Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/apa

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ebey (“mother”).

Noun

*apa (Common Turkic)

Declension

Declension of *apa (Common Turkic)
	singular	plural ²⁾
nominative	*apa	*apalar
accusative
genitive	*apanïŋ	*apalarnïŋ
dative	*apaka	*apalarka
locative	*apada	*apalarda
ablative	*apadan	*apalardan
instrumental ¹⁾		*apalarïn
equative ¹⁾	*apača	*apalarča

¹⁾ The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Common Turkic languages.
²⁾ This plural suffix is used only on Common Turkic, and not in Oghur. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghuz:
- Proto-Oghuz: *appa
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (abla)
    - Azerbaijani: aba
    - Ottoman Turkish: ابلا (abla)
      - Turkish: abla, aba
      - → Greek: αμπλά (amplá)
      - → Gulf Arabic: ابلة (abḷa)
      - → Hijazi Arabic: أبلة (ʔabla)
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: اپا (apa)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (apa)
    - Chagatai: اپا (apa)
      - Uzbek: opa
      - Uyghur: ئاپا (apa)
Kipchak:
- Kipchak: اپا (apa)
  - North Kipchak:
    - Bashkir: апай (apay)
    - Tatar: апа (apa)
    - → Chuvash: аппа (appa)
    - → Udmurt: апа (apa), апай (apaj)
  - West Kipchak:
    - Karachay-Balkar: аба (aba)
    - Karaim: апай
    - Kumyk: абай (abay)
  - South Kipchak:
    - Caspian:
      - Kazakh: апа (apa)
      - Karakalpak: apa
      - Nogai: аба (aba)
    - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      - Kyrgyz: апа (apa)
      - Southern Altai: аба (aba)
- Siberian:
  - Yenisei Kyrgyz: [script needed] (apa)
  - South Siberian:
    - Sayan Turkic:
      - Tofa: аба
      - Tuvan: ава (ava)
    - Yenisei Turkic:
      - Shor: абиче

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*apa/ *apa”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill