Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Suffix

*(Ø)-tós

1. Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*(Ø)-tós	*(Ø)-téh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-tósyo	*(Ø)-téh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-tós	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*(Ø)-tóes
vocative	*(Ø)-té	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*(Ø)-tóes
accusative	*(Ø)-tóm	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*(Ø)-tóms
genitive	*(Ø)-tósyo	*?	*(Ø)-tóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téad	*?	*(Ø)-tómos, *(Ø)-tóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-tóey	*?	*(Ø)-tómos, *(Ø)-tóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tóy	*?	*(Ø)-tóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-téh₂	*(Ø)-téh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-téh₂es
vocative	*(Ø)-téh₂	*(Ø)-téh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-téh₂es
accusative	*(Ø)-tā́m	*(Ø)-téh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-téh₂m̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-téh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂oHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂mos, *(Ø)-téh₂bʰos
dative	*(Ø)-téh₂ey	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂mos, *(Ø)-téh₂bʰos
locative	*(Ø)-téh₂, *(Ø)-téh₂i	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂su
instrumental	*(Ø)-téh₂h₁	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂mis, *(Ø)-téh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-tóm	*(Ø)-tóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-téh₂
vocative	*(Ø)-tóm	*(Ø)-tóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-téh₂
accusative	*(Ø)-tóm	*(Ø)-tóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-téh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-tósyo	*?	*(Ø)-tóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téad	*?	*(Ø)-tómos, *(Ø)-tóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-tóey	*?	*(Ø)-tómos, *(Ø)-tóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tóy	*?	*(Ø)-tóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-tṓys

Synonyms

• *-nós

Derived terms

*-eh₂tos

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-tós

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (some past passive participles)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-tós
  • Ancient Greek: -τός (-tós)
• Proto-Germanic: *-daz (all weak past participles, a few adjectives), *-taz, *-þaz, *-saz (post-consonantal allomorphs)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tás, *-dás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *-tos, *-sos (after a dental)
  • Faliscan: -𐌕𐌏𐌔 (-tos)
  • Latin: -tus, -sus (almost all perfect past participles (except e.g. mortuus and derivates (dēmortuus, ēmortuus etc.)))