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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰ-

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology 1

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Root

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*bʰedʰ-[1][2][3][4]

  2. Alternative reconstruction of *bʰedʰh₂- (“to pierce, dig, burrow”)
Reconstruction notes
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*bʰedʰ- could have been the source from which *bʰedʰ-h₂- was derived, as the latter cannot be a primary root given the known PIE root constraints.

Derived terms
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See *bʰedʰh₂-: Most descendants listed there can reflect either *bʰedʰ- or *bʰedʰh₂-.

References

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  1. ^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2249
  2. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 372
  3. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. bhedh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 113-114
  4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “besti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 88–89

Etymology 2

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Root

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*bʰedʰ-?[1][2][3][4]

  2. to bend, fold
  4. to press (together), bind; to press down on, oppress
    Synonym: *pres- (“press”)
    1. to push to limits; to cause trouble, distress
      1. hardship, suffering
  5. ? to bow down, obey
Alternative reconstructions
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  • *bʰēdʰ-,[5] *bʰeh₁dʰ- (Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic only)[6][7]
Reconstruction notes
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A root with limited recognition. All descendants have disputed etymologies (see notes below for details), with the Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian forming the core of the reconstruction; however, these mostly point either to a lengthened grade *bʰēdʰ- or, since the existence of lengthened grades in PIE is controversial, to a separate root (or stem) *bʰeh₁dʰ-. Cheung[5] notes that the peculiar root vowel could suggest a denominative origin.

Derived terms
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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰedʰ- (bend) (6 c, 0 e)
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeh₁dʰ- (1 c, 0 e)
  • *bʰḗdʰ-t (“to press”, root aorist?)
    • ⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰ-[note 1]
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰ-
      • Proto-Iranian: *bād- (“to press; to agglomerate, curdle”)[5]
        • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀 (auui-bāδa, “due to pressure”)
        • ⇒ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾn-bʾzy-, “to cause to curdle”) (with *ham- (“together”))
        • ⇒ *bastáh (“curdled”)
          • Baluchi: [script needed] (bast)
          • Persian: [script needed] (bastah)
    • ⇒ *bʰḗdʰ-e-tor[note 1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰā́dʰatay
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bā́dʰatay
          • Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate, “to press, force (away); to oppress, oppose, disturb, cause pain”)
    • ⇒ *bʰēdʰ-eh₂ (“*oppressing > adversity”)[8]
      • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗdāˀ (“trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt”)[note 2]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰáH (or from *bʰodʰ-éh₂)
  • *bʰ-né-dʰ-ti (nasal-infixed present)
    • ⇒? *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”) (reanalyzed root)
  • *bʰedʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)[9]
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to pray, request, bid”)[note 3] (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰedʰ-eh₂
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“prayer, request”)[note 3] (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰodʰ-o-m[2]
    • Proto-Germanic: *badą (“pressure; trouble, distress”)
      • Old Norse: *bað n
        • East Danish: bad (“damage, destruction, fight”)
        • Norwegian: bad (“effort, trouble, fear”)
        • →? Middle English: badde (“evil, bad”), bad
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *badō(ja)ną (“to press; to distress, frighten”) (or from *bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰodʰ-o-s (“torment; tormenter”)
  • *bʰedʰ-r-(o-m)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bedra
  • *bʰodʰ-yo-m
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed”)[note 6] (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵnu-bʰedʰ- (“to bend the knee, kneel (in reverence), pray?”)[1][9][13][14]
    • ⇒? Proto-Germanic:[note 7]
      • Proto-West Germanic:
        • Old English: cnēow-ġebed (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with ġebed)
        • Old Saxon: kneo-beda (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with beda)
      • >? Old Norse: kné-beðr (“hassock”, literally “knee-bed”) (with beðr (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic *badją)
    • ⇒ *ǵnu-bʰódʰ-o-s
      • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́nu-bʰā́dʰas
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Albanian:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:[1]
      • >? Lithuanian: bodùs (“disgusting”), bodė́ti (“to despise, be disgusted by”)
    • >? Proto-Tocharian:[1]
      • Tocharian A: poto (“worship?”)
      • Tocharian B: peti (“flattery?”)
Notes
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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Or perhaps from the fossilized o-grade *bʰodʰ- which had lengthened in prevocalic positions due to Brugmann's law.
  2. ^ No consensus on etymology: suggested alternatives are *bʰeydʰ- (if the Baltic words are borrowed from Slavic, though Derksen doubts this) and *bʰedʰ(h₂)-.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Alternatively from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech, pray”), which, at least in terms of semantics[9] and Indo-European cognates, is more convincing, despite requiring the controversial sound shift *gʷʰ > *b without a clear motivation. Another phonetically problematic etymology assumes back-formation from *bīdaną (“to wait”).[10] If indeed from *bʰedʰ-, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”).
  4. ^ Alternatively from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to pierce”), referring to the sharp pains of prolonged hunger.[11][7]
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Synchronically contains the root बाध् (bādh) as if from *bʰēdʰ- above.
  6. ^ Several other etymologies have been proposed but with unconvincing semantics,[12] such as from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic *bedom. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian gulta (“bed”) from gult (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains अङ्क (aṅká, “bend, curve”).
  7. ^ Independent derivatives from the root of *bedō and *bidjaną (see s.v. *bʰedʰ-ye-ti, *bʰedʰ-eh₂), but no related verb meaning “to bend the knee” is reconstructible, rendering the etymology questionable.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. bhedh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 114
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*badōjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47
  3. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “bēda”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎[2] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN, page 117
  4. ^ Wojciech Smoczyński (2018) “bėdà”, in Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary, volume 1, Berlin, Germany: Peter Lang, →DOI, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*bād-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 20–21
  6. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰeh₁dʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 68
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “badas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 75
  8. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bėda”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85: “PIE *bhēdʰ-eh₂-”
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bedjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 57
  10. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ƀiđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 45
  11. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. bhedh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 113–114
  12. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ƀađjan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 32
  13. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (1967) Dichtung und Dichtersprache in indogermanischer Zeit [Poetry and Poetic Language in Indo-European Times] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →OCLC, § 405, page 199
  14. ^ Calin, Didier (2017) “knee”, in Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes (Linguistique; 3), Les Cent Chemins, →ISBN, page 134: “to bow/bend the knees (to pray)”
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