Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wóyde

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Root stative/perfect of *weyd- (“to see”).

Verb

*wóyde (stative)

1. to have seen, to know

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*wóyde
3rd plural	*widḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wóydh₂e	—	*wéydoh₂	*widyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wóydth₂e	*wóyd, *widdʰí	*wéydesi	*widyéh₁s
3rd singular	*wóyde	*wóydtu	*wéydeti	*widyéh₁t
1st dual	*widwé	—	*wéydowos	*widih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*widtóm	*wéydetes	*widih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*widtā́m	*wéydetes	*widih₁tā́m
1st plural	*widmé	—	*wéydomos	*widih₁mé
2nd plural	*widé	*widté	*wéydete	*widih₁té
3rd plural	*widḗr	*widéntu	*wéydonti	*widih₁ént
Participle	*widwṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Armenian: *gēt-
  • Old Armenian: գիտեմ (gitem, “to know”)
• Balto-Slavic:
  • Latgalian: iraida (“is/are (visible, noticeable)”) (from *irvaida where "ir, ira, irā" ("is/are"))
  • Latgalian: navaida (“is/are not (visible, noticeable)”)
  • Latgalian: sovvaids (“peculiar”) (where the first part - sovs (“one's own”))
  • Proto-Slavic: *věděti (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *witaną (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: οἶδα (oîda, “to know”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyda
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyda
    • Sanskrit: वेद (véda)
      • ⇒ Sanskrit: वेत्ति (vetti, present verb)
  • Proto-Iranian: *wáyda
    • Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛𐬁 (vaēdā), 𐬬𐬋𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬁 (vōistā, 2sg.ind.perf)
• *woidai (see *widēō)
  • Latin: vīdī