-tus

See also: Appendix:Variations of "tus"

Finnish

Etymology

By analogy with -us derivatives of verbs ending in -ttaa and -staa, which are plenty.

Suffix

-tus (front vowel harmony variant -tys, linguistic notation -tUs)

1. Alternative form of -us (forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event)

Usage notes

This variant of the suffix is used when the verb belongs to the conjugation classes:

• 66 (rohkaista); the stem for the verb will be the consonant stem ending in -s-
• 69 (valita); the stem for the verb will be the part prior to the final -ts-

Declension

Inflection of -tus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative		-tus	-tukset
genitive		-tuksen	-tusten -tuksien
partitive		-tusta	-tuksia
illative		-tukseen	-tuksiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-tus	-tukset
accusative	nom.	-tus	-tukset
	gen.	-tuksen
genitive		-tuksen	-tusten -tuksien
partitive		-tusta	-tuksia
inessive		-tuksessa	-tuksissa
elative		-tuksesta	-tuksista
illative		-tukseen	-tuksiin
adessive		-tuksella	-tuksilla
ablative		-tukselta	-tuksilta
allative		-tukselle	-tuksille
essive		-tuksena	-tuksina
translative		-tukseksi	-tuksiksi
abessive		-tuksetta	-tuksitta
instructive		—	-tuksin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -tus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -tukseni -tukseni accusative nom. -tukseni -tukseni gen. -tukseni genitive -tukseni -tusteni -tuksieni partitive -tustani -tuksiani inessive -tuksessani -tuksissani elative -tuksestani -tuksistani illative -tukseeni -tuksiini adessive -tuksellani -tuksillani ablative -tukseltani -tuksiltani allative -tukselleni -tuksilleni essive -tuksenani -tuksinani translative -tuksekseni -tuksikseni abessive -tuksettani -tuksittani instructive — — comitative — -tuksineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -tuksesi -tuksesi accusative nom. -tuksesi -tuksesi gen. -tuksesi genitive -tuksesi -tustesi -tuksiesi partitive -tustasi -tuksiasi inessive -tuksessasi -tuksissasi elative -tuksestasi -tuksistasi illative -tukseesi -tuksiisi adessive -tuksellasi -tuksillasi ablative -tukseltasi -tuksiltasi allative -tuksellesi -tuksillesi essive -tuksenasi -tuksinasi translative -tukseksesi -tuksiksesi abessive -tuksettasi -tuksittasi instructive — — comitative — -tuksinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -tuksemme -tuksemme accusative nom. -tuksemme -tuksemme gen. -tuksemme genitive -tuksemme -tustemme -tuksiemme partitive -tustamme -tuksiamme inessive -tuksessamme -tuksissamme elative -tuksestamme -tuksistamme illative -tukseemme -tuksiimme adessive -tuksellamme -tuksillamme ablative -tukseltamme -tuksiltamme allative -tuksellemme -tuksillemme essive -tuksenamme -tuksinamme translative -tukseksemme -tuksiksemme abessive -tuksettamme -tuksittamme instructive — — comitative — -tuksinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -tuksenne -tuksenne accusative nom. -tuksenne -tuksenne gen. -tuksenne genitive -tuksenne -tustenne -tuksienne partitive -tustanne -tuksianne inessive -tuksessanne -tuksissanne elative -tuksestanne -tuksistanne illative -tukseenne -tuksiinne adessive -tuksellanne -tuksillanne ablative -tukseltanne -tuksiltanne allative -tuksellenne -tuksillenne essive -tuksenanne -tuksinanne translative -tukseksenne -tuksiksenne abessive -tuksettanne -tuksittanne instructive — — comitative — -tuksinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -tuksensa -tuksensa accusative nom. -tuksensa -tuksensa gen. -tuksensa genitive -tuksensa -tustensa -tuksiensa partitive -tustaan -tustansa -tuksiaan -tuksiansa inessive -tuksessaan -tuksessansa -tuksissaan -tuksissansa elative -tuksestaan -tuksestansa -tuksistaan -tuksistansa illative -tukseensa -tuksiinsa adessive -tuksellaan -tuksellansa -tuksillaan -tuksillansa ablative -tukseltaan -tukseltansa -tuksiltaan -tuksiltansa allative -tukselleen -tuksellensa -tuksilleen -tuksillensa essive -tuksenaan -tuksenansa -tuksinaan -tuksinansa translative -tuksekseen -tukseksensa -tuksikseen -tuksiksensa abessive -tuksettaan -tuksettansa -tuksittaan -tuksittansa instructive — — comitative — -tuksineen -tuksinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -tus

Gothic

Romanization

-tus

1. Romanization of -𐍄𐌿𐍃

Latin

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Italic *-tos

Latin -tus

From Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós (suffix creating verbal adjectives).

Compare Proto-Slavic *-tъ, Proto-Germanic *-daz, *-taz.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

Suffix

-tus (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second-declension suffix

2. Forms the past participle of verbs.
4. Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".

   iūs (“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) → iūstus (“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”)

   onus (“a burden or load, especially one excessive in magnitude”) → onustus (“burdened”, “heavily laden”, “overencumbered by a load”)

Usage notes

Verb stems may be modified by the attachment of this suffix in certain predictable or unpredictable ways:

• Stem-final b and g are regularly devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel directly followed by g, this vowel is usually lengthened (due to Lachmann's Law) but sometimes remains short (especially after the high vowel i, as in cōnstrictus from cōnstringō or fictus from fingō).

  ‎agō (“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus

  ‎scrībō (“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus

• Stem-final qu is delabialised, giving c. Likewise, stem-final ngu is delabialized to nc.

  ‎coquō (“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus

  ‎exstinguō (“extinguish”) + ‎-tus → ‎exstīnctus

• Stem-final v either merges with the preceding vowel (yielding the diphthong au in the case of -av-, or the long vowels ō and ū in the case of -ov- and -uv-/-u-) or is replaced with c. These are the expected outcomes of the distinct Proto-Italic consonants *w and *gʷ, respectively, which merged between vowels in Latin as -v-. However, Latin c in this context does not always descend from original Proto-Italic *gʷ, because analogical changes took place after the merger and affected the distribution of c.

  ‎caveō (“beware”) + ‎-tus → ‎cautus

  ‎voveō (“vow”) + ‎-tus → ‎vōtus

  ‎iuvō (“aid”) + ‎-tus → ‎iūtus

  ‎vīvō (“live”) + ‎-tus → ‎vīctus

  ‎solvō (“untie,set free,separate”) + ‎-tus → ‎solūtus

• Stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is simplified to -sus if not preceded by a short vowel. Similarly to g-final stems, d-final stems sometimes (but not always) have lengthened vowels in the past participle due to Lachmann's Law.

  ‎cadō (“fall”) + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus

• Stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.

  ‎mergō (“plunge”) + ‎-tus → ‎mersus

  ‎tergeō (“rub, cleanse”) + ‎-tus → ‎tersus

• Stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.

  ‎currō (“run”) + ‎-tus → ‎cursus

• When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the long vowel at the end of the present stem may be either retained unchanged, replaced by short -i-, or dropped entirely. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes short i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:

1. ‎errō (errā-) (“wander”) + ‎-tus → ‎errātus , ‎audiō (audī-) (“hear”) + ‎-tus → ‎audītus
2. ‎moneō (monē-) (“advise,remind”) + ‎-tus → ‎monitus
3. ‎augeō (augē-) (“increase”) + ‎-tus → ‎auctus

Noun stems generally do not exhibit these modifications; there are some adjectives ending in -stus that originate from s-stem nouns, such as onustus, scelestus, but overall the suffix is rarely found attached directly to a consonant-final noun stem. Most derivatives in -tus from nouns include a long vowel before the -t-, which may in some cases originate partly or wholly from the final vowel of the stem (for example, barbātus from barba and aurītus from auris), but which at least eventually was subject to reanalysis as part of the suffix; see -ātus, -ītus, -ūtus.

Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	-tus	-ta	-tum		-tī	-tae	-ta
genitive	-tī	-tae	-tī		-tōrum	-tārum	-tōrum
dative	-tō	-tae	-tō		-tīs
accusative	-tum	-tam	-tum		-tōs	-tās	-ta
ablative	-tō	-tā	-tō		-tīs
vocative	-te	-ta	-tum		-tī	-tae	-ta

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -tus (adjective)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

Cognate with Sanskrit -तुम् (-tum), Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tъ.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

Suffix

-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension

2. Forms action nouns from verbs.

   ‎cadō + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus

   ‎habeō (“I have, possess, have on, carry, wear”) + ‎-tus → ‎habitus (“a state or condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”)

   ‎sūmō (“I spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) + ‎-tus → ‎sūmptus (“expenditure”)

Usage notes

The verb stem undergoes the same modifications as for the participle suffix; see -sus.

Declension

Fourth-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	-tus	-tūs
genitive	-tūs	-tuum
dative	-tuī	-tibus
accusative	-tum	-tūs
ablative	-tū	-tibus
vocative	-tus	-tūs

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -tus (action noun)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūss, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs). See -tās.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /tuːs/, [t̪uːs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

Suffix

-tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension

2. Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns.

   iuvenis (“young, a young man”) → iuventūs (“the young, young men collectively; the period or qualities of youthful manhood, youth”)

   senex (“an old man”) → senectūs (“old men collectively; the period or condition of old age”)

Usage notes

Same as for the participle suffix.

Declension

Third-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	-tūs	-tūtēs
genitive	-tūtis	-tūtum
dative	-tūtī	-tūtibus
accusative	-tūtem	-tūtēs
ablative	-tūte	-tūtibus
vocative	-tūs	-tūtēs

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -tus (abstract noun)

Etymology 4

From Proto-Italic *-tos. Compare Ancient Greek -τός (-tós), found in the adverb ἐντός (entós, “within”), and Sanskrit -तस् (-tas), found as an ablatival ending in अतस् (átas), अग्रतस् (agratás).

Alternative forms

• -itus

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

Suffix

-tus (not comparable)

2. -ly; used to form adverbs.

Synonyms

• (-ly): -ē, -ter, -ō

See also

Latin terms suffixed with -tus (adverb)

References

• “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)