iuvo

Latin

Etymology

From older Latin iuvere (> iuvāre), apparently a simple thematic verb, to which iuvāre may originally be an iterative.

Maybe cognate with Hittite iyauwatta (“to be healed, recover”) (middle voice, meaning developed from "to help oneself"), in which case it is reconstructable as Proto-Indo-European *h₁i-h₁éwH-ti (“to help”), from root Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewH-.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈi̯u.u̯oː/, [ˈi̯uː̯oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈju.vo/, [ˈjuːvo]

Verb

iuvō (present infinitive iuvāre, perfect active iūvī, supine iūtum); first conjugation

1. to help, aid; save

   Synonyms: adiūtō, adiuvō, foveō, assistō, succurrō, sublevō, prōficiō, prōsum, adsum

   Antonym: officiō

   audaces fortuna iuvat ― Fortune favours the brave (Virgil, Aeneid)

2. to delight, gratify, please

   Synonyms: permulceō, dēlectō, fruor, congrātulor, exhilarō

   Quamvis non rectum quod iuvat rectum putes ― It may not be right but if it pays think it so (Publilius Syrus)

Conjugation

   Conjugation of iuvō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	iuvō		iuvās		iuvat		iuvāmus		iuvātis		iuvant
	imperfect	iuvābam		iuvābās		iuvābat		iuvābāmus		iuvābātis		iuvābant
	future	iuvābō		iuvābis		iuvābit		iuvābimus		iuvābitis		iuvābunt
	perfect	iūvī		iūvistī		iūvit		iūvimus		iūvistis		iūvērunt, iūvēre
	pluperfect	iūveram		iūverās		iūverat		iūverāmus		iūverātis		iūverant
	future perfect	iūverō		iūveris		iūverit		iūverimus		iūveritis		iūverint
passive	present	iuvor		iuvāris, iuvāre		iuvātur		iuvāmur		iuvāminī		iuvantur
	imperfect	iuvābar		iuvābāris, iuvābāre		iuvābātur		iuvābāmur		iuvābāminī		iuvābantur
	future	iuvābor		iuvāberis, iuvābere		iuvābitur		iuvābimur		iuvābiminī		iuvābuntur
	perfect	iūtus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	iūtus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	iūtus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	iuvem		iuvēs		iuvet		iuvēmus		iuvētis		iuvent
	imperfect	iuvārem		iuvārēs		iuvāret		iuvārēmus		iuvārētis		iuvārent
	perfect	iūverim		iūverīs		iūverit		iūverīmus		iūverītis		iūverint
	pluperfect	iūvissem		iūvissēs		iūvisset		iūvissēmus		iūvissētis		iūvissent
passive	present	iuver		iuvēris, iuvēre		iuvētur		iuvēmur		iuvēminī		iuventur
	imperfect	iuvārer		iuvārēris, iuvārēre		iuvārētur		iuvārēmur		iuvārēminī		iuvārentur
	perfect	iūtus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	iūtus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		iuvā		—		—		iuvāte		—
	future	—		iuvātō		iuvātō		—		iuvātōte		iuvantō
passive	present	—		iuvāre		—		—		iuvāminī		—
	future	—		iuvātor		iuvātor		—		—		iuvantor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		iuvāre			iuvārī			iuvāns			—
future		iūtūrum esse			iūtum īrī			iūtūrus			iuvandus
perfect		iūvisse			iūtum esse			—			iūtus
future perfect		—			iūtum fore			—			—
perfect potential		iūtūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		iuvandī		iuvandō		iuvandum		iuvandō		iūtum		iūtū

Derived terms

• adiuvō
• dēiuvō
• iūcundus
• praeiuvō

Descendants

• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: juare, zuare, zubare
• Italo-Dalmatian:
  • Italian: giovare
  • Sicilian: juvari, giuvari
  • Venetan: xiovar
• Rhaeto-Romance:
  • Friulian: zovâ
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Old Occitan: juva (only in the 8th c. phrase "tu lo juva", "bless him")

Further reading

• “juvo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “iuvo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• iuvo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to give a person the advantage of one's advice (and actual support): aliquem consilio (et re) iuvare
    
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN