Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/trudъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tráudas, from Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to squeeze; push; press”). Cognate with Latvian trauds, Lithuanian triusas, Proto-Germanic *þrautaz, *þrautą (“threat, affliction”).

Reconstruction notes

There are reasons for the reconstruction of the accent paradigm c: Old East Slavic бє́^з трꙋда (bé^z truda), по́ трꙋдѣ єго (pó trudě ego) ↔ accent paradigm b: троуда́ (trudá), троудоу̑ (trudȗ), троудо́мъ (trudómŭ), троудѣ̑ (trudě̑).

Noun

*trũdъ m^[1]^[2]^[3]

labour, effort
workload

Declension

Declension of *trũdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*trũdъ	*trūdà	*trūdì
genitive	*trūdà	*trūdù	*trũdъ
dative	*trūdù	*trūdòma	*trūdòmъ
accusative	*trũdъ	*trūdà	*trūdỳ
instrumental	trūdъ̀mь, trūdòmь^*	*trūdòma	*trũdy
locative	*trūdě̀	*trūdù	*trũděxъ
vocative	*trude	*trūdà	*trūdì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*truditi (“to toil, to do hard work”)
*trudьnъ (“difficult, laborious”)
- *trudьnostь (“burden, hardship”)
*trudovъ (“work-/labour-related”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: трудъ (trudŭ)
  - Russian: труд (trud)
  - Ukrainian: труд (trud)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: троудъ (trudŭ)
  
  Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰴⱏ (trudŭ)
- Bulgarian: труд (trud)
- Macedonian: труд (trud)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: тру̑д
  
  Latin script: trȗd
- Slovene: trȗd (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: trud
  - Czech: trud
- Old Polish: trud
  - Polish: trud
- Old Slovak: trud
  - Slovak: trud
- Slovincian: trúd

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*trudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 498: “m. o (b/c) ‘labour, trouble’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “trudъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (PR 134); b/d (RPT 97, 102) besvær, arbejde”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “trud”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *trȗdъ”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*trudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 498: “m. o (b/c) ‘labour, trouble’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001) “trudъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (PR 134); b/d (RPT 97, 102) besvær, arbejde”

[3] Snoj, Marko (2016) “trud”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *trȗdъ”

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