Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wardaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwɑr.ðɑz/

Etymology 1

From earlier *warþaz, *werþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”). Compare Latin versus.

Alternative forms

• *werdaz

Adjective

*wardaz

1. turned
2. turned toward; facing

Inflection

Declension of *wardaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*wardaz	*wardai	*wardō	*wardôz	*wardą, -atō	*wardō
Accusative	*wardanǭ	*wardanz	*wardǭ	*wardōz	*wardą, -atō	*wardō
Genitive	*wardas, -is	*wardaizǫ̂	*wardaizōz	*wardaizǫ̂	*wardas, -is	*wardaizǫ̂
Dative	*wardammai	*wardaimaz	*wardaizōi	*wardaimaz	*wardammai	*wardaimaz
Instrumental	*wardanō	*wardaimiz	*wardaizō	*wardaimiz	*wardanō	*wardaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*wardô	*wardaniz	*wardǭ	*wardōniz	*wardô	*wardōnō
Accusative	*wardanų	*wardanunz	*wardōnų	*wardōnunz	*wardô	*wardōnō
Genitive	*wardiniz	*wardanǫ̂	*wardōniz	*wardōnǫ̂	*wardiniz	*wardanǫ̂
Dative	*wardini	*wardammaz	*wardōni	*wardōmaz	*wardini	*wardammaz
Instrumental	*wardinē	*wardammiz	*wardōnē	*wardōmiz	*wardinē	*wardammiz

Related terms

• *werþaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *-ward, *-wardas
  • Old English: -weard
    • Middle English: -warde, -ward
      • English: -ward
      • Scots: -wart, -art, -it
  • Old Frisian: -ward, -werd
  • Old Saxon: -ward
    • Middle Low German: -ward
      • Low German: -ward, -wart
  • Old Dutch: *-ward, *-werd
    • Middle Dutch: -wert, -weert, -waert
  • Old High German: -wart, -wert
    • Middle High German: -wert
• Old Norse: -varðr, -verðr
  • Old Swedish: -varþer
• Gothic: -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *wor-tós, *wor-tús, from the root *wer- (“to watch, heed, guard”).

Alternative forms

• *warduz (Northern)

Noun

*wardaz m

2. guard

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *wardaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*wardaz	*wardōz, *wardōs
vocative	*ward	*wardōz, *wardōs
accusative	*wardą	*wardanz
genitive	*wardas, *wardis	*wardǫ̂
dative	*wardai	*wardamaz
instrumental	*wardō	*wardamiz

Related terms

• *waraz
• *wardō
• *warduz
• *wardōną
• *wardāną
• *warjaną
• *warnōną
• *warōną

Derived terms

• *arbjawardaz
• *Audawardaz
• *durawardaz
• *endawardaz
• *habudawardaz
• *saliwardaz, *saliwarduz
• *Sigiwardaz
• *wardahūsą
• *wardamann-

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *ward
  • Old English: weard
    • Middle English: ward
      • Scots: ward
      • English: ward
  • ⇒ Old Frisian: warder
  • Old Saxon: ward
    • Middle Low German: wart, wārt (in compounds)
  • Old High German: wart
    • Middle High German: wart
      • German: Wart
• Old Norse: varðr
• Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (*wards) (only in 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (daurawards))

References

• Vladimir Orel (2003) “*warđaz II”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 448