𐽲𐽰𐽺

Old Uyghur

Alternative forms

• 𐽲𐽺 (qn /⁠h(a)n⁠/)
• 𐰴𐰣 (qn¹ /⁠k(a)n⁠/)
• 𐫃𐫀𐫗 (γʾn /⁠han⁠/), 𐫞𐫀𐫗 (qʾn /⁠kan⁠/)
• ܓܐܢ (γʾn /⁠han⁠/)
• 𐼲𐼰𐼻 (qʾn /⁠han⁠/)
• 汗 (ɦan /⁠han⁠/)
• 𑀓𑁆𑀦𑁆 (kᵃn /⁠kan, han⁠/)
• ꡢꡋ (qn /⁠h(a)n⁠/)

Etymology 1

Uncertain. Possibly borrowed from a Yeniseian source.

Cognates include Old Uyghur 𐽲𐽰𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾqʾn /⁠kagan⁠/), Old Turkic 𐰴𐰍𐰣 (qǧn¹ /⁠kagan⁠/), Karakhanid قَنْ (/⁠qan⁠/) and Ottoman Turkish خاقان (ḫāḳān). Outside Turkic languages, related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠠᠨ (qan) and Classical Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭ᠋ᠠᠨ (qaɣan), but the direction of borrowing is obscure.

Noun

𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾn /han, kan/)

1. (politics) Khan; king, ruler, emperor

   Synonym: 𐽰𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷 (ʾylyk /⁠élig⁠/)

   𐽰𐽸𐽷𐽻𐽺𐽸𐽾𐽳𐽻 𐽲𐽰𐽺

   ʾdksndrws qʾn

   /Alahséntoroz Han/

   King Alexander the Great

   𐽰𐽰𐽿𐽳𐽷𐽶 𐽲𐽰𐽺

   ʾʾšwky qʾn

   /Ašoké Han/

   King Ashoka

   𐽽𐽶𐽺𐽷𐽷𐽶𐽴 𐽲𐽰𐽺

   čynkkyz qʾn

   /Čiŋgiz Han/

   Genghis Khan

2. (religion) honorific title for minor deities

   𑀕𑀺𑀫𑀯𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀓𑁆𑀦𑁆

   gʸmᵃvᵃntʸ kᵃn

   /Himavanté Han/

   Haimavata-Deity, a benevolent God in Brahmic mythology

Declension

Declension of 𐽲𐽰𐽺

	singular	definite plural
nominative	𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾn)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾 (qʾnlʾr)
genitive	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (qʾnnynk)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (qʾnlʾrnynk)
dative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽰 (qʾnkʾ)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (qʾnlʾrkʾ)
accusative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽶𐽲 (qʾnyq) 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽺𐽶 (qʾnny)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (qʾnlʾryq) 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (qʾnlʾrny)
locative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾀𐽰 (qʾntʾ)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽰 (qʾnlʾrtʾ)
ablative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾀𐽶𐽺 (qʾntyn)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (qʾnlʾrtyn)
instrumental	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽶𐽺 (qʾnyn)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (qʾnlʾryn)
equative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽽𐽰 (qʾnčʾ)
directive	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (qʾnkʾrw)
similative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (qʾnlʾyw)

Compound terms

• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐽰𐽱𐽶 (qʾn ʾβy /⁠han evi⁠/, “royal palace”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐽰𐽳𐽲𐾁𐽶 (qʾn ʾwqly /⁠han oglï⁠/, “prince, male heir”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽶 (qʾn qyzy /⁠han kïzï⁠/, “princess, female heir”)
• 𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽲𐽰𐽺 (pwrqʾn /⁠burhan⁠/, “Buddha”)

Derived terms

• (?) 𐽲𐽰𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾqʾn /⁠kagan⁠/, “khagan, ruler”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽶𐽹 (qʾnym /⁠hanïm⁠/, “a honorific title for noblewomen”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽶𐽲 (qʾnlyq /⁠hanlïg⁠/, “pertaining to the empire, imperial-, regal-”)

Descendants

• →? Classical Mongolian: ᠬᠠᠨ (qan)
• Western Yugur: xan (/⁠qʰan⁠/, “Khan, ruler”) (historical)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kān (“blood”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰴𐰣 (qn¹ /⁠qan⁠/, “blood”), Chuvash юн (jun), Yakut хаан (qaan) and Turkish kan.

Noun

𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾn /kan/)

1. (anatomy, zootomy) blood

   𐫛𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫞 𐫏𐫇𐫡𐫞𐫏 𐫏𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫓𐫏𐫛 𐫵 𐫀𐫏𐫘𐫏𐫞 𐫞𐫀𐫗 𐫞𐫇𐫘𐫇𐫛 𐫵 𐫀𐫇𐫏𐫎𐫫𐫇𐫉 𐫞𐫇𐫅𐫞𐫀𐫏 𐫲

   /Bramannïŋ yüreki yarïlïp, isig ḳan ḳusup, etöz ḳodgay./

   The Brahman will split in two, he will spit out warm blood, he will shed his body away.

Declension

Declension of 𐽲𐽰𐽺

	singular	definite plural
nominative	𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾn)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾 (qʾnlʾr)
genitive	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (qʾnnynk)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (qʾnlʾrnynk)
dative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽰 (qʾnkʾ)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (qʾnlʾrkʾ)
accusative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽶𐽲 (qʾnyq) 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽺𐽶 (qʾnny)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (qʾnlʾryq) 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (qʾnlʾrny)
locative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾀𐽰 (qʾntʾ)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽰 (qʾnlʾrtʾ)
ablative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾀𐽶𐽺 (qʾntyn)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (qʾnlʾrtyn)
instrumental	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽶𐽺 (qʾnyn)	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (qʾnlʾryn)
equative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽽𐽰 (qʾnčʾ)
directive	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (qʾnkʾrw)
similative	𐽲𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (qʾnlʾyw)

Compound terms

• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐽰𐽳𐾀𐽷𐽰𐽷 (qʾn ʾwtkʾk /⁠kan ötgek⁠/, “dysentery”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐽲𐽰𐽿𐽰𐽺𐽹𐽰𐽷 (qʾn qʾšʾnmʾk /⁠kan kašanmak⁠/, “to urinate blood”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐽲𐽳𐽻𐽹𐽰𐽷 (qʾn qwsmʾk /⁠kan kusmak⁠/, “to vomit blood”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐽶𐽶𐽾𐽶𐽺 (qʾn yyryn /⁠kan yirin⁠/, “a secretion of blood and pus”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐽻𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽹𐽰𐽷 (qʾn swykmʾk /⁠kan sökmek⁠/, “dysentery”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐾀𐽳𐽹𐽳𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷𐽲𐽰 𐽰𐽹 (qʾn twmwrmʾkqʾ ʾm /⁠kan tomurmakka em⁠/, “remedy for nose-bleeding”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐾀𐽶𐽸𐽷𐽳 𐽰𐽹 (qʾn tydkw ʾm /⁠kan tïdgu em⁠/, “remedy to clot blood”)

Derived terms

• 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽰𐽲 (qʾnʾq /⁠kanag⁠/, “blood transfusion”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽰𐽹𐽰𐽷 (qʾnʾmʾk /⁠kanamak⁠/, “to bleed”)
• 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽽𐽶 (qʾnčy /⁠kančï⁠/, “blood-sucking animal, sanguisuge”)

Descendants

• Western Yugur: xan (/⁠χan⁠/, “blood”), qan (/⁠qʰan⁠/)

References

• Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “ḫan”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 81
• Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “ḳan”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 164
• Wilkens, Jens (2021) “(1) han ~ h(a)n”, in Handworterbuch des Altuigurischen, Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, page 277
• Wilkens, Jens (2021) “(1) kan”, in Handworterbuch des Altuigurischen, Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, pages 327-328