telh₂- (#telh₂-) temH- (#temH-) ten- (#ten-) teng- (#teng-) tep- (#tep-) ter- (#ter-) terh₁- (#terh₁-) terh₂- (#terh₂-) terp- (#terp-) ters- (#ters-) treh₂- (#treh₂-) trenkʷ- (#trenkʷ-) trewd- (#trewd-) webʰ- (#webʰ-) wed- (#wed-) wedʰ- (#wedʰ-) weǵ- (#weǵ-) weǵʰ- (#weǵʰ-) weh₁- (#weh₁-) weh₂dʰ- (#weh₂dʰ-) weh₂t- (#weh₂t-) wekʷ- (#wekʷ-) welH- (#welH-) welh₁- (#welh₁-) wemh₁- (#wemh₁-) wenh₁- (#wenh₁-) wer- (#wer-) werǵ- (#werǵ-) werh₁- (#werh₁-) wert- (#wert-) wes- (#wes-) wet- (#wet-) weyd- (#weyd-) weyk- (#weyk-) weyḱ- (#weyḱ-) yeh₁- (#yeh₁-) yes- (#yes-) yewg- (#yewg-)

T

telh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (perfective)^[1]

to bear, to undergo, to endure

Derived terms

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*télh₂-t ~ *tl̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)
*tl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tl̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)
*te-tólh₂-e ~ *te-tl̥h₂-ḗr (stative)
*tolh₂-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuláyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuláyati
    - Sanskrit: तुलयति (tuláyati), तोलयति (toláyati),
*tolh₂-es-eh₂-(ye)-ti
- Proto-Italic: *tolazāō
  - Latin: tolerō (see there for further descendants)
*tl̥h₂-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
- Proto-Germanic: *þulāną (“to bear, to endure”) (see there for further descendants)
*tl̥h₂-ent-
- Proto-Hellenic: *tálanton
  - Ancient Greek: τάλαντον (tálanton)
*tol-meh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *tólmā
  - Ancient Greek: τόλμα (tólma)
*telh₂-mō
- Proto-Celtic: *talamū (“earth”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τελαμών (telamṓn, “strap”), τλήμων (tlḗmōn) (< *tl̥h₂-m-)
*tl̥h₂-tó-s
*tl̥h₂-tó-m (“bridge, ford”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tílˀta
  - Latvian: til̃ts
  - Lithuanian: tìltas
  - → Proto-Finnic: *cilta
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - >? Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: թողում (tʻołum) (possibly)
    - Armenian: թողնել (tʻoġnel), թողել (tʻoġel); թողուլ (tʻoġul) — Western Armenian
- Proto-Celtic: *tlātis
  - Proto-Brythonic: *tlọd
    - Middle Welsh: tlawt
      - Welsh: tlawd
  - Middle Irish: tláith
    - Irish: tláith
    - Scottish Gaelic: tlàth
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τάλας (tálas)
    - Ancient Greek: ταλαίπωρος (talaípōros)
    - Ancient Greek: ταλασίφρων (talasíphrōn)
  - Ancient Greek: Ἄτλας (Átlas) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: opitulor

Root

*PIE roots twy^[2]^[3]

ground, bottom. Possibly a derivative of *telh₂- "to bear" in the sense of that which bears, carries, supports.

Derived terms

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*tl̥h₂-ó-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *tьlò (see there for further descendants)
*tolh₂-os
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talˀa-
  - Old Prussian: talus (“floor”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patalˀa-
    - Lithuanian: pãtalas (“bed”)
    - Proto-Slavic:
      - Russian: потоло́к (potolók, “ceiling”)
*telh₂-mō
- Proto-Celtic: *talamū (“earth”)
  - Old Irish: talam
    - Irish: talamh
    - Manx: thalloo
    - Scottish Gaelic: talamh
  - Gaulish: *talamon^[4]
    - → Latin: Talamone
    - → Latin: Talmun
      - French: Talmont
*tel(h₂)-nos ~ *tel(h₂)-nes-
- Proto-Italic: *telnos
  - Latin: tellūs (“earth”) (perhaps, and reshaped after rūs)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Old Armenian: թաղ (tʻał, “ward, district”), թաղեմ (tʻałem, “to bury”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: tìlės (“wooden floor in a boat”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tálas (“surface,bottom”)^[5]
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tálas
    - Sanskrit: तल (tála)
      - → Hindi: तल (tal)
      - Telugu: తలము (talamu)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 608–609
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1061
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “talu-, talamon-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 288
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 637

temH-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy

dark
Synonyms: *h₁regʷ-, *merk-, *(s)ḱeh₃-

Derived terms

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*témH-os ~ témH-es-os
*temH-seh₂ (or < *temH-s-eh₂ from *témHos)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temsā́ˀ
  - Lithuanian: tamsa (“darkness”)
*tm̥H-éh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *timāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temtei
- Lithuanian: témti (“to grow dark”) (present temstu)
Proto-Slavic: *tomiti (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic:
- Middle Irish: teim (“dark, grey”)
Proto-Celtic:
- Irish: temen (“dark”)

ten-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to stretch, to extend
Synonym: *temp-

Extensions

Derived terms

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*tn̥-néw-ti ~ *tn̥-nw-énti (new-present)^[2]^[4]^[5]
*tén-t ~ *tn-ént (athematic root aorist)
- Proto-Celtic: *tenti
  - Old Irish: téit
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátant
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátant
    - Sanskrit: अतन् (átan)
*te-tón-e ~ *te-tn-ḗr (stative)^[2]^[6]^[7]
*ti-tn̥-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *titə́ňňō
  - Ancient Greek: τιταίνω (titaínō)
*tn̥-é-ti (innovative zero-grade, thematic present)^[2]^[8]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintei
  - Latvian: tît
  - Lithuanian: tìnti
*tén-ye-ti (innovative ye-present)^[2]^[9]^[10]^[11]
- Proto-Albanian: *en-tenja
  - Albanian: ndej
- Proto-Hellenic: *téňňō
  - Ancient Greek: τείνω (teínō)
*ton-éye-ti (causative)^[2]^[12]
*tn̥-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)^[2]^[6]^[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tenḗˀtei
  - Lithuanian: tenė́ti (“thicken; clot”)
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old High German: donēn
- Proto-Italic: *tenēō
  - Faliscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌕 (tenet)
  - Latin: teneō (see there for further descendants)
  - Umbrian: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌉𐌕𐌖 (tenitu)
*tén-os ~ *tén-es-^[3]^[11]^[6]
*tén-tis^[3]^[14]
*tén-tlo-m, *tn̥-tló-s^[3]^[15]^[16]^[17]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintla-
  - Latvian: tìkls
  - Lithuanian: tiñklas
  - ⇒ Old Prussian: sasintinklo
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántram
    - Sanskrit: तन्त्र (tántra)^[18] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *tánθram^[18] ~ *tā́nθram^[12]
    - Persian: تار (târ)
      - Tajik: тор (tor)
    - Yidgha: [script needed] (tūr)
    - Pashto: تور (tōr)
*tén-tu-s ~ *tn̥-téw-s^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántuṣ
    - Sanskrit: तन्तु (tántu)
- Proto-Italic: *tentos
  - Latin: tentus (see there for further descendants)
*ton-sl-i^[19]
- Proto-Italic: *tonslis
  - Latin: tōlēs, tonsillae
*tón-os^[3]^[11]^[20]
*tn̥-néh₂^[3]^[21]
*-tn̥-nó-s, *-tn̥-nis (suffix denoting extent of time)^[22]
*tn̥-tós^[3]^[23]
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Slavic: *tenetò (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1065f
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 626-627
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 690-694
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τάνυται”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1450
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 369
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “teneō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 612-613
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 467–468
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “ndej ~ ndêj”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 283
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “ndej”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[3] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 284
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τείνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1457-1458
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Abajev, V. I. (1979) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 262, 301–303
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 464
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “tant*”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 467
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tenetò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 490
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 690–694
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 622f
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tōlēs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 621
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 458
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 367
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 281–282
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 369–370

teng-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]^[2]

to think
to perceive

Derived terms

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*tn̥g-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)^[3]
- Proto-Germanic: *þunkijaną (“to seem, to appear”) (see there for further descendants)
*tong-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *þankijaną (“to think”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *tongēō
  - Latin: tongeō (“to know”)
*tóng-os^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *þankaz (“thought, remembrance, gratitude”) (see there for further descendants)
*téng-wr̥ ~ *tn̥g-wén-
- Proto-Tocharian: *täṅkwä (“love”)^[5]
  - Tocharian A: tuṅk
  - Tocharian B: taṅkw

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*teng-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 629
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tongēre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 623
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þankjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 533-534
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þanka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 533
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “taṅkw”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 294

tep-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]

to be warm, be hot

Derived terms

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*tép-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tápati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tápati
    - Sanskrit: तपति (tápati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *tápati (“to warm up, heat”)^[2]
    - Bactrian: ταβ- (tab-, “to impress (a seal); to seal”)
    - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (t’BY-, “to heat”)
    - Khotanese: ttavāre
    - Middle Persian:
      Book Pahlavi: tʾp̄tn' (tāftan), tʾb (tāb-, “to heat, burn (up); to shine”, present stem); tʾp̄k' (tābag) (see there for further descendants)
      - Persian: تافتن (tâftan), تاب (tâb, present stem)
    - Parthian:
      Manichaean: tʾb- (tāb-, “to shine; to heat”)
    - Lurish:
      Northern Luri: تاۆ (tāow)
      - Silakhori: تۋ (tü)
      Bakhtiari: تںۆ (taow)
      
      Southern Luri: تںۆ (taow)
*tep-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)^[1]^[3]
- (perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tpē-(h) (analogically reformed after original inchoatives)^[4]
  - Albanian: ftoh (by metathesis)
- Proto-Italic: *tepēō^[3] (see there for further descendants)
*tep-eh₂-yé-ti (denominative)
- Proto-Germanic: *þebōną (see there for further descendants)
*tep-sḱé-ti (inchoative)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapsćáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *tafšáti
    - Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬯𐬀𐬝 (tafsat̰)
    - Khotanese: ttaus-
    - Ossetian:
      Digor: тӕфсун (tæfsun)
      
      Iron: тӕфсы́н (tæfsýn)
    - Persian: تفسیدن (tafsidan)
*tḗp-s-t (s-aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátāpst
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátāpst
    - Sanskrit: अताप्सीत् (átāpsīt)
*top-éye-ti (causative)^[1]^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tapīˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *topìti^[5] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāpáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāpáyati
    - Sanskrit: तापयति (tāpáyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *tāpáyati^[6]
    - Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (tāpaiieⁱti)^[7]
    - Ossetian:
      Ossetian: тавун (tavun)
      
      Ossetian: та́вын (távyn)
*tep-e-nt-s (root present participle)^[8]
- Proto-Celtic: *teɸents
  - Old Irish: té
    - Irish: te
    - Manx: çheh
    - Scottish Gaelic: teth
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapanti (possibly)
  - Proto-Iranian: *tapantī- f (“warming”)^[6]
    - Proto-Scythian: *tavitī-
      - → Ancient Greek: Ταβιτί (Tabití, “a Scythian goddess, equivalent of Hestia”)
*tep-los
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *teplas
  - Proto-Slavic: *teplъ, *toplъ^[9] (see there for further descendants)
*tep-net-s
- Proto-Celtic: *teɸnets (see there for further descendants)
*tép-os ~ *tép-es-os^[3]
*tép-s-tu-s^[8]
- Proto-Celtic: *texstus
  - (perhaps) Continental:
    - Gaulish:
      - → Latin: Tessi-gnius
    - Lepontic: 𐌀𐌑𐌄𐌑- (aśeś-)
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Old Breton: a tes
      - Breton: tes
    - Old Cornish: tes
    - Middle Welsh: tes
      - Welsh: tes
  - Old Irish: tess
    - Irish: teas
    - Manx: çhiass
    - Scottish Gaelic: teas
*tep-tós (past participle)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taptás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taptás
    - Sanskrit: तप्त (taptá)^[10]
  - Proto-Iranian: *taftáh^[6]
    - Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬙𐬀 (tafta)
    - Bactrian: ταβδο (tabdo), ταβαδο (tabado)
    - Khotanese: ttauda-
    - Ossetian:
      Ossetian: тӕвдӕ (tævdæ)
      
      Ossetian: тӕвд (tævd)
    - Parthian:
      Parthian: tft (taft)
    - Pashto: تود (tod), توده f (tavdá)
    - Persian: تفت (taft)
    - Sogdian:
      Christian: ܬܒܬܐܟ (tβtʾk)
    - → Old Armenian: տաւթ (tawtʻ)
Unsorted formations:
- (perhaps) Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: tāpce (“hot”)
- >? Proto-Celtic:
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Welsh: tampr (“taper; torch”)
  - Irish: tapar (“taper, candle”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 629-630
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 378–379
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tepeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 614
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “ftoh”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[5] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 173
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*topìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 496
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Abajev, V. I. (1979) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 236–237, 283
^ Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1900) A Complete Dictionary of the Avesta Language‎^[6], Bombay: Education society's steam press, page 220
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 375
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*teplъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 490
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 477

ter-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy

tender, weak
young creature

Derived terms

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Unsorted formations:
- Albanian: trim
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: թոռն (tʻoṙn)
  - Middle Armenian: թարմ (tʻarm)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tarnas
  - Lithuanian: tar̃nas (“servant”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru, “weak, small”), τέρην (térēn, “smooth, gentle”), τεράμων (terámōn, “becoming soft by boiling”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárunas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárunas
    - Sanskrit: तरुण (táruṇa, “young”), तर्ण (tárṇa, “calf”), तर्णक (tárṇaka, “any young animal”)
      - Romani: tarno (“young”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *tárunah
    - Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬥𐬀 (ta^uruna, “the young of humans and animals”)
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (tarōk, “young”), [script needed] (tōrūk, “young dog”)
    - Ossetian:
      - Digor: тӕрин (tærin), тӕрна (tærna)
      - Iron: тыры́н (tyrýn), тыр (tyr)
    - Persian: تر (tar, “wet”), توله (tôla, “whelp”), ترانه (tarâna, “a handsome youth”)
    - Sogdian: [script needed] (trn /⁠tarun⁠/, “tame, gentle”)
- Italic:
  - Latin: (possibly) tardus
  - Latin: (possibly) tener
  - Latin: (possibly) termes
  - Sabine: terenum (“soft”)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “²ter-, teru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1070 of 1070, 1071
Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թարմ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page թոռն of 161, 198
Abajev, V. I. (1979) “²tæryn, tyryn | tærna”, in Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 280

terh₁-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]

to rub, turn
to drill, pierce

Extensions

*ter-kʷ-
*tr-ey-
- *tr-i-to-
  - Proto-Italic: *tritos
    - Latin: trītus (for expected tritus perhaps after trīvī)
- *tr-ey-ḱo-
  - Proto-Italic: *trīkos
    - Latin: trīcae
- *tr-ey-dʰlom
  - Proto-Italic: *treiðlom
    - Latin: trībulum, trībulō
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: triō
    - ⇒ Latin: septentriō (see there for further descendants)

*ter-g-
- Proto-Italic: *tergēō
  - Latin: tergō, tergeō

*tr-ey-gʷ-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τρῑ́βω (trī́bō)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τρίβος (tríbos)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τριβή (tribḗ)

*tr-eh₂-g-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τρώγω (trṓgō), τράγω (trágō), τράγος (trágos)

*tr-ew(H)-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru), τρύω (trúō), ἄτρυτος (átrutos), τρῦμα (trûma), τρύ̄μη (trú̄mē), τρῡτάνη (trūtánē), τιτρώσκω (titrṓskō), τρώω (trṓō), τρῶσις (trôsis), τρῶμα (trôma)/τραῦμα (traûma)

*tr-ew-gʰ-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τρύχω (trúkhō)

*tr-ewH?-p-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τρῡπάω (trūpáō), τρύ̄πανον (trú̄panon), τρύ̄πη (trú̄pē)

Derived terms

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*terh₁- (root present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *térˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *terti (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: terō (see there for further descendants)
*tér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *téřřō
  - Ancient Greek: τείρω (teírō)
*tor-ó-
- Proto-Hellenic: *torós
  - Ancient Greek: τορός (torós)
*tór-o-
- Proto-Hellenic: *tóros
  - Ancient Greek: τόρος (tóros), τορεύς (toreús)
*tór-mo-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *þarmaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *tórmos
  - Ancient Greek: τόρμος (tórmos)
*tór-no-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *tórnos
  - Ancient Greek: τόρνος (tórnos)
*tr̥h₁-tó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *trētós
  - Ancient Greek: τρητός (trētós)
*térh₁-tro-m
- Proto-Celtic: *taratrom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *téretron
  - Ancient Greek: τέρετρον (téretron)
*térh₁-dʰro-m
- Proto-Italic: *tereðrom
  - Latin: terebrum, terebra
*terh₁-t-s
- Proto-Italic: *terets
  - Latin: teres

From *treh₁-

*treh₁- (metathesized root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *þrēaną (see there for further descendants)
*treh₁-sḱe-ti
- Proto-Germanic: *þreskaną (see there for further descendants)
*tréh₁-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *trḗmə
  - Ancient Greek: τρῆμα (trêma)
    - → English: trema, -treme
    - → French: tréma
    - Greek: τρήμα (tríma)
*tréh₁-ti-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *trḗtis
  - Ancient Greek: τρῆσις (trêsis)
*tréh₁-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₁-téw-s
- Proto-Germanic: *þrēduz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:
- Old Armenian: արածեմ (aracem), արաւտ (arawt) (possibly)
- Old Armenian: թուր (tʻur)
- Old Armenian: թրթուր (tʻrtʻur)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τετραίνω (tetraínō)
Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Iranian: *tarH- (“to rub, wipe (?)”)^[2]
  - Sogdian: [script needed] (prtr- /⁠pr-tr-⁠/, “to dry up, wipe off”), ܕܣܦܪܛܪ (ds-pr-tr, “handtowel”)
Italic:
- Latin: trūcta
  - → Albanian: troftë
  - Asturian: trucha
  - Catalan: truita
  - → English: trout
  - French: truite
  - Friulian: trute
  - Galician: troita
  - Italian: trota
  - Occitan: troita, trocha
  - Portuguese: truta
  - Romansch: truta
  - Sicilian: trota, trotta
  - Spanish: trucha
  - Venetian: truta

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 382

terh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

to cross over, pass through, overcome

Alternative reconstructions

*ter-^[1]

Derived terms

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*térh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)^[2]^[3]^[7]^[8]^[9]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒋻𒊏𒀜𒋫 (tar-ra-at-ta /⁠tarratta⁠/, 3sg.pres.med.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHati (see there for further descendants)

*térh₂-t ~ *tr̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*térh₂-u-ti ~ *tr̥h₂-w-enti (u-present)

*tḗrh₂-s-t ~ *térh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HátārHst ~ *HátarHsat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HátārHst ~ *HátarHsat
    - Sanskrit: अतारीत् (átārīt, 3sg.act.), तारिषत् (tāriṣat, 3sg.subj.act.)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: ततार (tatā́ra)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: तारयति (tāráyati)^[2]
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: तार (tāra)

*tí-terh₂-ti ~ *tí-tr̥h₂-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)^[2]^[10]^[3]^[7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títarHti ~ *títr̥Hati (see there for further descendants)

*tí-tr̥h₂-s-eti (se-desiderative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títr̥Hsati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *títr̥Hsati
    - Sanskrit: तितीर्षति (titīrṣati)

*torh₂-éye-ti (eye-causative)
- Proto-Iranian: *tarHáyati
  - Old Persian: *tarayati
    - ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎫𐎼/𐎹𐎶 (vi-i-y-t-r/y-m /⁠viyatarayam⁠/, 1sg.caus.inj.act.)

*tr̥h₂-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root present)^[11]^[12]
- >? Proto-Albanian: *tra
  - ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *tratja^[13] (+ *-atja)
    - Albanian: tras (“to pull”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Háti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Háti
    - Sanskrit: तिरति (tiráti, “to bring through”) (or dissimilated from *titiráti^[14])
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: तिर (tira)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: तितिरुर् (titirúr)
- >? Proto-Italic: *trō^[3]
  - Latin: *trō
    - ⇒ Latin: intrō (“to enter, go into, penetrate”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥h₂-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)^[2]^[3]^[7]^[15]^[16]^[6]
- >? Proto-Celtic: *taryati^[15]^[17]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *tarðad (“to explode”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tr-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)^[18]^[7]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒋻𒈾𒄿 (tar-na-i /⁠tarnai⁠/)

*térh₂-ih₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHiH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHiH
    - Sanskrit: तरी (tarī, “boat”)

*térh₂-mn̥ ~ *tr̥h₂-mén-s^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *térəmə
  - Ancient Greek: *τέραμα (*térama)^[19]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀτέραμνος (atéramnos, “hard, stubborn, merciless”)

*térh₂-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₂-téw-s^[20]^[21]
- Proto-Celtic: *trātu (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHtuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHtuṣ
    - Sanskrit: *tárītu
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: दुष्तरीतु (duṣtárītu, “difficult to be passed or overcome”) (+ दुस्- (dus-, “difficult”))

*tr̥h₂-és

*tr̥h₂-nó-s^[4]^[10]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Hnás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Hnás
    - Sanskrit: तीर्ण (tīrṇá)

*tr̥h₂-th₂ó-s^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Htʰám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Htʰám
    - Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá) (see there for further descendants)

Compounds

*tr̥h₂-kʷe or *tr̥h₂-h₃kʷ-
- Proto-Germanic: *þurhw (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *néḱ-t(e)rh₂-s ~ *neḱ-tr̥h₂-és (+ *neḱ- (“to perish”))^[22]
- Proto-Hellenic: *néktər
  - Ancient Greek: νέκταρ (néktar)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “4. ter-, terə-:tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1074-1075
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*terh₂-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 633-634
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[8]
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 276: “*terh₂-”
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*terh₂-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 289
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “terh₂-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 229: “*terh₂ti; *treh₂i̯e/o-”
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þerhwe ~ *þurhwe”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 538-539
^ Elbourne, Paul (2000) “Plain Voiceless Stop plus Laryngeal in Indo-European”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, volume 113, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR, page 13: “*térH₂-e-ti”
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Malzahn, Melanie (2016) “Tudáti-presents and the tēzzi Principle”, in Sahasram Ati Srajas. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Stephanie W. Jamison‎^[9], Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press, page 227: “*tērh₂-/*trēh₂-; *térh₂-ti/*tr̥h₂-énti”
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Kulikov, Leonid (2017) “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 224: “*-tr̥h₂-e-; *e-tērh₂-s-; *-tr̥h₂-no-”
^ Lindeman, Fredrik Otto (1987) Introduction to the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ (Serie B: Skrifter; 74), Olso: Norwegian University Press, →ISBN, page 46: “*tr̥H₂-é-”
^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, page 189: “*tr̥h₂-é-”
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[10], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “*t(e)ratja”
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[11]
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 620: “*tar-i̯e/o-”
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95: “'tr̥H₂-yᵉ/ₒ-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 372
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “tar¹ (tur) {1”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University}
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “άτέραμνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162: “*τέραμα”
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 82: “*treh₂-tu-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page *trātu-
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “νέκταρ, -αρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1004-1005: “*neḱ-trh₂-os”

terp-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]^[2]

to satisfy

Derived terms

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*térp-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *térpō
  - Ancient Greek: τέρπω (térpō) (see there for further descendants)
*tr̥p-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥pyáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥pyati
    - Sanskrit: तृप्यति (tṛ́pyati) (see there for further descendants)
*torp-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *þarbō (“need”)^[2] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *terba (“need”) (see there for further descendants)
*torp-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: tar̃pti
*tetórpe ~ *tetr̥pḗr (stative)
*tr̥p-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *tьrpě̀ti (see there for further descendants)
*térp-tis ~ *tr̥p-téy-
- Proto-Germanic: *þurftiz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *térptis
  - Ancient Greek: τέρψις (térpsis) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥ptíš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ptiṣ
    - Sanskrit: तृप्ति (tṛ́pti) (see there for further descendants)
*tr̥p-tós
- Proto-Germanic: *þurftaz (past participle of *þurbaną)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥ptás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥ptás
    - Sanskrit: तृप्त (tṛptá) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[12], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

ters-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

dry

Derived terms

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*térs-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *þersaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τέρσομαι (térsomai)
*tr̥s-yé-ti (yé-present)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *þurzijaną
  - Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*þaursjan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afþaursjan))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ṣyati
    - Sanskrit: तृष्यति (tṛ́ṣyati)
      - Hindi: तरसना (tarasnā)
*tors-éye-ti (causative)^[1]^[2]^[4] (see there for further descendants)
*tr̥s-eh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)^[1]^[4]
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old High German: dorrēn
- Proto-Italic: *torz-ēō
  - Latin: torrēns (see there for further descendants)
*ters-o-^[5]
- Proto-Italic: *terzā, *terzom
  - Latin: terra (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras), 𐌕𐌄𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (teerúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (terúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝𐌔 (tereís), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝 (tereí)
*tērs-os or root noun *tḗrs^[5]^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *tīros (see there for further descendants)
  - *tīrs-es-mi-
    - Old Irish: tírimm, tirimm
*tr̥s-ḱós
- Proto-Germanic: *þurskaz (“cod”) (see there for further descendants)
*ters-kʷo-
- Proto-Celtic: *terskos
  - Old Irish: terc
    - Irish: tearc
- >? Latin: *te(r)skʷom
  - Latin: tesquum, tescum
*térs-ti-s ~ *tr̥s-téy-s
- Proto-Germanic: *þurstiz (see there for further descendants)
*térs-tu-s ~ *tr̥s-téw-s
- Proto-Celtic: *tartus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *þurstuz (see there for further descendants)
*térs-us
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: tur
- Proto-Germanic: *þursuz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táršuš
  - Proto-Iranian: *táršuš
    - Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎 (taršu)
    - Middle Persian: tšknk'^[7]
    - →? Old Armenian: թաշկինակ (tʻaškinak)^[7]
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: torrus
*tr̥s-nós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šnas (see there for further descendants)
*tr̥s-ós (“flat surface for drying food”)^[8]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Middle Armenian: թառ (tʻaṙ) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *þarzṓ
  - Old High German: darra (“apparatus for drying fruits, etc.”)
    - Middle High German: darre
      - >? Cimbrian: dèrra
      - German: Darre
  - Old Norse:
    - Norwegian: tarre (“frame for drying malts, etc.”)
    - Swedish: tarre
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ταρσός (tarsós, “cheese hurdle; flat surface, board, blade, sole, palm”)
*tr̥s-tós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥ṣṭás
    - Sanskrit: तृष्ट (tṛṣṭá)
- Proto-Italic: *torstos
  - Latin: torstus, tostus (see there for further descendants)
Other formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *tarsja
  - Albanian: ter
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: թառամ (tʻaṙam), թարշամ- (tʻaršam-)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 637-638
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Demiraj, B. (1997) “ter”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[13] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 384
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[14], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “torreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 634-635
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “terra”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 616
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 379–380
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 247
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ταρσός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1453–1454

treh₂-

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/treh₂-

trenkʷ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]

to push, to press
Synonyms: *bʰedʰ-, *dʰen-, *gen-, *gremH-, *pres-, *(s)tewk-

Derived terms

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*trénkʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *þrinhwaną (see there for further descendants)
*trénkʷ-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: treñkti
*tronkʷ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *þrangwijaną (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: trìecu
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian: *θra(n)č-^[2]
    - Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬥 (maaθraxtn)
    - Persian: ترنجیدن (taranjidan)^[3]
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: truncus (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Cheung, Johnny. 2007. Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb. Leiden: Brill. p.396.
^ Cheung, Johnny. 2007. Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb. Leiden: Brill. p.396.

trewd-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]^[2]^[3]

to push, to thrust

Derived terms

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*tréwd-e-ti (thematic root present)^[4]
- Proto-Albanian: * ̊truδ-
  - Albanian: ndrydh
- (perhaps) Celtic:
  - Welsh: cythrudd
- Proto-Germanic: *þreutaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *troudō
  - Latin: trūdō
*trud-néh₂-ti ~ *trud-n̥h₂-énti (innovative denominative present)^[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *þruttōną (see there for further descendants)
*trowd-eh₂yé-ti (innovative *o-grade iterative present)
- Proto-Germanic: *þrautōną
*trowd-éye-ti (causative)^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Albanian: *entrūda
  - Albanian: ndrydh
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *traudéiˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *truditi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *þrautijaną (see there for further descendants)
*trowd-o-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tráudas
  - Proto-Slavic: *trudъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *þrautą (see there for further descendants)
*trewd-to-s or *trewd-so-s
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: triū̃sas
*trud-(s)mo-
- Proto-Celtic: *trummos (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Germanic: *þrustijaną
  - Old Norse: þrysta
    - → English: thrust
- Old Irish: troit
  - Irish: troid
  - Scottish Gaelic: troid

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*treu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 651-652
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “trūdō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 630
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*trudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 498
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “tredh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 463
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þruttōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 548
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “ndrydh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 288
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þrautjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 545

W

webʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*h₁webʰ-^[1]^[2] (see notes)

Root

*PIE roots twy^[3]

to weave, braid

Reconstruction notes

Beekes reconstructs *h₁webʰ- with the laryngeal on the basis of the initial vowel in Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀸𐀟𐀮𐀰𐀕𐀙 (e-we-pe-se-so-me-na /⁠ewepsēsomena⁠/, “which are to be woven”).^[1]

Derived terms

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*wébʰ-e-ti ~ *wébʰ-o-nti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *webaną^[4] (see there for further descendants)
*wébʰ-ti ~ *ubʰ-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabdʰi
  - Proto-Iranian: *wabdi
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟- (vaf-, “to weave”)
    - Parthian: wfyd (ind.3sg.)
    - Old Persian:
      - Middle Persian: wp- (waf-)
        Persian: بافتن (bâftan)
*wobʰ-éye-ti (causative)^[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *wabjaną (see there for further descendants)
*u-né-bʰ-ti ~ *u-m-bʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *umbʰáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *umbʰáti
    - Sanskrit: उम्भति (umbháti), उनब्द्धि (unábddhi)
*ubʰ-néH-ti ~ *ubʰ-nH-énti (*néH-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰnáHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ubʰnā́ti
    - Sanskrit: उभ्नाति (ubhnā́ti, “cover over; hurt, kill”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ubnáHti
    - Northern Kurdish: hûnan
*ubʰ-yéti ~ *ubʰ-yónti (*yé-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰyáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *ubyáti
    - Avestan: 𐬎𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬀- (ufiia-, “to weave, to web”)
*wobʰ-eh₂-ti (o-grade eh₂-iterative-intensive)
- Proto-Tocharian: *wäp- (“to weave, braid”)
  - Tocharian A: wäp-
  - Tocharian B: wāp-
*webʰ-n- (either denominal from an n-stem or deverbal from an n-infixed verb)
- ⇒ *webʰ-n-ye-
  - Proto-Albanian: *webnja
    - Albanian: vej
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ὑφαίνω (huphaínō)
      - Greek: υφαίνω (yfaíno)
*wobʰ-ó-s
- Proto-Tocharian: *yape (“spider”)
*ubʰ-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubdʰás
  - Proto-Iranian: *ubdáh
    - Avestan: 𐬎𐬠𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (ubdaēna, “made of cloth”)
*wóps ~ *webʰ-és
*wébʰ-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *wiftiz (see there for further descendants)
*wobʰ-yo-m^[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *wabją (“web”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *wabōną, *wabijaną (“to wave”)
- Old English: wafian (“to wave”)
  - Middle English: waven
    - English: wave
- Middle High German: waben (“to wave, undulate”)
- Old Norse: váfa
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabʰuš
- Proto-Iranian: *wabuš
  - Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟𐬏𐬱 (vafūš, “hymn, web”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὑφαίνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1540
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “weven”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[15] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*weban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 576
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wabjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 564
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wabja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 563

wed-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *wete, the source of Finnish vesi and Hungarian víz. The nature of the relationship is unclear and controversial; the word may have been borrowed from Proto-Indo-European into Proto-Uralic, or the reverse. A minority of linguists suggests a common origin from an even earlier proto-language, Indo-Uralic, but this is not generally accepted.

In Proto-Indo-European, the active elemental *wed- (“water”) was contrasted with the passive *h₂ep- (“body of water”), similar to the opposition of the active "fire" *h₁n̥gʷnis with the passive *péh₂wr̥.

Root

*PIE roots twy

to well
water

Derived terms

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*u-né-d-ti ~ *u-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *unátˢti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *unátti
    - Sanskrit: उनत्ति (unátti, “to wet”)
- ⇒? Proto-Italic: *undā
  - Latin: unda (“wave”)
- ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wandō (“water”) (see there for further descendants)

*wod-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *waskaną (“to wash”) (see there for further descendants)

*wēd-o-s (“wet”)
- Proto-Germanic: *wētaz

*wód-r̥ ~ *wéd-n̥-s (“water”)

*ud-ri-s
- Proto-Italic: *udri-
  - Latin: uter (“leather bag”) (or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek ὑδρία (hudría))

*wed-ro-m
- Proto-Italic: *wedrom
  - Latin: vitrum (“glass”)

*ud-ró-s (“otter”)

*wéd-os ~ *wéd-es-os (“water”)
- Old Armenian: գետ (get, “river”)

Unsorted formations:
- Illyrian: *adur
- Indo-Aryan
  - Sanskrit: उद्र (udra, “water”)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*wed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 658f.

wedʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]^[2]

to bind, to secure
to pledge, to guarantee
to lead

Derived terms

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*wedʰ- (root present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)
  - Latvian: vest
  - Lithuanian: vèsti
  - Proto-Slavic: *vestì (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)
  - Old Irish: feidid
  - Welsh: arweddu, arwain (< *ɸare-wedeti, ɸare-wedn-)
- Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Old High German: wetan

*wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāδaiieⁱti)
    - → Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)

*wédʰ-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)

*swétu-wedʰ-tó-s
- Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh
  - Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)
    - → Middle Persian: (/⁠xwēdōdah⁠/)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)
      
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣 (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)
      - Classical Persian: خویدوده (xweydōdah)

*wedʰ-úHs (“bride”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs
    - Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)
    - Central Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏 (vaδū)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Sogdo-Bactrian:
        Khwarezmian: ود (wd /⁠wud⁠/), وذ (wδ /⁠waδ, wuδ⁠/)
        
        Proto-Sogdic:
        Sogdian: (/⁠waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)⁠/, “wife”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫔 (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇 (wδw)
        
        Sogdian script: [script needed] (wδ),
        
        Syriac script: ܙܕ (wd)
    - Northwestern Iranian:
      - Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: بووک (bûk)
        
        Laki: بەوی (bewî)
        
        Northern Kurdish: bûk
        
        Southern Kurdish: وەۊ (weẅ), بەۊ (beẅ)
    - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      - Old Azari: *ویو (*vayō)
        Harzani: ویی (viyi)
        
        Karingani: وی (vay)
      - Talysh: (/⁠vayo⁠/)
        Arabic script: ویو
        
        Latin script: vəyo
      - Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
        Gurani: وەیوە (waywa)
        
        Zazaki: veyve
    - Southwestern Iranian:
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠wayōg⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wywg)
        
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')
        
        Classical Persian: بیوگ (bayōg, buyōg), بیو (bayô)
        Dari: بیوگ (bayōg)
        
        Iranian Persian: بیوگ (biyūg)
        
        Lurish:
        Bakhtiari: بیو (bayū)
        
        Northern Luri: بیی (bayi)

*wódʰ-s
- Proto-Italic: *woss
  - Latin: vas (“surety”)

*wodʰ-yom
- Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti
- Celtic:
  - Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)
  - Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)
- Proto-Celtic: *wedesman
  - Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[16], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

weǵ-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weǵʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]

to be lively, awake
to be strong

Derived terms

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*woǵ- (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *wakaną (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wahtwō (see there for further descendants)
*woǵ-éye- (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *wakjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *wegeō
  - Latin: vegeō
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́áyati (“impel”)
  - Indo-Aryan *wāȷ́áyati
    - Sanskrit: वाजयति (vājáyati)
*weǵ-eh₁-(ye)- or *woǵ-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)
- Proto-Germanic: *wakāną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *wegēō
  - Latin: vigeō (see there for further descendants)
*weǵ-dʰlis
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: vigil (see there for further descendants)
*wóǵos
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́as (“strength, energy”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ȷ́as
    - Sanskrit: वाज (vā́ja)
*wóǵ-ros
- Proto-Germanic: *wakraz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ras (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[17], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

weǵʰ-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weǵ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (imperfective)^[1]^[2]

to bring
to transport

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰ- (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

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*wéǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)^[3]
*wḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *wéǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
*woǵʰ-éye-ti (causative/iterative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáźīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wagjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wokʰéyomai
  - Ancient Greek: ὀχέομαι (okhéomai, “to be borne or carried”) (confused with ὀχέω (okhéō) < *soǵʰ-éye-ti)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́ʰáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wāźʰáyati
    - Sanskrit: वाहयति (vāhayati)
*woǵʰ-lo-s
- Ancient Greek: ὄχλος (ókhlos)
*weǵʰ-no-s
- Proto-Celtic: *wegnos (see there for further descendants)
*woǵʰ-no-s
- Proto-Germanic: *wagnaz (see there for further descendants)
*weǵʰ-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *wegaz (see there for further descendants)
*wéǵʰ-teh₂
- Proto-Celtic: *wextā (see there for further descendants)
*wéǵʰ-tis ~ *uǵʰ-téy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰíš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰíṣ
    - Sanskrit: ऊढि (ūḍhí)
- Proto-Italic: *wektis
  - Latin: vectis (see there for further descendants)
*uǵʰ-tós (“carried”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰás
    - Sanskrit: ऊढ (ūḍhá)
*weǵʰ-tlom / *weǵʰ-s-lom
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźsla
  - Proto-Slavic: *veslò (“oar”)^[4] (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Italic: *wekslom
  - Latin: vēlum (see there for further descendants)
*weǵʰ-í-tlom
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰítram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waźʰítram
    - Sanskrit: वहित्र (vahítra) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *weɣitlom
  - Latin: vehiculum (see there for further descendants)
*wóǵʰ-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waźas
  - Proto-Slavic: *vȏzъ (“wagon, chariot”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wókʰos
  - Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos, “carriage, cart, chariot”)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀏 (wo-ka /⁠wokha⁠/, “vehicle”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́ʰas
  - Proto-Iranian: *wā́źʰas
    - Sanskrit: वाह (vā́ha)
*wéǵʰ-tōr ~ *uǵʰ-tr-és (“carrier”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáždʰā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *wektōr
  - Latin: vector (see there for further descendants)
*weǵʰ-yó-m
- Proto-Germanic: *wigją (“horse”, literally “carrier”) (see there for further descendants)
*uǵʰ-éh₂
- Albanian:
  - Proto-Albanian: *uj́ā-
    - Albanian: udhë
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Proto-Albanian: *wedza^[5]
    - Albanian: vjedh
- Italic: (possibly) *wijā
  - Latin: via (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vehō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 658
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[18], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*veslò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 516
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “Sobreira/PIE roots twy”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

Edward A. Roberts, Bárbara Pastor, Diccionario etimológico indoeuropeo de la lengua española, Alianza Editorial 2009, →ISBN

weh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]

true

Derived terms

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*weh₁-ros (see there for further descendants)
*weh₁-reh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀrāˀ
  - Proto-Slavic: *věra (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wērō

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[19], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

weh₂dʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy

to go, to proceed
to pass, to traverse

Derived terms

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*weh₂dʰ- (full-grade root present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գամ (gam)
    - Armenian: գալ (gal)
- Proto-Italic: *wāðō
  - Latin: vādō (see there for further descendants)
*uh₂dʰ- (zero-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *wadaną (“to wade”) (see there for further descendants)
*uh₂dʰ-om (“shallow water, ford”) (Unclear; long ū would be expected in the Germanic and Italic branches. Perhaps w- was restored by analogy with the verb?)
- >? Proto-Albanian: *wa(d)
  - Albanian: va
- Proto-Germanic: *wadą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *waðom
  - Latin: vadum (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations
- Proto-Albanian: *wadmi
  - Albanian: *wem
    - Albanian: vete
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: >? Hittite: to come (uwami)
- Celtic:
  - Welsh: go-di-wawd (“overtook”)

weh₂t-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]

excited, inspired
possessed, raging

Derived terms

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*wéh₂t-os
- Proto-Germanic: *wōdaz (“mad, furious, possessed”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHtas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáHtas
    - Sanskrit: वात (vā́ta, “attacked, assailed, injured, hurt”)^[2]
*weh₂t-is
- Proto-Celtic: *wātis (“soothsayer, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *wātis
  - Latin: vātēs (“seer, poet, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)
*wéh₂t-us
- Proto-Celtic: *wātus (“poetic inspiration”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wōþuz
  - Old Norse: óðr (“mind, soul; poetry, poem”)
    - Icelandic: óður
*wéh₂t-eh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *wōþō
  - Old English: wōþ (“song”)
*woh₂t-o-^[3]
- >? Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գութ (gutʻ), գոյթ (goytʻ) — rare, post-Classical
    - Armenian: գութ (gutʻ)
*wóh₂t-yo-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *wōþijaz (“pleasant”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *Wōdanaz (“Odin”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[20], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Monier Williams (1899) “Sobreira/PIE roots twy”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0934.
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 774

wekʷ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (imperfective)^[1]^[2]

to speak, to sound out

Derived terms

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*wékʷ-ti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wákti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wákti
    - Sanskrit: वक्ति (vákti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wáxti
    - ⇒ Northern Kurdish: bang (“call”)
    - ⇒ Northern Kurdish: deng (“voice”)
    - ⇒ Northern Kurdish: gotin (“to say”), -bêj-
*wókʷ-e-ti (o-grade root thematic present)
- Proto-Germanic: *gawahwaną (“to mention”) (see there for further descendants)
*wókʷ-ye-ti (o-grade root ye-present)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գոչեմ (gočʻem, “to cry out”)
*wí-wekʷ-ti ~ *wí-wk-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíwakti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíwakti
    - Vedic Sanskrit: विवक्ति (vívakti)
*we-wókʷ-e ~ *we-wkʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawā́ča (see there for further descendants)
*wé-wk-e-t (reduplicated thematic aorist)^[3]
*wṓkʷ-s
*wékʷ-os ~ *wékʷ-es-os
- Proto-Celtic: *wekʷos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wékʷos
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπος (épos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáčas (see there for further descendants)
*wékʷ-ti-s ~ *ukʷ-téy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktíš (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wektís
  - Proto-Slavic: *veťь (“thing”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wihtiz (“being”) (see there for further descendants)
*wokʷ-tló-m
- Proto-Celtic: *woxtlom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waktrám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waktrám
    - Sanskrit: वक्त्र (vaktrá, “mouth”)
*wókʷ-to-s
- Proto-Germanic: *wahtaz
  - Old Norse: váttr (“witness”)
    - Faroese: váttur
*wokʷ-smn̥
- Proto-Celtic: *woxsman
  - Middle Irish: fúaimm
    - Irish: fuaim
    - Scottish Gaelic: fuaim
*wokʷ-yeh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *woťťa
  - Ancient Greek: ὄσσα (óssa), ὄττα (ótta)
*ukʷ-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktás (see there for further descendants)
*h₁weru-wokʷ-, *h₁uru-wkʷ- (“far-sounding”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ewrúwokʷā
  - Ancient Greek: εὐρύοπα (eurúopa)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Vedic Sanskrit: उरूची (urūcī́)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian:
- Albanian: ves
Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (huek-), [script needed] (huk-, “to conjure, swear”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Old Prussian: enwackē (“they call”)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[21], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[22], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Friedrich Kluge (1989) “erwähnen”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959) “u̯ekʷ-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1135

welH-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wel-, Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welh₁-, and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welh₃-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*wel-.

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]

to roll, to undulate

Derived terms

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*wélH-ti ~ *wl̥H-énti (root present)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: velt (“to roll, felt”)
  - Lithuanian: vélti (“to felt, tousle”)
- Proto-Germanic: *wulaną (“to well up”) (see there for further descendants)
*wé-wolH-ti ~ *wé-wl̥H-n̥ti (e-reduplicated athematic present)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *wallaną (“to well up”) (see there for further descendants)
*wolH-éye-ti (iterative)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *valiti (“to fall”) (see there for further descendants)
^?*wélH-de-ti^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *weltaną (“to roll”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waltijaną (“to cause to roll about”, secondary causative)
*wl̥H-mí-s (“wave”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥Hmíš (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *walwā
  - Albanian: valle (“fold dance”)
- Proto-Albanian: *walā
  - Albanian: valë (“wave”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գելում (gelum, “to twist”), գիլ (gil, “rolling”), գալար (galar, “twist”), գաղձն (gałjn, “convolvulus”), գեղձ (gełj, “bindweed”), (possibly) գողտր (gołtr, “mild”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Baltic:
    - Latvian: vēl (“yet, still”)
    - Lithuanian: vėl (“again”)
  - Slavic:
    - Russian: вал (val, “billow”)
- Proto-Celtic: *walensnā^[2]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gwalenn
    - Middle Breton: goalenn (“green twig”)
      - Breton: gwalenn
- Proto-Celtic: *welnīti
  - Old Irish: fillid (“to bend”)
    - Irish: fill, pill (Ulster)
    - Manx: fill
    - Scottish Gaelic: fill
- Proto-Germanic: *waluz (“stick”), *wiligaz (“willow”), *walwijaną (“to roll”), *walkaną (“to turn, walk”), *walkōną (“to roll, to full”), *walgōną (“to roll”), *wallijǭ (“well; wave”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐλύω (elúō), εἴλω (eílō), εἰλύω (eilúō), ἕλιξ (hélix), εἰλεός (eileós), ἴλη (ílē), ὅλμος (hólmos), ἀολλέες (aollées) (< *sm̥wolnēs), ᾱ̔λής (hālḗs) (< *sm̥wl̥ēs), ᾱ̔λίζω (hālízō), ᾱ̔λία (hālía), ἡλιαία (hēliaía)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: उल्ब (úlba), उल्व (úlva)
    - Sanskrit: वलय (valaya, “coil”)
    - Sanskrit: वलयति (valayati, “to cause to turn”)
    - Sanskrit: वल्लि (valli, “creeper; winding plant”)
- Proto-Italic: *wolwumen, *wolwō, *wolgous, *wolwā
  - Latin: valgus, vallis, vallum, valva, volumen, volvō, vulgus, vulva (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *u̯elH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 677
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wel-n-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN

welh₁-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wel-, Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welH-, and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welh₃-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (imperfective)^[1]^[2]

to choose
to want

Derived terms

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*welh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Italic: *welō (see there for further descendants)
*wélh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Lithuanian: viltis (“to hope”)
- Proto-Germanic: *wiljaną (see there for further descendants)
*wl̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Ancient Greek: λῶ (lô, “to wish”)
*wolh₁-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walīˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *voliti
- Proto-Germanic: *waljaną (see there for further descendants)
*wl̥nh₁-tóy
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥nHtáy
    - Sanskrit: वृणीते (vṛṇīté, “to choose”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬉 (vərəṇtē, “to choose”)
*wolh₁-o-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras
    - Sanskrit: वर (vará)
- Proto-Germanic: *walō (< *wolh₁-eh₂)

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *walā
  - Albanian: vallë (maybe, wishfully)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náHti
    - Sanskrit: वृणाति (vṛṇā́ti)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti
    - Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇoti) (see there for further descendants)
- Old Armenian: գեղձ (gełj)
- Proto-Slavic: *velěti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wellos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wlidā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wela (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[23], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

wemh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (imperfective)^[1]

to spew, to vomit

Derived terms

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*wemh₁-ti (root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wámHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wámHti
    - Sanskrit: वमिति (vámiti)
*wemh₁-e-ti (thematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wámati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wámati
    - Sanskrit: वमति (vámati)
      - Dardic:
        Kalasha: bómik
      - Assamese: বমি (bomi)
      - Bengali: বমি (bomi)
      - Kashmiri: ومُن (wamun)
- Proto-Italic: *wemō
  - Latin: vomō (see there for further descendants)
*wemh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: vem̃t
  - Lithuanian: vémti
*wm̥h₁-to-
- Proto-Italic: *wematos
  - Latin: vomitus
*wemh₁-to-
- Proto-Hellenic: *wémetos
  - Ancient Greek: ἔμετος (émetos)
*womh₁-nos?
- Proto-Germanic: *wammaz, *wammijaną (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Proto-Albanian: *wamā
    - Albanian: *umë
      - Albanian: umas
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: vėmalai
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐμέω (eméō)
- Iranian: + -ār
  - Kurdish:
    - Northern Kurdish: bîvêr ('sick, ill')
  - Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭩𐭬𐭠𐭫 (wēmār) ('sick, ill')
    - Persian: بیمار (bīmār) ('sick, ill')

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[24], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

wenh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]

to love

Derived terms

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*wn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *wunskijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वांछति (vāṃchati)
*wonh₁-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *wanjaną (see there for further descendants)
*wn̥h₁-éh₁ye-ti (essive)
- Proto-Germanic: *wunāną (see there for further descendants)
?*wn̥h₁-néw-ti ~ *wn̥h₁-nw-énti (néw-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *winnaną (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वनोति (vanoti)
*wenh₁-i-s
- Proto-Germanic: *winiz (see there for further descendants)
*wénh₁-os ~ *wénh₁-es-os
- Proto-Italic: *wenos
  - Latin: venus (“loveliness, charm”), Venus (theonym)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wánas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wánas
    - Sanskrit: वनस् (vánas)
*wenh₁-es-no-s
- Proto-Italic: *weneznos
  - Latin: venēnum
*wn̥h₁-tro-m
- Proto-Germanic: *wundrą (see there for further descendants)
*wn̥h₁-yeh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *wunjō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *wenjā (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *vōnja
- Albanian: vuaj (I suffer)
Germanic:
- Proto-Germanic: *wanaz (see there for further descendants)
Albanian:
- Proto-Albanian: *un-^[2]
  - Albanian: uni
  - Albanian: uri

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[25], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “uri”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 51

wer-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy

to burn

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots twy' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*wōr-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārīˀtei
  - Latgalian: vōreit
  - Latvian: vàrît (alternatively a borrowing from Slavic)
  - Proto-Slavic: *variti (see there for further descendants)
*werH-u-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārús
  - Lithuanian: varùs
  - Proto-Slavic: *varъ (see there for further descendants)
*wr̥H-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirˀtei, *wirˀētei
  - Latvian: vir̂t
  - Lithuanian: vìrti
  - Proto-Slavic: *vьrěti (see there for further descendants)
*worno- (presumably originally an adjective “black”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *warnás, *wárˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *branos (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (urāni, “burns”)^[1]
  - Hittite: 𒉿𒊏 (wa-ar, “to burn”)
    - → Old Armenian: վառեմ (vaṙem) (possibly)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtei
    - Lithuanian: vírti, vérdu (“to cook”)

Root

*PIE roots twy^[2]^[3]

to watch; to keep guard, cover
to notice, heed, be aware (of), be wary (of)

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots twy' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*wr̥-néw-ti (néw-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti
    - Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇóti) (see there for further descendants)
*wor-t-ús, *wor-t-ós
- Proto-Germanic: *wardaz (“guard, keeper”), *werdaz (see there for further descendants)
*wer-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
- Proto-Italic: *werēōr
  - Latin: vereor
*wor-eh₂-ye-ti
- Proto-Germanic: *warōną (“to watch, to protect”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *worā́ō
  - Ancient Greek: ὁράω (horáō, “see”)
*wor-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *worā
  - Ancient Greek: ὤρα (ṓra, “care, concern”)
*wor-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *waraz (“cautious”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *woros
  - Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros, “watcher, guardian”), ἔφορος (éphoros), φρουρός (phrourós), τῑμωρός (tīmōrós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ras
    - Sanskrit: वार (vā́ra, “obstacle, cover, gate”)
*wor-yo-s
- Proto-Germanic: *warjaz
*wor-n-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *warnō (“warding off; refusal, denial; warning?”)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *warnōną (“to warn”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *warnu (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *warnijan (“to refuse, deny”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian:
  - Albanian: vërej (“look, observe”)
- Proto-Celtic: *werati
  - Old Irish: feraid (“to grant, provide”)
    - Middle Irish: feraid
      - Irish: fear (“to grant”)
- Proto-Germanic: *warjaną (“ward off”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras
    - Sanskrit: वर (vára)

Root

*PIE roots twy

squirrel or marten

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots twy' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*wer-n-
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aikwernô (see there for further descendants)
*wer-wer-
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian: *warwar-akah
    - Baluchi: ورورک (varvarak) (loanword from another Iranian language)
    - Gilaki: وروره (varvarə)
    - Persian: وروره (varvarah) (loanword from another Iranian language)
*we-wer-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēweris, *waiwer-, *wāwer-
  - East Baltic:
    - Latvian: vāvere
    - Lithuanian: vaiverìs (“male polecat or marten”), voverė, vaiverė, voverìs (dialectal), vėverìs (dialectal)
    - Samogitian: vuoverie
  - West Baltic:
    - Old Prussian: weware
  - Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verь
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verica, *vě̀verъka (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wiweros
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨwer
    - Breton: gwiñver
    - Welsh: gwiwer
  - Old Irish: íaru
    - Irish: iora
- Italic:
  - Latin: viverra (“ferret”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*vьrěti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 537
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vereor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 665
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Watkins, Calvert. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. 1969.

werǵ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]^[2]

to make

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots twy' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*wérǵ-e-ti (thematic present)
- Proto-Celtic: *wregeti (see there for further descendants) (through schwebeablaut)^[3]
*wr̥ǵ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)
*wérǵ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *wirkijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔρδω (érdō, “I do”)
  - Ancient Greek: ῥέζω (rhézō, “I do”) (< *wreǵ-ye- with secondary e-grade)
*werǵ-éh₂
- Proto-Celtic: *wergā (“anger”) (see there for further descendants)
*worǵ-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *worgā́ (“temper; anger, passion”)
  - Ancient Greek: ὀργή (orgḗ)
    - Greek: οργή (orgí)
*werǵ-o-s
- Proto-Celtic: *wergos (adj.) (see there for further descendants)
*worǵ-ó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *worgós, *-worgós (“worker, maker”)
  - Ancient Greek: -ουργός (-ourgós)
  - Mycenaean Greek: -𐀺𐀒 (-wo-ko /⁠-worgos⁠/)^[4]
*wérǵ-o-m
*wr̥ǵ-tó-s
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Albanian: argëtoj, argëtim
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὄργανον (órganon) (see there for further descendants)
  - Ancient Greek: ὄργιον (órgion), ὄργῐᾰ (órgia)
  - >? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀫𐀑𐀍𐀚𐀍 (wo-ro-ki-jo-ne-jo /⁠worgioneios⁠/)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *warȷ́-
  - Proto-Iranian: *warj- (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swawr̥šti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swawr̥ṣṭi
    - Sanskrit: स्ववृष्टि (svávṛṣṭi, “doing his own work, epithet of Indra”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *wärk-
  - Tocharian A: wärkṣäl
  - Tocharian B: warkṣäl

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wreg-o”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 429: “*werǵ-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wreg-o”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
^ John Chadwick, Lydia Baumbach (1963) “The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary”, in Glotta : Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache, volume 41, number 3/4, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 193-4 of 157–271: “ἔργον”

werh₁-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wer-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (perfective)^[1]

to speak, say

Extensions

*wer-dʰh₁- (laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)^[2]
- ⇒ *w(V)rdʰh₁om
- Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō
  - Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)
*werh₁-i-dʰh₁-e-ti^[3]^[4]^[5]
- >? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti (or from *wer- (“to heed”))
  - Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /⁠u̯eritit͡si⁠/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)

Derived terms

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*wérh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)^[6]
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at), 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀉 (ú-e-ri-et, 3sg.pret.act.)
  - Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)
- (perhaps) Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)
*wér-ye-ti (ye-present)
*wer-yeh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā
  - Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)
*wr̥h₁-tós
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)
  - Old Armenian: (possibly) առաւիր (aṙawir)
  - Old Armenian: (possibly) վեռ (veṙ)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)
    - Russian: врать (vratʹ)
- Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám
    - Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wratám
    - Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯erh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 689-690
^ Hackstein, Olav (2002) “Uridg. *CH.CC > *C.CC”, in Historische Sprachforschung‎^[26] (in German), volume 115, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISSN, page 14 of 1–22
^ Oettinger, Norbert (2001) “Hethitisch -ima- oder: Wie ein Suffix affektiv werden kann”, in G. Wilhelm, editor, Akten des IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie, Würzburg, 4.-8. Oktober 1999 (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten), volume 45, page 467
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “u̯erite-^zi / u̯erit-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1003–1004
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “verbum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 664–665
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “u̯er(ii̯e/a)-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1159-1160

wert-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (imperfective)^[1]^[2]

to turn, to rotate

Derived terms

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*wért-ti ~ *wr̥t-énti (athematic root present)
*wért-e-tor (thematic middle)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártatay
    - Sanskrit: वर्तते (vártate, “to turn”) (see there for further descendants)
*wr̥t-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtḗˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *vьrtě̀ti (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)
*wert-ye- (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: versti
*we-wórt-e ~ *we-wr̥t-ḗr (stative)
*wort-éye-ti (causative)
*wr̥t-ís
- Proto-Germanic: *wurdiz (“fate”) (see there for further descendants)
*wert-en-om
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वर्तन (vártana)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wertena
  - Proto-Slavic: *verteno (see there for further descendants)
*wért-mn̥
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *werˀtmin
  - Proto-Slavic: *vermę (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártma
    - Sanskrit: वर्त्मन् (vártman) (see there for further descendants)
*wr̥t-tós
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirstā́ˀ (from feminine *wr̥t-téh₂)
  - Proto-Slavic: *vьrsta (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *worssos
  - Latin: versus (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *writja^[3]
  - Albanian: rris
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वर्तिन् (vartin)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (wrd-)
      - Persian: گرد (gerd)
      - Tajik: гирд (gird)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - (Baltic:)
    - Lithuanian: vir̃sti
    - Latvian: virst
    - Old Prussian: wirst
  - Proto-Slavic: *vorta (“gate”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *werþaz, *wardaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wuldrą (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wulþuz (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wertos
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gwerθ (possibly Germanic borrowing) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[27], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “rris”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 387

wes-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂wes-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

*PIE roots twy (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

to dress, clothe

Descendants

Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (waš-)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *was-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *was-
  - Sanskrit: वस् (vas)
- Proto-Iranian: *wah- (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *wäs-
- Tocharian A: wäs-
- Tocharian B: wäs-

Derived terms

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*wés-e-ti (thematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásati
  - Proto-Iranian: *wáhati
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaŋhaⁱti)
*wés-tor ~ *wés-ror (deponent athematic Narten root present)
*wes-néw- ~ *wes-nu- (nu-present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: զգենում (zgenum)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wehnūmi
  - Ancient Greek: ἕννῡμῐ (hénnūmi)
    Ionic Greek: εἵνῡμῐ (heínūmi)
*wos-éye-ti (causative)
*wés-h₂nos
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéhanos
  - Ancient Greek: ἑᾰνός (heanós), εἱᾰνός (heianós) (verse-initially), ἑᾱνός (heānós) (later)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀸𐁀𐀜𐀂 (we-ha-no-i /⁠wehanoiʰi⁠/, dat.pl.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásanas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásanas
    - Sanskrit: वसन (vásana)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wáhanah
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀 (vaŋhana)
*wés-m̥h₁nos (present middle participle of *wéstor)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmenos
  - Ancient Greek: εἱμένος (heiménos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásaHnas
  - Proto-Iranian: *wáhaHnah
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁𐬥𐬀 (vaŋhāna)
*wés-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmə
  - Ancient Greek: εἷμα (heîma), εἵματα (heímata, “clothes”)
    Aeolic Greek: ἔμμα (émma)
    
    Cretan Greek: ϝῆμα (wêma)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásma
    - Sanskrit: वस्मन् (vásman)
*wés-tis ~ *us-téy-s (see there for further descendants)
*wés-trom
- Germanic:
  - Middle High German: wester (“christening dress”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéstrā
  - Doric Greek: ϝέστρᾱ (wéstrā)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástram (see there for further descendants)
*wés-tus
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: զգեստ (zgest)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: առա-գաստ (aṙa-gast) (< *wés-t-eh₂-) (possibly)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐσθής (esthḗs)

Etymology 2

Root

*PIE roots twy (imperfective)^[7]^[8]^[9]

to graze, consume, eat

Derived terms

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*wḗs-ti (acrodynamic present)
- Latin: vēscor (“to nourish oneself”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hittite: wesiyattari (“grazes”)
- Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (“to consume, feast”) (see there for further descendants)
*wes-teh₂-
- Proto-Celtic: *westā (“food, feast”) (see there for further descendants)
*wes-ti-
- Proto-Germanic: *wistiz (“provisions, food”) (see there for further descendants)
*wes-ri-
- Tocharian A: wäsri (“pasture”)
Unsorted formations:
- Hittite: wēsi- (“meadow”)
- Hittite: wastara- (“herdsman”)
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 (vāstar, “herdsman”)^[10]
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (vāstra, “pasture”)
- Proto-Germanic: *wisundz (“bison”)

Etymology 3

Root

*PIE roots twy^[11]^[12]^[13]

to sell

Derived terms

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*wés-ti ~ *us-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠u̯a-a-ši⁠/)
*we-wós-e ~ *we-wus-ḗr (perfect)^[11]
- Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠wāsi⁠/)
*wós-n̥ ~ *us-né-s (“sale; price”) (see there for further descendants)
*wes-ó-s (“selling, trade”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wasás
  - Proto-Iranian: *waháh
    - Khotanese: 𑀩𑀳𑁄𑀬𑁆𑀲𑀦 (bahoysana)
    - Middle Persian: [Term?] (/⁠wahāg⁠/)
      - Persian: بها (bahâ)
    - Ossetian: уӕй (wæj)
    - Sogdian: [Term?] (/⁠xwʾqr⁠/, “merchant”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wahá-čāra- (“market”) (with *kʷel- (“to walk”))
      - Gilaki: واجار (vājār, “open market, bazaar”)
      - Mazanderani: واجار (vājār)
      - Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾčʾl /⁠wāzār⁠/)
        Persian: بازار (bâzâr) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

→ Proto-Finnic: *ostadak

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vestis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 671-672
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “u̯es”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1172-1173
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 692-693
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἕννυμι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 428-429
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἑᾰνός 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 366
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “3. *u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 693-694
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vēscor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[28], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1171
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (1988) A Grammar of Gatha-Avestan, volume 1, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 80
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 693
^ Weeks, David Michael (2006) Hittite Vocabulary: An Anatolian Appendix to Buck’s Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies‎^[29], Los Angeles, page 78
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 981

wet-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]^[2]

year
year-old

Derived terms

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*wét-s^[3]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒈬𒍝 (MU-za /⁠witta⁠/, “year”)
  - Lycian: [script needed] (uhe/i-, “year”)
*wétos (see there for further descendants)
*wetostos
- Proto-Italic: *wetostos
  - Latin: vetustus
*wet-só-s^[3]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Luwian:
    Cuneiform script: 𒈬𒅖 (MU-iš /⁠uššiš⁠/)
    
    Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔑺𔓉𔐤 (u-si-na /⁠usin⁠/, acc.sg.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *watsás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *wessos (“of the year”), *wessōnā (“lady of the year”)
  - Marsian: uesune
  - Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌄 (vesune)
*wétrus
- Proto-Germanic: *weþruz (see there for further descendants)
*wet-us-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wétušas (see there for further descendants)
*wetelos
- Proto-Hellenic: *wétalon
  - Ancient Greek: ἔταλον (étalon), ἔτελον (ételon)
- Proto-Italic: *wetelos
  - Latin: vitulus (see there for further descendants)
  - Umbrian: vitlu
*pér-ut-i (“last year”) (with *per- (“through”))

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[30], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “u̯itt-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1172-1173

weyd-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (stative)^[1]^[2]

to see

Derived terms

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*wéyd-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]^[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀdetei
  - ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀdēˀtei
    - Latgalian: veidētʹ (“to be visible”)
    - Latvian: viedêt
    - Lithuanian: veizdė́ti
    - Proto-Slavic: *vìděti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wēdeti (“to tell, relate”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *wlītaną (“to see, look”) (#wl contamination perhaps from *wel- ~ *wl- (“to see”)^[4]) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlaitōną (“to search”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlitiz (“sight, appearance, face”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wītaną (“to direct the attention to, to scold”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéidō
  - Ancient Greek: εἴδω (eídō, “to be seen, appear”)

*wéyd-se-ti (“to want to see”, desiderative)^[1]

*wéyd-ti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáytˢti (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

*wid-é-t (thematic root aorist)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եգիտ (egit, “to find”)
- Proto-Germanic: *witaną (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *widon
  - Ancient Greek: εἶδον (eîdon)
- Proto-Italic: *woidai (third person singular: *woide(d))
  - Latin: vīdī (third person singular: vīdit)
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *widēō^[1] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwidat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwidat
    - Sanskrit: अविदत् (ávidat)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Háwidat
    - Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬝 (vīdat̰)

*wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)^[1]^[5]^[6]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գտանեմ (gtanem)
    - Armenian: գտնել (gtnel)
- Proto-Celtic: *windeti
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨbod (see there for further descendants)
  - Old Irish: ro·finnadar (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *windáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *windáti
    - Sanskrit: विन्दति (vindáti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *windáti
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 (vīnastī)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (vinasti)
    - Middle Persian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫗𐫅 (wyndynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)
    - Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫅 (wyndyd, 3sg.pres.ind.)
    - Northern Kurdish: -bîn-/-wîn-

*wóyd-e ~ *wid-ḗr (“to have seen, to know”, stative)^[1]^[7]

*woyd-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[1]
- Celtic:
  - Old Irish: foídid
- Proto-Germanic: *waitijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydáyati
    - Sanskrit: वेदयति (vedáyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *waydáyati
    - Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (āuuaēδaiiamahī, 1pl.pres.caus.)
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (vaēδaiiemi, 1sg.pres.caus.)

*widónts (“seeing”)

*wéyd-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wéiˀdas^[8] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wēdos (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-os ~ *wéyd-es-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéidos
  - Ancient Greek: εἶδος (eîdos, “appearance; sight”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas
    - Sanskrit: वेदस् (védas, “knowledge, science”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wáydah
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬵 (vaēδah)

*weyd-eh₂-li-mo-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *weidālimos
  - Ancient Greek: εἰδάλιμος (eidálimos)

*n̥-weyd-h₁-lo-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *əweidelos
  - Ancient Greek: ἀείδελος (aeídelos)

*wéyd-ih₂ ~ *wid-yéh₂-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydyáH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydyáH
    - Sanskrit: वेद्या (vedyā́, “knowledge; art”)

*weyd-oh₂-lo-m
- Proto-Hellenic: *weidōlon
  - Ancient Greek: εἴδωλον (eídōlon)
*wéyd-ti-s ~ *wid-téy-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀstis
  - Latvian: vēsts
  - Proto-Slavic: *vě̏stь (see there for further descendants)
*weyd-to-s
- Proto-Germanic: *wīsaz (“wise”) (see there for further descendants)
*wéyd-tōr ~ *wid-tr-és (“viewer, witness”)
*wéyd-tu-s ~ *wid-téw-s (“(act of) seeing, knowledge”)
- Proto-Celtic: *wissus (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: vīsus (see there for further descendants)
*n̥-wid-eh₂-
- Proto-Hellenic: *əwidās
  - Ancient Greek: Ἀΐδης (Aḯdēs)
*wid-és-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *widéhā
  - Ancient Greek: ἰδέᾱ (idéā)
*n̥-wid-ḗs (<*n̥-wid-és-s)
- Proto-Hellenic: *əwidḗs
  - Ancient Greek: ἀϊδής (aïdḗs)
*né-wid-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *néwits
  - Ancient Greek: νῆις (nêis)
*wid-m̥-h₃onh₂-
- Proto-Hellenic: *idmōn
  - Ancient Greek: ἴδμων (ídmōn)
*wid-ri-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *widris
  - Ancient Greek: ἴδρις (ídris)
*wid-ró-s
- Proto-Germanic: *witraz (see there for further descendants)
*wid-tó-s
*wid-yó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *witją (“knowledge; reason, sense, understanding; wit”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *widyáH (from *wid-y-éh₂)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *widyáH
    - Sanskrit: विद्या (vidyā́, “knowledge, science; scholarship”)
Unsorted formations:
Albanian:
- Albanian: *vidsa
  - Albanian: vizë
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գիւտ (giwt)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: vaizdas
  - Old Prussian: widdai
- Proto-Germanic: *wīsǭ (“manner, way”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀΐδηλος (aḯdēlos)
- Phrygian: wit-
- Proto-Tocharian: *wäwén-^[9] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *wiäime (possibly)^[10] (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 665-667
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*u̯aid¹, *u̯aid²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 408-410
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wēd-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 407
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “u̯el-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 675
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “*git-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 216
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wi-n-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 422-423
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[31], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “veidas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 494
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ūwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 75-76
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “īme”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 71

weyk-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyḱ-

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extension of *wey- (“to separate”).

Root

*PIE roots twy

to separate, to choose

Derived terms

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*wi-né-k-ti ~ wi-n-k-énti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: विनक्ति (vinakti)
*wik-néh₂-ti
- Proto-Germanic: *wikkōną (“to practice sorcery”) (see there for further descendants)
*weyk-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *wīhaz (“sacred”) (see there for further descendants)
*wéyk-o-m
- Proto-Germanic: *wīhą (“sanctuary”) (see there for further descendants)
*wik-tm̥mó-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: victima (see there for further descendants)

Root

*PIE roots twy (perfective)

to contain, to envelop
to overcome

Derived terms

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*wik-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)
- Proto-Celtic: *wiketi (“to fight”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wiganą (see there for further descendants)
*wi-né-k-ti ~ *wi-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Italic: *winkō
  - Latin: vincō
*wi-wéyk-ti ~ *wi-wik-énti (reduplicated athematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiwiktá
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiwiktá
    - Sanskrit: विविक्त (viviktá)
*wéyk-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: veĩkti
*wéyk-tōr ~ *wik-tr-és
- Italic: *wiktōr
  - Latin: victor
*wóyk-os
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáikas
  - Lithuanian: viẽkas
  - Proto-Slavic: *věkъ (“age”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: vīkt

Root

*PIE roots twy

to become equal

Derived terms

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*we-woyk- (dupl. perfect)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔοικα (éoika)
*wik-sḱeti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἴσκω (ískō)
*we-wik-sḱeti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐΐσκω (eḯskō)
*wéyk-ō ~ *wik-nés
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: εἰκών (eikṓn)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀεικής (aeikḗs)
  - Ancient Greek: εἰκάζω (eikázō)
  - Ancient Greek: εἴκελος (eíkelos)
  - Ancient Greek: ἐπιεικής (epieikḗs)

Root

*PIE roots twy

to curve, bend
to exchange

Alternative reconstructions

*weyg-

Derived terms

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*weyk-e-ti (root present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéikō
  - Ancient Greek: εἴκω (eíkō)
*wi-né-k- ~ *wi-n-k- (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Italic: *winkjō
  - Latin: vinciō
*wik-i-s
- Proto-Italic: *wikis
  - Latin: vicis (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *weyk-i-eh₂
  - Proto-Italic: *wikiā
    - >? Latin: vicia (“vetch”) (see there for further descendants)
wéyk-s (root noun)
- >? Proto-Italic: *kerweiks (+ *ḱerh₂-)
  - Latin: cervīx (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *uig-^[1]
  - Albanian: vig
    - Albanian: vigan
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíkti
  - Proto-Iranian: *wíxti
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬘 (vij, “to shake”)
    - Middle Persian:[script needed] (wyc- /⁠wēz-⁠/, “to swing, fling, sprinkle”)
    - > Proto-Iranian: *ṷi-wíxti:
      - Middle Persian: [script needed] (whyc /⁠wihēz⁠/, “to move, progress”), [script needed] (whyck' /⁠wihēzag⁠/, “intercalary month”)
        Persian: بهیزه (behize, “intercalary month in the Zoroastrian calendar”)
    - Sodgian:
      Christian Sogdian: ܘܝܨ (wyc /⁠wēč⁠/, “to move, shake”)
      
      Buddhaist Sogdian: 𐼴𐼷𐼿 (wyc /⁠wēč⁠/, “to move, shake”)
    - Persian:بیختن (bixtan, “to shake”) , آویختن (âvixtan, “to hang, suspend”)
    - Baluchi:گتک (gētk, “to put, swim, turn towards, abort”)
    - Zazaki: vijyanyış (vīžyāyiš, “to come out, appear”)
- Proto-Germanic: *wihslaz
- Proto-Germanic: *wīkwaną

weyḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyk-

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy (perfective)^[2]

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots twy' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*wéyḱ-t ~ *wiḱ-ént (root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyćt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyśt
    - Sanskrit: अविश्रन् (áviśran)
*wiḱ-é-ti (tudáti present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wićáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiśáti
    - Sanskrit: विशति (viśáti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wicáti
    - Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬇𐬧𐬙𐬉 (vīsə̄ṇtē)
  - Proto-Slavic: *vъ(n)jьti
    - Czech: vejít
    - Polish: wejść
*we-wóyḱ-e ~ *we-wiḱ-ḗr (perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawáyća
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wawáyśa
    - Sanskrit: विवेश (vivéśa)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wawáyca
    - Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬯𐬈 (vīuuīse)
*woyḱ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayćáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayśáyati
    - Sanskrit: वेशयति (veśáyati)
*wéyḱ-s ~ wiḱ-és
- Proto-Indo-European: *wiḱpótis
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíćš (see there for further descendants)
*wéyḱ-i-s^[3]
- Proto-Albanian: *witsī, *witsā
  - Albanian: vis (“place, land, country”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiśis
  - Latvian: vìesis (“guest”)
  - Lithuanian: viešis (“guest”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *vь̃sь (see there for further descendants)
*weyḱ-ó-s^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayćás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayśás
    - Sanskrit: वेश (veśá, “inhabitant”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *waycáh
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (vaēsa)
- Proto-Italic: *weikos
  - Latin: vīcus (see there for further descendants)
*wéyḱ-os ~ *wéyḱ-es-^[5]
- Proto-Tocharian: *wyäike
  - Tocharian B: īke (“place, location, position”)
*wéyḱ-s-o-m
- Proto-Germanic: *wīhsą
  - Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs)
*wóyḱ-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *wóikos
  - Ancient Greek: ϝοῖκος (woîkos), οἶκος (oîkos)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀒 (wo-ko /⁠wojkos⁠/, “home”)

References

^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “vig”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[32] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 418
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ei̯k̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 669-670
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*vьsь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 539
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vīcus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 675
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “īke”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 67

Y

yeh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*PIE roots twy (oblique stem *yéh₁n-)^[1]

year
Synonyms: *ǵʰéyōm, *wétos

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular	collective
nominative	*yóh₁r̥	*yéh₁ōr
genitive	*yéh₁n̥s	*ih₁nés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*yóh₁r̥	*yóh₁rih₁	*yóh₁r̥h₂	*yéh₁ōr
vocative	*yóh₁r̥	*yóh₁rih₁	*yóh₁r̥h₂	*yéh₁ōr
accusative	*yóh₁r̥	*yóh₁rih₁	*yóh₁r̥h₂	*yéh₁ōr
genitive	*yéh₁n̥s	*?	*yéh₁noHom	*ih₁nés
ablative	*yéh₁n̥s	*?	*yéh₁n̥mos	*ih₁nés
dative	*yéh₁ney	*?	*yéh₁n̥mos	*ih₁néy
locative	yéh₁n̥, yéh₁ni	*?	*yéh₁n̥su	ih₁én, ih₁éni
instrumental	*yéh₁n̥h₁	*?	*yéh₁n̥mis	*ih₁néh₁

Derived terms

*yéh₁r-o-m
- Proto-Germanic: *jērą^[1] (see there for further descendants)
*yóh₁r-o-s, *yóh₁r-eh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀras, *jāˀrā́ˀ
  - Old Lithuanian: jōrė
  - Proto-Slavic: *jaro n, *jara f, *jarъ m (“summer; spring”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὥρᾱ (hṓrā), ὥρη (hṓrē) — Ionic (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *jōros
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *hōrnos (< earlier *hojōrnos < *ho- (“this”) + *jōros + *-nos, cf. hodiē (“today”)^[2])
    - Latin: hōrnus (“this year's, grown this year”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
  - ⇒ Sanskrit: पर्यारिणी (paryāríṇī, “calving after a year”)
- Proto-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHah
  - Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆 (yār^ə) ~ 𐬫𐬃 (yā̊), 𐬫𐬁 (yā))
  - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dušyārah (“bad year, drought”) (+ *duš-)
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (dužiiāⁱriia, “bad year, drought, harvest bringing bad seasons”)
    - Parthian: [script needed] (dušyār, “drought”), [script needed] (dižyārīft, “famine”)
    - Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 (dušiyāram, “bad year, drought, ill-crop”)
      - Persian: دچار (dočâr)
  - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hhuyārah (“good year, non-drought year”) (+ *Hhu-)
    - Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (huiiāⁱriia, “good year, non-drought year, harvest bringing good seasons”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*jēra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 273
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hōrnos”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 289-290

yes-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots twy^[1]

to foam
to boil

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots twy' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*yés-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *jesaną (“to ferment”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dzehō
  - Ancient Greek: ζέω (zéō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yásati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yásati
    - Sanskrit: यसति (yásati)
- Proto-Tocharian: *yäs-
  - Tocharian A: yäs (“boil”)
*yé-ys-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáyšati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáyṣati
    - Sanskrit: येषति (yeṣati)
*yós-e-ti (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *jasaną
  - Old Norse: *asa
    - Icelandic: asa
    - Faroese: asa
    - Norwegian: ase
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsiz
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsijaną (see there for further descendants)
*yos-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *jazjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāsáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāsáyati
    - Sanskrit: यासयति (yāsáyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *yāsáyati
    - Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yaēšiieⁱti, “boil”)
    - Persian: جوشیدن (jušidan, “to boil”)
*yés-tu-s ~ *is-téw-s
- Proto-Celtic: *yestus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *jestuz (“yeast”) (see there for further descendants)
*yēs-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *jēzō

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[33], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

yewg-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extension of *yew-.

Root

*PIE roots twy (perfective)^[1]

to join, to yoke, to tie together

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots twy' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*yéwg-t ~ *yug-ént (athematic root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyawǰat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háyawȷ́at
    - Sanskrit: अयुजत् (áyujat)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Háyawǰat
    - Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬔𐬆𐬝 (yaogət̰, 3.sg.aor.act.inj.)
*yu-né-g-ti ~ *yu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)
*yewg-new-ti (full-grade nu-present)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ζεύγνυμι (zeúgnumi)
*yówg-yo-s
- Proto-Germanic: *jaukiją (“draft animal”)
  - Old Norse: eykr
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgyas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáwgyas
    - Sanskrit: योग्य (yógya)
*yéwg-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ζεῦγμα (zeûgma)
*yéwg-o-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgas (see there for further descendants)
*yéwg-os ~ *yéwg-es-os
*yug-ó-m (“yoke”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄζυξ (ázux)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ayúgas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ayúgas
    - Sanskrit: अयुग (ayúga)
*yug-tó-s
*yéwg-tro-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwktram
Unsorted formations:
- Sanskrit:
  - Sanskrit: युग्म (yugma)
  - Sanskrit: युज् (yúj)
  - Sanskrit: युज्य (yújya)
  - Sanskrit: युग्य (yugya)
- Celtic: *kom-yungis < zero grade present stem *yung-
  - Old Irish: cuing
    - Irish: cuing
    - Manx: quing
    - Scottish Gaelic: cuing

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[34], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 608–609

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1061

[DLG-4] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “talu-, talamon-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 288

[5] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 637

[IEW-6] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1065f

[LIV_*ten--7] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 626-627

[LIN_*ten--8] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 690-694

[Beekes_τάνυται-9] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τάνυται”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1450

[10] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 369

[DV_teneo-11] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “teneō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 612-613

[Cheung_*tan-12] Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377

[13] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 467–468

[14] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “ndej ~ ndêj”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 283

[15] Demiraj, B. (1997) “ndej”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[3] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 284

[Beekes_τείνω-16] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τείνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1457-1458

[Abaev-17] 12.0 ^12.1 Abajev, V. I. (1979) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 262, 301–303

[18] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 464

[19] Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “tant*”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

[20] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 467

[21] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tenetò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 490

[LIN-22] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 690–694

[EWAia-23] 18.0 ^18.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 622f

[24] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tōlēs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 621

[25] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 458

[26] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 367

[27] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 281–282

[28] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 369–370

[29] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*teng-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 629

[30] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tongēre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 623

[31] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þankjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 533-534

[32] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þanka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 533

[33] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “taṅkw”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 294

[LIV-34] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 629-630

[Cheung-35] Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 378–379

[DV-36] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tepeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 614

[37] Demiraj, B. (1997) “ftoh”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[5] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 173

[D2008-38] 5.0 ^5.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*topìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 496

[Abaev-39] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Abajev, V. I. (1979) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 236–237, 283

[40] Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1900) A Complete Dictionary of the Avesta Language‎^[6], Bombay: Education society's steam press, page 220

[Matasovic-41] 8.0 ^8.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 375

[42] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*teplъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 490

[KEWA-43] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 477

[44] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[45] Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 382

[IEW-46] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “4. ter-, terə-:tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1074-1075

[LIV-47] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*terh₂-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 633-634

[Kummel-48] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[8]

[Byrd-49] 4.0 ^4.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 276: “*terh₂-”

[50] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*terh₂-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 289

[EIEC-51] 6.0 ^6.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “terh₂-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 229: “*terh₂ti; *treh₂i̯e/o-”

[EDPG-52] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þerhwe ~ *þurhwe”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 538-539

[53] Elbourne, Paul (2000) “Plain Voiceless Stop plus Laryngeal in Indo-European”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, volume 113, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR, page 13: “*térH₂-e-ti”

[Malzahn-54] 9.0 ^9.1 Malzahn, Melanie (2016) “Tudáti-presents and the tēzzi Principle”, in Sahasram Ati Srajas. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Stephanie W. Jamison‎^[9], Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press, page 227: “*tērh₂-/*trēh₂-; *térh₂-ti/*tr̥h₂-énti”

[IEL-55] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Kulikov, Leonid (2017) “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 224: “*-tr̥h₂-e-; *e-tērh₂-s-; *-tr̥h₂-no-”

[56] Lindeman, Fredrik Otto (1987) Introduction to the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ (Serie B: Skrifter; 74), Olso: Norwegian University Press, →ISBN, page 46: “*tr̥H₂-é-”

[57] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, page 189: “*tr̥h₂-é-”

[58] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[10], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “*t(e)ratja”

[59] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[11]

[KPV-60] 15.0 ^15.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 620: “*tar-i̯e/o-”

[61] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95: “'tr̥H₂-yᵉ/ₒ-”

[62] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 372

[63] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “tar¹ (tur) {1”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University}

[64] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “άτέραμνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162: “*τέραμα”

[65] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 82: “*treh₂-tu-”

[EDPC_trātu-66] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page *trātu-

[67] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “νέκταρ, -αρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1004-1005: “*neḱ-trh₂-os”

[68] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[12], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[Kroonen-69] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[LIV-70] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 637-638

[D-71] 2.0 ^2.1 Demiraj, B. (1997) “ter”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[13] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 384

[Ringe_2006-72] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[14], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[DV_torreo-73] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “torreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 634-635

[DV_terra-74] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “terra”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 616

[M-75] 6.0 ^6.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 379–380

[Olsen-76] 7.0 ^7.1 Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 247

[77] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ταρσός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1453–1454

[78] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[79] Cheung, Johnny. 2007. Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb. Leiden: Brill. p.396.

[80] Cheung, Johnny. 2007. Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb. Leiden: Brill. p.396.

[81] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*treu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 651-652

[82] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “trūdō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 630

[83] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*trudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 498

[84] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “tredh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 463

[85] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þruttōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 548

[86] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “ndrydh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 288

[87] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þrautjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 545

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User:Sobreira/PIE roots twy

T

Proto-Indo-European

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Proto-Indo-European

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