā, qïrt |
| 34 | narrow | *tïgïŕ | tar | tor | tar | tār |
| 35 | thin | *yiŋčge | inchike, yupqa | ingichka, yupqa, nozik* | | yinčgē, yuvqā |
| 36 | woman | *xātun, *kï̄ŕ | ayal* | ayol*, xotin, qiz | maẓlūm kiši | urāɣūt, išīlēr |
| 37 | man (adult male) | *ēr | er, erkek | erkak | er kiši, ādam | er |
| 38 | man (human being) | *kiši | insan, kishi | kishi, odam*, inson* | kiši* | kišī |
| 39 | child | *bāla, *urug | bala | bola, chaqa | bala | kenč |
| 40 | wife | *xātun | xotun*, ayal*, yoldash* | xotin, ayol*, rafiqa* | | kis |
| 41 | husband | | yoldash*, er* | er, kuyov | er | bēg |
| 42 | mother | *apa | ana | ona, aya, oyi | ana | anā, ebē |
| 43 | father | *ata | dada, ata | ota, ada | ata | atā |
| 44 | animal | *Ăŋ | haywan*, janliq* | hayvon*, jonivor* | jānwar | |
| 45 | fish | *bālïk | bëliq | baliq | baliq, beliq | balïq |
| 46 | bird | *kuĺ | qush | qush | | quš |
| 47 | dog | *köpek | it | it, kuchuk, ko'ppak | it | ït |
| 48 | louse | *bït | pit | bit | | bit |
| 49 | snake | *yï̄lan | yilan | ilon | | yïlān |
| 50 | worm | *kūrt | qurut | qurt | | qurt |
| 51 | tree | *ïgač | derex*, yaghach* | daraxt*, yogʻoch* | | yïɣač |
| 52 | forest | *orman | orman, janggal | oʻrmon, toʻqay | | |
| 53 | stick | *čï̄pč | choqmaq, tayaq*, soyla*, chiwiq* | yogʻoch, tayoq | | čïbïq |
| 54 | fruit | *yẹ̄miĺč | mewe*, yel-yëmish | meva* | mewä | yémiš |
| 55 | seed | *urluk, *urug | uruq, tuxum* | urugʻ, tuxum* | | uruɣ |
| 56 | leaf | *yapurgak, *bür | yopurmaq, yapraq | yaproq, barg* | | yapurɣāq |
| 57 | root | *kök | yiltiz, tüp | ildiz, tomir | | kök, tǖp, yïldïz |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | *kāpuk | qowzaq | qobiq, qobuq | | qās |
| 59 | flower | *čeček | gül*, chëchek* | gul*, chechak | | čeček |
| 60 | grass | *ot | ot, ot-chöp, chöp | oʻt, oʻlan | | ot |
| 61 | rope | *yip, *yïp | arqan, arghamcha | arqon, ip, bog' | | yïp, uruq |
| 62 | skin | *tẹri | tëre | teri | | terī |
| 63 | meat | *et | gösh*, et* | goʻsht*, et | göšt | et |
| 64 | blood | *kiān | qan | qon | | qān |
| 65 | bone | *kemük, *siŋök | sö'ngek | suyak | | süŋük |
| 66 | fat (noun) | *semiŕ, *yāg | yagh, may | yogʻ, moy | | yāɣ, ǖz, čïr |
| 67 | egg | *yumurtka | tuxum | tuxum*, yumurtqa | | yumurtɣā |
| 68 | horn | *burgu | münggüz | shox*, muguz | | müŋüz |
| 69 | tail | *kudruk | quyruq | dum*, quyruq | | quδruq |
| 70 | feather | *tǖk | pey | jun, tuk, pat | | yǖg, tǖ* |
| 71 | hair | *s(i)ač, *kïl | chach*, tük, qil* | soch, qil, yol* | | sač, qïl, tǖ |
| 72 | head | *baĺč | bash | bosh | | baš |
| 73 | ear | *kulkak | qulaq | quloq | | qulaq, qulqaq |
| 74 | eye | *köŕ | köz | koʻz | | kȫz |
| 75 | nose | *burun | burun | burun | | burun |
| 76 | mouth | *āgïŕ | aghiz | ogʻiz | | aɣïz |
| 77 | tooth | *tīĺ | chish | tish | | tï̄š |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | *til | til | til | | tïl |
| 79 | fingernail | *dïrŋak | tirnaq, tiymaq | tirnoq | | tïrŋaq |
| 80 | foot | *adak | ayaq | oyoq | | aδaq |
| 81 | leg | *būt | put | oyoq, put | | būt |
| 82 | knee | *topïk | tiz | tizza | | tīz |
| 83 | hand | *elig | qol | qoʻl | | elig |
| 84 | wing | *kāynat | qanat | qanot | | qanat |
| 85 | belly | *kạrïn | qorsaq, qarin* | qorin | | qarïn |
| 86 | guts | *bagïrsuk | üchey* | ichak | | baɣïrsuq |
| 87 | neck | *bōyn | boyun | boʻyin | | boyïn |
| 88 | back | *kerü, *arka | arqa | orqa | | arqā, učā |
| 89 | breast | *köküŕ | emchek*, kökrek*, tösh*, köksi* | emchak | | kögüz, emig |
| 90 | heart | *yürek | yürek | yurak | köŋül | yürek, köŋül |
| 91 | liver | *biagïr | jiger*, bëghir | jigar* | | baɣïr |
| 92 | to drink | *ič- | ichmek | ichmoq | ič- | ičmēk |
| 93 | to eat | *yē- | yimek, yëmek | yemoq | | yḗmēk |
| 94 | to bite | *ïsïr- | chishlimek | tishlamoq | | ïsïrmāq, tišlēmēk |
| 95 | to suck | *em-, *simü- | emmek*, shorimaq* | emmoq, soʻrmoq | | اماك, sōrmāq |
| 96 | to spit | *tüpkür- | tükürmek | tuplamoq | | soδmāq |
| 97 | to vomit | *kus- | qusmaq | qusmoq | | qusmāq, yanmāq |
| 98 | to blow | *ür- | püwdimek | esmoq | | esmēk |
| 99 | to breathe | *tï̄n | nepes almaq, dem almaq | nafas olmoq*, dam chiqalmoq* | | tïnmāq |
| 100 | to laugh | *kül- | külmek | kulmoq | | külmēk, qatɣurmāq |
| 101 | to see | *kör- | körmek | koʻrmoq | | körmēk |
| 102 | to hear | *ẹĺit- | anglimaq | eshitmoq | | ešitmēk |
| 103 | to know | *bil- | bilmek | bilmoq | | bilmēk |
| 104 | to think | *tüĺ-ün- | oylimaq, pikir qilmaq | oʻylamoq | | ȫmēk, saqïnmāq |
| 105 | to smell | | purimaq* | isqamoq* | | yïδlāmāq |
| 106 | to fear | *kork- | qorqmaq | qoʻrqmoq | | qorqmāq |
| 107 | to sleep | *ūdï- | uxlimaq | uxlamoq | | uδï̄māq, yatmāq |
| 108 | to live | *dīri- | yashimaq | yashamoq | | yašāmāq |
| 109 | to die | *öl- | ölmek | oʻlmoq | | ölmēk, kečmēk |
| 110 | to kill | *öltür- | öltürmek | oʻldirmoq | soy-* | öldürmēk |
| 111 | to fight | *saba- | soqushmaq, urushmaq | urushmoq*, qurashmoq* | | savašmāq, čalïšmāq, süŋüšmēk, urušmāq |
| 112 | to hunt | *ābla- | owlimaq | ovlamoq | | avlāmāq |
| 113 | to hit | *ur- | urmaq | urmoq | | urmāq, qaqmāq |
| 114 | to cut | *kes- | kesmek, qiymaq* | kesmoq | | kesmēk, bïčmāq, qïymāq, ormāq |
| 115 | to split | *yār- | yarmaq | yormoq | | yarmāq, yermēk, aδïrmāq, sökmēk |
| 116 | to stab | *čok- | tiqmaq*, sanjimaq, pichaqlimaq | sanchmoq, tiqmoq | | sančmāq, suqmāq |
| 117 | to scratch | *kạĺčï- | tirnaqlimaq | tirnamoq | | qašï̄māq, ezmēk |
| 118 | to dig | *kaŕ- | kolimaq, qazmaq | qazimoq | | qazmāq, qazï̄māq, üšēmēk, üŋmēk |
| 119 | to swim | *yüŕ- | su üzmek | suzmoq | | yüzmēk, čapmāq |
| 120 | to fly | *uč- | uchmaq | uchmoq | | učmāq, teŋmēk |
| 121 | to walk | *yüri- | mangmaq, yürmek | yurmoq, bormoq, kezmoq | | yorï̄māq |
| 122 | to come | *kẹl- | kelmek | kelmoq | käl-/kel- | kelmēk |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | *yat- | yatmaq | yotmoq | | yatmāq |
| 124 | to sit | *oltur- | olturmaq | oʻtirmoq | oltur- | olturmāq |
| 125 | to stand | *dur- | turmaq | turmoq | | turmāq |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | *ebir- | burimaq, örümek*, aylandurmaq, pëqiratmaq | burmoq | | evürmēk, čevürmēk, tevürmēk |
| 127 | to fall | *düĺ- | chüshmek, yiqilmaq, ghulimaq | tushmoq, yiqilmoq | | tüšmēk, učmāq |
| 128 | to give | *bēr- | bermek | bermoq | bär-/ber- | bḗrmēk |
| 129 | to hold | *tut- | tutmaq | tutmoq | | tutmāq |
| 130 | to squeeze | *sïk-, *kïs- | qismaq, siqmaq | siqmoq, qismoq | | sïkmāq |
| 131 | to rub | *sür(-t)- | sürkimek | ishqalamoq, surtmoq* | | sürtmēk, türtmēk, yaqmāq |
| 132 | to wash | *yu(b)- | yuymaq | yuvmoq | | |
| 133 | to wipe | *sīl- | sürtmek | artmoq | | |
| 134 | to pull | *tart- | tartmaq | choʻzmoq, tortmoq | | |
| 135 | to push | *it- | ittermek | itarmoq, turtmoq | | |
| 136 | to throw | *ạt- | tashlimaq, atmaq | otmoq*, tashlamoq* | | |
| 137 | to tie | *b(i)ā- | baghlimaq | bogʻlamoq | | |
| 138 | to sew | *tik- | tikmek | tikmoq | | |
| 139 | to count | *sā(y)- | sanimaq | sanamoq | | |
| 140 | to say | *āy- | dëmek, ëytmaq | aytmoq, demoq* | | |
| 141 | to sing | *tōj-, *öt-, *jaj- | naxsha ëytmaq, sayrimaq | ashula aytmoq, kuylamoq | | |
| 142 | to play | *oy- | oynimaq | oʻynamoq | | |
| 143 | to float | *yüŕ- | leylimek*, üzmek, lepildimek* | suzmoq | | |
| 144 | to flow | *ak- | aqmaq | oqmoq | | |
| 145 | to freeze | *toŋ- | tonglimaq | muzlamoq, toʻngmoq | | |
| 146 | to swell | *sīĺč- | köpmek*, qaparmaq*, ishshimaq | shishmoq | | |
| 147 | sun | *küneĺ | kün, quyash* | quyosh, kun | | kün |
| 148 | moon | *āń(k) | ay | oy | | āy |
| 149 | star | *yulduŕ | yultuz | yulduz | | yulduz |
| 150 | water | *sub | su | suv | su | sūv |
| 151 | rain | *yagmur | yamghur | yomgʻir | | yaɣmur |
| 152 | river | *yïrmak, *ögüŕ | derya* | daryo* | | ögüz |
| 153 | lake | *kȫl | köl | koʻl | kol | kȫl |
| 154 | sea | *teŋiŕ | dë'ngiz | dengiz | | teŋiz, kȫl |
| 155 | salt | *dūŕ | tuz | tuz | tuz | tūz |
| 156 | stone | *tiāĺ | tash | tosh | | tāš |
| 157 | sand | *kum | qum | qum | | qum |
| 158 | dust | *tōz, *tōzan | chang, tozang | chang | | tōz, toprāq |
| 159 | earth | *yẹr | topa, tupraq, yër | tuproq | | toprāq, yḗr |
| 160 | cloud | *bulït | bulut | bulut | | bulït |
| 161 | fog | *bus, *būg | tuman | tuman | | tumān, būs |
| 162 | sky | *teŋri | asman*, kök* | koʻk, osmon* | | teŋrī, kȫk |
| 163 | wind | *yẹl | shamal*, shelkin shamal* | yel | | yḗl, esin |
| 164 | snow | *kār | qar | qor | | qār |
| 165 | ice | *būŕ | muz | muz | muz | būz |
| 166 | smoke | *tuman | tütün, is | tutun | | tütün, ïš |
| 167 | fire | *ōt | ot, atesh* | olov, oʻt | | ōt |
| 168 | ash | *kül | kül | kul | | kül |
| 169 | to burn | *tam- | köymek, yanmaq | yonmoq | | |
| 170 | road | *yōl | yol | yoʻl | yol | |
| 171 | mountain | *tāg, *k(i)aya | tagh | togʻ | | |
| 172 | red | *kïŕïl | qizil | qizil | qizil, قيزيل | |
| 173 | green | *yāĺïl | yëshil | yashil | کوک, kök* | |
| 174 | yellow | *siarïg | sëriq | sariq | | |
| 175 | white | *ürüŋ, *āk | aq | oq | aq | |
| 176 | black | *kara, *qara | qara, siyah reng* | qora, siyoh* | qara | |
| 177 | night | *kēče | tün, këche*, këch* | tun, kecha* | | |
| 178 | day | *kün | kün | kun | | |
| 179 | year | *yāĺ, *yïl | yil | yil | | |
| 180 | warm | *yïlïg | illiq, ilman | iliq | issiq | |
| 181 | cold | *sogïk | sogh, soghuq | sovuq | sawuq | |
| 182 | full | *tōl- | toluq | toʻq, toʻla | | |
| 183 | new | *yaŋï | yë'ngi | yangi | yeŋi | |
| 184 | old | *es-(kü) | kona*, eski* | eski, qari | | |
| 185 | good | *edgü | yaxshi, yaramliq, izgü* | yaxshi | yaḫši, ياجشى | |
| 186 | bad | *yaman | yaman, yaramsiz, nachar, osal | yomon | yaman | |
| 187 | rotten | *čẹr | chirik, chirigen | chirik | | |
| 188 | dirty | *kir | kir, meynet*, paskina | kir | | |
| 189 | straight | *tüŕ | udul, tüz | toʻgʻri, tik* | | |
| 190 | round | *yum, *tom, *deg, *dög, *dog | domlaq, yumilaq | dumaloq, yumaloq* | | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | *yiti | keskin, ötkür, ittik | oʻtkir | | yitig |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | | ötmes, qashang | oʻtmas | | |
| 193 | smooth | *tekiŕ | tekshi*, siliq | tekis, silliq | | yaprï̄, alaŋ |
| 194 | wet | *ȫl | höl, nem | hoʻl, nam | | ȫl |
| 195 | dry | *kūrïk | quruq, qurghaq | quruq, qurgʻoq | | quruɣ |
| 196 | correct | *kẹr-tü | toghra, durus | toʻgʻri | | čï̄n |
| 197 | near | *yạguk | yëqin | yaqin | | yaqïn, yaɣūq |
| 198 | far | *uŕak | yiraq, uzaq | uzoq, olis* | | yïrāq |
| 199 | right | *oŋ | ong | oʻng | | oŋ |
| 200 | left | *sōl | sol | chap* | | sōl |
| 201 | at | | -دا/-دە/-تا/-تە | -da | | -dē, -dā |
| 202 | in | *-de | ichide, ichre*, -دا/-دە/-تا/-تە | -da | -da/-dä | ičindē, ičrē, -dē, -dā |
| 203 | with | *bile | bilen | bilan | | birlē |
| 204 | and | | we*, hem, yene | va* | wä | taqï̄, yemē |
| 205 | if | *-sa | -سا/-سە, eger* | agar* | | ersē, -sē, -sā, apaŋ |
| 206 | because | *üčün, *učun | -ghachqa, -gechke, -qachqa, -kech, chünki* | chunki* | | üčün |
| 207 | name | *āt | at, isim*, nam* | ism*, nom*, ot | | āt |
| Swadesh lists |
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| Individual languages |
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| Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings |
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| Constructed languages |
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| Reconstructed proto-languages |
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| (edit this template) |
