Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wirkijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *werką (“work”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwir.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wirkijaną

1. to make, produce
2. to effect, make happen

Inflection

Conjugation of *wirkijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wirkijō	*wirkijaų	—	*wirkijai	?
2nd singular	*wirkīsi	*wirkijais	*wirkī	*wirkijasai	*wirkijaisau
3rd singular	*wirkīþi	*wirkijai	*wirkijaþau	*wirkijaþai	*wirkijaiþau
1st dual	*wirkijōs	*wirkijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wirkijaþiz	*wirkijaiþiz	*wirkijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*wirkijamaz	*wirkijaim	—	*wirkijanþai	*wirkijainþau
2nd plural	*wirkīþ	*wirkijaiþ	*wirkīþ	*wirkijanþai	*wirkijainþau
3rd plural	*wirkijanþi	*wirkijain	*wirkijanþau	*wirkijanþai	*wirkijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wirkidǭ	*wirkidēdį̄
2nd singular	*wirkidēz	*wirkidēdīz
3rd singular	*wirkidē	*wirkidēdī
1st dual	*wirkidēdū	*wirkidēdīw
2nd dual	*wirkidēdudiz	*wirkidēdīdiz
1st plural	*wirkidēdum	*wirkidēdīm
2nd plural	*wirkidēdud	*wirkidēdīd
3rd plural	*wirkidēdun	*wirkidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*wirkijandz	*wirkidaz

Related terms

• *wurkijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *wirkijan
  • Old English: wyrċan, wyrċean, wirċean, wirċan
    • Middle English: werchen, wirchen, werken
      • English: work, wrought (from past participle worhte)
      • Scots: wark, wirk
  • Old Frisian: wirka, wirza, werka
    • West Frisian: wurkje
  • Old Saxon: wirkian
    • Middle Low German: werken
      • German Low German: warken
  • Old Dutch: wirken
    • Middle Dutch: werken
      • Dutch: werken
        • Afrikaans: werk
      • Limburgish: wèrke
  • Old High German: wirken
    • Middle High German: wirken
      • German: wirken
    • Luxembourgish: wierken
• Old Norse: virkja
  • Icelandic: virkja
  • Faroese: virkja, virka
  • Norwegian: virke
  • Swedish: virka
  • Danish: virke
    • → Icelandic: virka