Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kaya

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *kada (“rock”) and Proto-Tungusic *kada(r) (“rock”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Helimski (1995) suggests a borrowing from Proto-Samoyedic *koəjə (“mountain”).

Noun

*kaya

1. rock
2. mountain

Declension

Declension of *kaya

	singular 3)
nominative	*kaya
accusative	*kayag, *kayanï1)
genitive	*kayanïŋ
dative	*kayaka
locative	*kayada
ablative	*kayadan
allative	*kayagaru
instrumental 2)	*kayan
equative 2)	*kayača
similative 2)	*kayalayu
comitative 2)	*kayalïgu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

• Common Turkic: *kaya
• Oghuz:
  • Azerbaijani: qaya
  • Ottoman Turkish: قیا (kaya), قایا (kaya)
    • Turkish: kaya
  • Turkmen: gaýa
• Karluk:
  • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qaya)
  • Uzbek: qoya
• Kipchak:
  • Crimean Tatar: qaya
  • Karachay-Balkar: къая (qaya)
  • Bashkir: ҡая (qaya)
  • Tatar: кыя (qıya)
• Siberian:
  • Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽶𐽰 (kaya)
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: хайа (qaya)
  • South Siberian:
    • Tuvan: хая (xaya)
    • Khakas: хая (xaya)

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*K(i)aja”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Helimski, E. 1995. "Samoyedic loans in Turkic: Check-list of etymologies." — B. Kellner-Heinkele, M. Stachowski (eds.): Laut- und Wortgeschichte der Türksprachen, pp. 75–95. Turkologica 26. Wiesbaden.