Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kïs-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Its relation to *kas- (“to squeeze, constrain”) is uncertain however Nişanyan considers them cognates.

Verb

*kïs-

1. (transitive) to squeeze

Conjugation

Conjugation of *kïs- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive
infinitive			*kïsmak
participle	present		*kïsgan, kïsïgma, kïsar
	past		*kïsduk, kïsmïš
	future		*kïsdačï, kïsmakčï, kïssïk, kïsačak
verbal noun			*kïsma, kïsïg, kïsgu
way of doing			*kïsïš
			singular			plural
			1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*kïsar ben	*kïsar sen	*kïsar	*kïsar biz	*kïsar siz	*kïsar
	past	simple	*kïsdïm	*kïsdïŋ	*kïsdï	*kïsdïk, kïsdïmïz	*kïsdïŋïz	*kïsdï
		inferential	*kïsmïš ben	*kïsmïš sen	*kïsmïš	*kïsmïš biz	*kïsmïš siz	*kïsmïš
	future	simple	*kïsdačï ben, kïsmakčï ben, kïsačak ben	*kïsdačï sen, kïsmakčï sen, kïsačak sen	*kïsdačï, kïsmakčï, kïsačak	*kïsdačï biz, kïsmakčï biz, kïsačak biz	*kïsdačï siz, kïsmakčï siz, kïsačak siz	*kïsdačï, kïsmakčï, kïsačak
		predictive	*kïsgay ben	*kïsgay sen	*kïsgay	*kïsgay biz	*kïsgay siz	*kïsgay
		necessitive	*kïssïkïm	*kïssïkïŋ	*kïssïk	*kïssïkïmïz	*kïssïkïŋïz	*kïssïk
conditional			*kïssam, kïssar ben	*kïssaŋ, kïssar sen	*kïssa, kïssar	*kïssak, kïssamïz, kïssar biz	*kïssaŋïz, kïssar siz	*kïssalar, kïssar
optative			*kïsgay ben	*kïsgay sen	*kïsgay	*kïsgay biz	*kïsgay siz	*kïsgay
progressive			*kïsmakda ben	*kïsmakda sen	*kïsmakda	*kïsmakda biz	*kïsmakda siz	*kïsmakda
necessitative			*kïsmalïg ben	*kïsmalïg sen	*kïsmalïg	*kïsmalïg biz	*kïsmalïg siz	*kïsmalïg
imperative			*kïsayïn	*kïs, kïsgïl	*kïszun	*kïsalïm	*kïsïŋ	*kïszun
Negative
infinitive			*kïsmamak
participle	present		*kïsmagan, kïsmagma, kïsmaz
	past		*kïsmaduk, kïsmamïš
	future		*kïsmačï, kïsmasïk, kïsmayačak
verbal noun			*kïsmama, kïsmag, kïsmagu
way of doing			*kïsmayïš
			singular			plural
			1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*kïsmaz ben	*kïsmaz sen	*kïsmaz	*kïsmaz biz	*kïsmaz siz	*kïsmaz
	past	simple	*kïsmadïm	*kïsmadïŋ	*kïsmadï	*kïsmadïk, kïsmadïmïz	*kïsmadïŋïz	*kïsmadï
		inferential	*kïsmamïš ben	*kïsmamïš sen	*kïsmamïš	*kïsmamïš biz	*kïsmamïš siz	*kïsmamïš
	future	simple	*kïsmačï ben, kïsmayačak ben	*kïsmačï sen, kïsmayačak sen	*kïsmačï, kïsmayačak	*kïsmačï biz, kïsmayačak biz	*kïsmačï siz, kïsmayačak siz	*kïsmačï, kïsmayačak
		predictive	*kïsmagay ben	*kïsmagay sen	*kïsmagay	*kïsmagay biz	*kïsmagay siz	*kïsmagay
		necessitive	*kïsmasïkïm	*kïsmasïkïŋ	*kïsmasïk	*kïsmasïkïmïz	*kïsmasïkïŋïz	*kïsmasïk
conditional			*kïsmasam, kïsmasar ben	*kïsmasaŋ, kïsmasar sen	*kïsmasa, kïsmasar	*kïsmasak, kïsmasamïz, kïsmasar biz	*kïsmasaŋïz, kïsmasar siz	*kïsmasalar, kïsmasar
optative			*kïsmagay ben	*kïsmagay sen	*kïsmagay	*kïsmagay biz	*kïsmagay siz	*kïsmagay
progressive			*kïsmamakda ben	*kïsmamakda sen	*kïsmamakda	*kïsmamakda biz	*kïsmamakda siz	*kïsmamakda
necessitative			*kïsmamalïg ben	*kïsmamalïg sen	*kïsmamalïg	*kïsmamalïg biz	*kïsmamalïg siz	*kïsmamalïg
imperative			*kïsmayayïn	*kïsma, kïsmagïl	*kïsmazun	*kïsmayalïm	*kïsmayïŋ	*kïsmazun

Derived terms

• ⇒? *kïs-ïr
• ⇒ *kïs-ga
• ⇒ *kïs-uk
• ⇒ *kïs-ïg
• ⇒ *kïs-ïl

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: хӗс (hĕs)
• → Proto-Mongolic: *kïsu- (“to constrain, make narrow, scrape”)
• Common Turkic:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: qısmaq
    • Ottoman Turkish: قیصمق (kısmak), قصمق (kısmak), قسمق (kısmak)
      • Gagauz: kısmaa
      • Turkish: kısmak
  • Salar: qıs
  • Turkmen: gysmak
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (qïsmāq)
• Kipchak:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: қысу (qysu)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: кысуу (kısuu)
      • Southern Altai: кызар (kïzar)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 665-666
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VI, Moscow: Indrik, page 251
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kısmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 267
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kɨs-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill