dürfen
Appearance
German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German dürfen, durfen, from Old High German durfan, from Proto-West Germanic *þurban, cognate with Ancient Greek τέρπω (térpō, “I delight, please”), English tharf.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (most of Germany) IPA(key): /ˈdʏrfən/, [ˈdʏʁf(ə)n], [ˈdʏɐ̯f(ə)n]
- (parts of southern Germany; Austria, Switzerland) IPA(key): /ˈdʏrfən/, [ˈd̥ʏrfən], [ˈd̥ʏrfɛn], [ˈd̥ʏɐ̯fn̩]
Audio (Austria): (file) Audio: (file)
Verb
[edit]dürfen (preterite-present, third-person singular present darf, past tense durfte, past participle gedurft, past subjunctive dürfte, auxiliary haben)
- (auxiliary, infinitive replaces past participle) to be allowed (to do something); to be permitted (to do something); may
- 1930, “act 2, scene 2”, in Bertolt Brecht (lyrics), Kurt Weil (music), Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny:
- Erstens, vergesst nicht, kommt das Fressen, / zweitens kommt der Liebesakt, / drittens das Boxen nicht vergessen, / viertens Saufen, laut Kontrakt. / Vor allem aber achtet scharf, dass man hier alles dürfen darf.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- Darf ich gehen? ― May I go?
- Ich habe gehen dürfen. ― I was allowed to go.
- (intransitive or transitive, past participle as above) to be allowed or permitted to do something implied or previously stated; may
- Ja, du darfst. ― Yes, you may.
- Ich habe es gedurft. ― I was allowed [to do] it.
- (subjunctive II, auxiliary) expresses a prediction with mild doubt, that something is estimated or probable
- Der Zug dürfte in ein paar Minuten ankommen.
- The train should (will probably) be here in a few minutes.
- 1934, Walther Kabel (as Max Schraut), Der Bluffer, Verlag moderner Lektüre, page 54:
- Die Wohnungen dürften ein wenig hellhörig sein.
- The walls of the apartments are probably a bit thin.
- (colloquial) to must, to have to
- Und ich darf dann wieder hinter euch aufräumen.
- And I can clean up after you once again then.
- (obsolete, transitive, with genitive) to need, to require
- Synonym: bedürfen
- 1545, Martin Luther, et al. (translators), Biblia, Hans Lufft, 1 Cor. 12:21
- ES kan das Auge nicht sagen zu der Hand / Jch darff dein nicht. Oder widerumb das Heubt zu den Füssen / Jch darff ewer nicht.
- And the eye cannot say unto the hand, I have no need of thee: nor again, the head to the feet, I have no need of you.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of dürfen (preterite-present, auxiliary haben)
infinitive | dürfen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | dürfend | ||||
past participle | gedurft | ||||
auxiliary | haben | ||||
indicative | subjunctive | ||||
singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
present | ich darf | wir dürfen | i | ich dürfe | wir dürfen |
du darfst | ihr dürft | du dürfest | ihr dürfet | ||
er darf | sie dürfen | er dürfe | sie dürfen | ||
preterite | ich durfte | wir durften | ii | ich dürfte1 | wir dürften1 |
du durftest | ihr durftet | du dürftest1 | ihr dürftet1 | ||
er durfte | sie durften | er dürfte1 | sie dürften1 | ||
imperative | — | — |
1Preferred; avoid the alternative in würde.
Composed forms of dürfen (preterite-present, auxiliary haben)
Descendants
[edit]- → Ido: darfar
See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]Categories:
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
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- German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- German 2-syllable words
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