Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ḱeh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly connected to *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”).^[1]

Root

*(s)ḱeh₃-

darkness, shadow

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ḱeh₃- (26 c, 0 e)

*(s)ḱeh₃-tó-s^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
- Proto-Celtic: *skātos (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: σκότος (skótos, “darkness”)

*(s)ḱéh₃-u-s ~ *(s)ḱh₃-éw-s
- Proto-Germanic: *hēwijaz (“dark blue”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱéh₃-yo-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śájas (“shaded; blue”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *sojь
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *osòjь (“shaded place”) (+ *ob-) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *soja (“jay”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱh₃-tú-s
- Proto-Germanic: *skadwaz (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱeh₃-i-^{[n 1]}

*(s)ḱeh₃i-h₂ ~ *(s)ḱh₃y-éh₂-s

*(s)ḱéh₃y-ō ~ *(s)ḱih₃-nés
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀnas
  - Proto-Slavic: *sě̀nь (“shadow”)

*(s)ḱeh₃i-ro-s^[8]^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀras
  - Proto-Slavic: *śěrъ (“grey”) (possible Germanic loanword^[9]) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *kēros^[10]
  - Old Irish: cíar (“dark, black”)
    - Irish: ciar (“dusky”)
    - Scottish Gaelic: ciar (“dusky”)
- Proto-Germanic: *hairaz (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *skoiros (“dark”)
  - ⇒ Latin: obscūrus (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱih₃-mó-s^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjēˀmas (vṛddhi-derivation^[5])
  - Lithuanian: šė̃mas (“blue-grey”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHmás (“dark-colored”)^[11] (vṛddhi-derivation^[5])
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćyaHmás
    - Sanskrit: श्याम (śyāmá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *cyaHmáh
    - Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”)

*(s)ḱih₃-wó-s^[12]^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀwas (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHwás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation^[5]) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Celtic: *kiwos (“fog”)^[13]
  - Old Irish: céo
    - Middle Irish: ceó
      - Irish: ceo
      - Manx: kay
      - Scottish Gaelic: ceò

*(s)ḱeh₃-u-

*(s)ḱeh₃w-ō ~ *(s)ḱuh₃-nés
- Proto-Germanic: *skuwwô (“shadow, reflection”) (see there for further descendants)
  - → Proto-Finnic: *kuva (“image”)^[14]
    - Karelian: kuva
    - Finnish: kuva
    - Veps: kuva

Notes

^ Alternative forms: ḱyeh₁-,^[6] ḱh₁ey-^[5]^[7]

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skīnan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 445-6
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “skot-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 957
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*skāto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 340
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎^[2], Brill, page 128
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 105, 110
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑i̯ē-, k̑ī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 540-541
^ Lubotsky, A.M. (1989) “Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a”, in Vennemann, Th., editor, The New Sound of Indo-European, Essays in Phonological Reconstruction‎^[3], Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 65
^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 91
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*haira-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 201
^ Koch, John (2004) “*keiro-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[5], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 84
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śyāmá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hēwja-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages *kiw-o-–205
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skuwwan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452

[8] Alternative forms: ḱyeh₁-,^[6] ḱh₁ey-^[5]^[7]

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skīnan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 445-6

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “skot-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 957

[EDPC_skāto-3] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*skāto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 340

[4] Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎^[2], Brill, page 128

[Zair-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 105, 110

[IEW-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑i̯ē-, k̑ī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 540-541

[Lubotsky-7] Lubotsky, A.M. (1989) “Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a”, in Vennemann, Th., editor, The New Sound of Indo-European, Essays in Phonological Reconstruction‎^[3], Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 65

[Schrijver-9] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 91

[10] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*haira-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 201

[11] Koch, John (2004) “*keiro-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[5], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 84

[12] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śyāmá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[13] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hēwja-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224

[14] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages *kiw-o-–205

[15] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skuwwan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[n 1]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[6]

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[7]