Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kān

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

Noun

*kān

blood

Declension

Declension of *kān
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*kān
accusative	kānïg, kānnï¹⁾
genitive	*kānnïŋ
dative	*kānka
locative	*kānta
ablative	*kāntan
allative	*kāngaru
instrumental ²⁾	*kānïn
equative ²⁾	*kānča
similative ²⁾	*kānlayu
comitative ²⁾	*kānlïgu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Volga Bulgar: *حىان (xyān, “blood”), حىان كوان (xyān kön, “Wednesday”)
  - Chuvash: юн (jun, “blood”), юнкун (junk̬un, “Wednesday”)
Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:
- Khalaj: qân
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قانْ (qan)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (qan)
    - Chagatai: قان (qan)
      - Uyghur: قان (qan) / қан (qan)
      - Uzbek: qon
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: قان (qan)
  - Azerbaijani: qan
  - Gagauz: kan
  - Ottoman Turkish: قان (kan)
    - Turkish: kan
- Salar: gan
- Turkmen: gān
Kipchak:
- Kipchak-Bulgar:
  - Bashkir: ҡан (qan)
  - Tatar: кан (qan)
- Kipchak-Cuman:
  - Kipchak-Cuman: can (Codex Cumanicus)
    - Armeno-Kipchak: խան (xan, “blood”), խանքուն / խանգուն (xankün, “Wednesday”)^[1]
  - Mamluk-Kipchak: قان (kan)
  - Crimean Tatar: qan
  - Karachay-Balkar: къан (qan)
  - Karaim:^[2]
    - Crimean Karaim: къан (“blood”), къанкүн (“Wednesday”)
    - Halicz Karaim: хан (“blood”), ханкин (“Wednesday”)
  - Kumyk: къан (qan)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: qan
    - Kazakh: қан (qan)
    - Nogai: кан (kan)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: кан (kan)
    - Southern Altai: кан (kan)
Siberian:
- Orkhon Turkic: 𐰴𐰣 (qan)
- Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽺 (/⁠kan⁠/)
  - Western Yugur: xan (/⁠χan⁠/, “blood”), qan (/⁠qʰan⁠/)
- →? Proto-Samoyedic: *këm
  - Nganasan: кам (kam)^[3]
  - Nenets:
    - Forest Nenets: кэм (kem)^[4]
    - Tundra Nenets: хэ̇мʼ (xėm)^[5]
  - Proto-Selkup: *ke̮m^[6]
    - Northern Selkup: кәм (kəm)^[7]
    - Southern Selkup:
      - Narym: ӄам (qam), ӄап (qap)^[8]
      - Upper Ob: кием (kijem)^[9]
  - Kamassian: кхем (kʰem)^[10]
    - Koibal: кам (kam)^[11]
  - Mator: кэм (ke̮m)^[12]
- Northern Siberian:
  - Dolgan: каан
  - Yakut: хаан (qaan)
- Southern Siberian:
  - Yenisei:
    - Khakas: хан (xan)
    - Shor: қан
  - Sayan:
    - Tofa: қан
    - Tuvan: хан (xan)

References

^ Garkavec, A. N. (2018) “χan”, in Kypčakskij slovarʹ. Po armjanopisʹmennym pamjatnikam XVI—XVII vekov [Kipchak dictionary. Based on the monuments of 16–17th centuries written in the Armenian script]‎^[1] (in Russian), 3rd edition, Almaty: BAUR, →ISBN
^ Jodłowska-Ebo, M. (2005). The Karaim names of Sunday and Monday. Studio Turcologica Cracoviensia, 10, 131-135.
^ N. T. Kosterkina, A. C. Momde, T. Y. Zhdanova (2001) Словарь нганасанско-русский и русско-нганасанский, St. Petersburg: Просвещение, →ISBN, page 60
^ M. Y. Barmich, I. A. Vello (2002) Словарь ненецко-русский и русско-ненецкий (лесной диалект), Просвещение, →ISBN, page 54
^ N. M. Tereschenko (2005) Словарь ненецко-русский и русско-ненецкий, 3rd edition, Saint Petersburg: Просвещение, →ISBN, page 167
^ T. Janurik (2023) “A protoszölkup nyelvállapot és fejleményei. Elektronikus kézirat.”, in Szamojéd Tudástár‎^[2] (in Hungarian), page 23
^ O. A. Kazakevich, Ye. M. Budyanskaya (2010) Диалектологический словарь селькупского языка (северное наречие) [Dialectological dictionary of the Selkup language (Northern continuum)], Yekaterinburg: Institute of Philology of the Siberian Branch of the RAS; Баско, →ISBN, page 38 of 368
^ I. A. Korobeynikova (2020) Родное слово [Native word], Tomsk: Аграф-Пресс; Вайар, →ISBN, page 52 of 240
^ G. Yu. Kostyuchenko (2023) Тюйкуй Йэжиссан – Селькупский словарь для остяков Молчановского района [Tjuykuy Yezhissan – Selkup dictionary for Molchanovo district Selkup people], Molchanovo, page 23 of 109
^ Donner, Kai R. (1944) Kamassisches Wörterbuch nebst Sprachproben und Hauptzügen der Grammatik‎^[3], Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 28
^ T. Janurik (2021) Kojbál szótár: a publikált szójegyzékek egyesített szótára.‎^[4] (in Hungarian), Székesfehérvár, pages 23, 71
^ E. Helimski (1997) N. Beáta, editor, Die Matorische Sprache‎^[5] (in German), Szeged: JATE Finnugor Tanszék, →ISBN, page 275

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 629-630
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 230
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 251
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*kiān”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[6], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎^[7] (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, pages 360-361

[1] Garkavec, A. N. (2018) “χan”, in Kypčakskij slovarʹ. Po armjanopisʹmennym pamjatnikam XVI—XVII vekov [Kipchak dictionary. Based on the monuments of 16–17th centuries written in the Armenian script]‎^[1] (in Russian), 3rd edition, Almaty: BAUR, →ISBN

[2] Jodłowska-Ebo, M. (2005). The Karaim names of Sunday and Monday. Studio Turcologica Cracoviensia, 10, 131-135.

[3] N. T. Kosterkina, A. C. Momde, T. Y. Zhdanova (2001) Словарь нганасанско-русский и русско-нганасанский, St. Petersburg: Просвещение, →ISBN, page 60

[4] M. Y. Barmich, I. A. Vello (2002) Словарь ненецко-русский и русско-ненецкий (лесной диалект), Просвещение, →ISBN, page 54

[5] N. M. Tereschenko (2005) Словарь ненецко-русский и русско-ненецкий, 3rd edition, Saint Petersburg: Просвещение, →ISBN, page 167

[6] T. Janurik (2023) “A protoszölkup nyelvállapot és fejleményei. Elektronikus kézirat.”, in Szamojéd Tudástár‎^[2] (in Hungarian), page 23

[7] O. A. Kazakevich, Ye. M. Budyanskaya (2010) Диалектологический словарь селькупского языка (северное наречие) [Dialectological dictionary of the Selkup language (Northern continuum)], Yekaterinburg: Institute of Philology of the Siberian Branch of the RAS; Баско, →ISBN, page 38 of 368

[8] I. A. Korobeynikova (2020) Родное слово [Native word], Tomsk: Аграф-Пресс; Вайар, →ISBN, page 52 of 240

[9] G. Yu. Kostyuchenko (2023) Тюйкуй Йэжиссан – Селькупский словарь для остяков Молчановского района [Tjuykuy Yezhissan – Selkup dictionary for Molchanovo district Selkup people], Molchanovo, page 23 of 109

[10] Donner, Kai R. (1944) Kamassisches Wörterbuch nebst Sprachproben und Hauptzügen der Grammatik‎^[3], Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 28

[11] T. Janurik (2021) Kojbál szótár: a publikált szójegyzékek egyesített szótára.‎^[4] (in Hungarian), Székesfehérvár, pages 23, 71

[12] E. Helimski (1997) N. Beáta, editor, Die Matorische Sprache‎^[5] (in German), Szeged: JATE Finnugor Tanszék, →ISBN, page 275

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