Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/semh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*s(e)m-eh₂-

Etymology

May be related to *sēmi (“half”), if the original meaning was “half-year” as attested in Vedic.^[1] Martirosyan argues that “year” was the original meaning.^[2]

Root

*semh₂-

summer (season)
year
Synonyms: *ǵʰéyōm, *wet-, *yóh₁r̥

Alternative reconstructions

*semH-, *sem-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *semh₂- (5 c, 0 e)

*s(é)m-eh₂^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sámaH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sámaH
    - Sanskrit: समा (sámā, “season, weather, half-year”)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grī-ṣmá, “summer”) (< *gʷr̥h₂-sm̥h₂-ó-s)
*sm̥h₂-e/or- (r-stem)^[2]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ամառն (amaṙn)
    - Armenian: ամառ (amaṙ)
- ⇒ *sm̥h₂-er-o-s (Germanic can also reflect *sm̥h₂-or-o-s)
  - >? Proto-Celtic: *samaros^[4]
    - ⇒? Gaulish: *Samaro-brīwa (toponym)
      - → Latin: Samarobrīva
  - Proto-Germanic: *sumaraz^[1] (see there for further descendants)
*sm̥h₂-ōn (n-stem) (possibly from a heteroclitic r/n-stem)
- Proto-Celtic: *samū
  - ⇒ *kentu-samon-yos (“beginning of summer”)^[5] (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ *samonyos
    - ⇒ Gaulish: mid samonios (“early summer?”, a month of the Coligny calendar)
*sm̥h₂-ó-s^[6]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ամ (am)
    - → Armenian: ամ (am) (learned)
- Proto-Celtic: *samos^[4] (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (hamana-)
    - Proto-Kurdish:
      - Central Kurdish: ھاوین (hawîn)
      - Northern Kurdish: havîn
    - Old Persian:
      - Middle Persian: ḥʾmyn (hāmīn)
        Persian: هامین (hâmin)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: ṣme
  - Tocharian B: ṣmāye

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*sumara-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 491
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “amaṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 46
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “sámā-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 704
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*samo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 321
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kentu-samonyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 201
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “am”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 45

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*sumara-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 491

[Martirosyan-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “amaṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 46

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “sámā-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 704

[EDPC-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*samo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 321

[5] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kentu-samonyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 201

[6] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “am”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 45

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