Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-de

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

• *-da
• *-ta
• *-te

Etymology

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *-du (“locative and dative suffix”), Proto-Tungusic *-dū (“locative and dative suffix”), Proto-Uralic *-ta (“ablative suffix”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Suffix

*-de

1. Used to form locative and ablative of nouns.

   ‎*eb (“house”) + ‎*-de → ‎*ebde (“in the house/from the house”)

Usage notes

1. Contrary to modern usages, as in Old Turkic and Bulgar language, the consonants l, r and n are followed by the strong consonant form; remaining sounds are followed by the soft consonant form. For example;

   ‎*ol (“third person singular”) + ‎*-de → ‎*anta (“there”)

Derived terms

• *-de-n

Related terms

• *-ni (“accusative case”)
• *-ka (“dative case”)
• *-niŋ (“genitive case”)
• *-den (“ablative case”)
• *-gerü (“allative case”)
• *-če (“equative case”)

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: -те (-te), -ре (-re)
• Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: -də (“ablative suffix”)
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-de)
    • Azerbaijani: -də -tə
    • Ottoman Turkish: ـده (-de)
      • Turkish: -de -te
      • Gagauz: -de
  • Turkmen: -de
  • Salar: -de
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid:
    • Chagatai:
      • Uzbek: -da
      • Uyghur: ـدە (-de)
• Kipchak:
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: -да (-da), -де (-de), -до (-do), -дө (-dö), -та (-ta), -те (-te), -то (-to), -тө (-tö)
    • Southern Altai: -де (-de)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: дә (də), тә (tə)
    • Tatar: дә (dä), тә (tä)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kazakh: -де (-de), -те (-te)
    • Karakalpak: -de, -te
    • Nogai: -де (-de)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: -de
    • Kumyk: -де (-de)
    • Karachay-Balkar: -де (-de)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰀- (-te, “locative and ablative suffix”)
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: -тэ (-te), -тө (-tö), -нэ (-ne), -нө (-nö) (only in pronouns)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: -де (-de), -те (-te)

References

• Erdal, Marcel (2004) “+dA”, in A Grammar of Old Turkic (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies; 3), Brill Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 173
• Krueger, John Richard (1961) Chuvash Manual: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary (Uralic and Altaic Series; 7), Indiana University, →ISBN, page 105