Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰéyōm
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From *ǵʰey- (“winter”) + *-ōm.
Noun
[edit]*ǵʰéyōm f (oblique stem *ǵʰim-)[1][2]
Inflection
[edit]Per Rieken:[2]
| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *ǵʰéyōm | ||
| genitive | *ǵʰimés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *ǵʰéyōm | — | — |
| vocative | *ǵʰéyom | — | — |
| accusative | *ǵʰéyōm | — | — |
| genitive | *ǵʰimés | — | — |
| ablative | *ǵʰimés | — | — |
| dative | *ǵʰiméy | — | — |
| locative | *ǵʰyém, ǵʰyémi | — | — |
| instrumental | *ǵʰiméh₁ | — | — |
Per Beekes:[1]
| singular | |
|---|---|
| accusative | *ǵʰyémm̥ |
| genitive | *ǵʰimós |
Alternative reconstructions
[edit]- *ǵʰyṓm[3]
Derived terms
[edit]- *ǵʰ(e)i-m-ḗr or *ǵʰéy-m-r̥[4][5]
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ձմեռն (jmeṙn) (< acc.sg. *ǵʰim-ér-m or < *ǵʰimer-n) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰímər
- Ancient Greek: χῐ́μᾰρος (khímaros) (thematicized)
- ⇒ *ǵʰeym-er-i(H)nó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeimerinós
- Ancient Greek: χειμερινός (kheimerinós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *heimrinos
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeimerinós
- Proto-Armenian:
- *ǵʰeym-eh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeimā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
- *ǵʰyem-ōn
- >? Proto-Celtic: *gyemū
- ⇒ Gaulish: giamonios
- >? Proto-Celtic: *gyemū
- *ǵʰyem-os
- Proto-Celtic: *gyemos (see there for further descendants)
- *-ǵʰim-os (“wintery, winters old, years old”) (often as a second member of compound adjectives)
- ⇒ *dús-ǵʰim-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *dúskʰimos
- Ancient Greek: δύσχιμος (dúskhimos, “winterly, troublesome, fearful, terrible”, literally “of bad winters”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dúskʰimos
- ⇒ *dwi-ǵʰim-os (“two years old”, literally “of two winters”)
- ⇒ *h₁oyno-ǵʰim-os (“one year old”, literally “of one winter”)
- Proto-Germanic: *ainagimaz
- ⇒ *tri-ǵʰim-os (“three years old”, literally “of three winters”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ȷ́ʰimas
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-źʰimas
- Proto-Iranian: *-ȷ́ʰimah
- Avestan: -𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀 (-ziiama)
- ⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬋𐬹𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨 (hazaŋrō ziiam, “thousand-year (lit), millennium”)
- → Middle Persian: (/hazangrōzim/, “Zoroastrian millennium”)
- Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hznglwzym), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hcnklwcym)
- → Middle Persian: (/hazangrōzim/, “Zoroastrian millennium”)
- ⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬋𐬹𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨 (hazaŋrō ziiam, “thousand-year (lit), millennium”)
- Avestan: -𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀 (-ziiama)
- ⇒ *dús-ǵʰim-os
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒄀𒂊𒈪 (gi-e-mi /gyemi/, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰyémi)
- Proto-Armenian:
- Proto-Germanic: *gōį̄
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰimás (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰiṓn (“snow”)
- Ancient Greek: χιών (khiṓn) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *hiem-[7]
- Latin: hiems
See also
[edit]| Seasons in Proto-Indo-European · [Term?] (layout · text) · category | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| *wósr̥ (“spring”) | *semh₂- (“summer”) | *(s)h₁es- (“autumn”) | *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”) |
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 196
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rieken, Elisabeth (1999) Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten; 44)[1] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, , page 78: “*g̑ʰéi̯-ōm/g̑ʰi̯-ém-i/*g̑ʰi-m-és”
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 294.1
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1620
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “jmeṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 436–337
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “jiwn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 434–435
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hiems”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN