Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þurbaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *tetórpe, from *terp- (“to satiate”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθur.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þurbaną

to need, to require
to have to

Inflection

Conjugation of *þurbaną (preterite-present)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*þarf	*þurbį̄	—	—	—
2nd singular	*þarft	*þurbīz	—	—	—
3rd singular	*þarf	*þurbī	—	—	—
1st dual	*þurbū	*þurbīw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þurbudiz	*þurbīdiz	—	—	—
1st plural	*þurbum	*þurbīm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*þurbud	*þurbīd	—	—	—
3rd plural	*þurbun	*þurbīn	—	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þurftǭ	*þurftēdį̄
2nd singular	*þurftēz	*þurftēdīz
3rd singular	*þurftē	*þurftēdī
1st dual	*þurftēdū	*þurftēdīw
2nd dual	*þurftēdudiz	*þurftēdīdiz
1st plural	*þurftēdum	*þurftēdīm
2nd plural	*þurftēdud	*þurftēdīd
3rd plural	*þurftēdun	*þurftēdīn

	present	past
participles	*þurbandz	*þurftaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þurban
- Old English: þurfan
  - Middle English: tharen
    - Middle Scots: thar
      - Scots: thair
- Old Saxon: thurvan, thurƀan
  - Middle Low German: dürven, dörven, dröven
    - Low German: dörven, dröven, dröffen
- Old Dutch: thurvan
  - Middle Dutch: dorven
    - Dutch: durven (conflated in meaning with dorren)
      - Afrikaans: durf
      - Javindo: durref
      - Negerhollands: derv, dėfo
      - → Papiamentu: dùrf
    - Limburgish: dörve
- Old High German: durfan (f by backformation, this f is generally fortis as if from Germanic *p)
  - Middle High German: durfen, dürfen
    - Alemannic German: törfe
    - Central Franconian: dürve, durfe, dearfe
      - Luxembourgish: däerfen, duerfen, dierfen
    - German: dürfen
      - → Ido: darfar
    - Yiddish: דאַרפֿן (darfn)
Old Norse: þurfa
- Icelandic: þurfa
- Faroese: tørva, tarva
- Norwegian Bokmål: turve
- Norwegian Nynorsk: turva
- Old Swedish: þorva, þarva
  - Swedish: torva (archaic), Swedish: tarva (archaic)
- Old Danish: thæruæ
  - Danish: tarve
Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*þurfan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 552

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*þurfan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 552

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