Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þunkijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *tn̥g-ye/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *teng- (“to think, perceive”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈθuŋ.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þunkijaną

1. to seem, (impersonal, with dative subject) to think

Usage notes

• The impersonal use "to think" refers to thinking as in having an opinion. For thinking as in having thoughts, *þankijaną is used.

Inflection

Conjugation of *þunkijaną (weak class 1 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þunkijō	*þunkijaų	—	*þunkijai	?
2nd singular	*þunkīsi	*þunkijais	*þunkī	*þunkijasai	*þunkijaisau
3rd singular	*þunkīþi	*þunkijai	*þunkijaþau	*þunkijaþai	*þunkijaiþau
1st dual	*þunkijōs	*þunkijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þunkijaþiz	*þunkijaiþiz	*þunkijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*þunkijamaz	*þunkijaim	—	*þunkijanþai	*þunkijainþau
2nd plural	*þunkīþ	*þunkijaiþ	*þunkīþ	*þunkijanþai	*þunkijainþau
3rd plural	*þunkijanþi	*þunkijain	*þunkijanþau	*þunkijanþai	*þunkijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þunhtǭ	*þunhtēdį̄
2nd singular	*þunhtēz	*þunhtēdīz
3rd singular	*þunhtē	*þunhtēdī
1st dual	*þunhtēdū	*þunhtēdīw
2nd dual	*þunhtēdudiz	*þunhtēdīdiz
1st plural	*þunhtēdum	*þunhtēdīm
2nd plural	*þunhtēdud	*þunhtēdīd
3rd plural	*þunhtēdun	*þunhtēdīn
	present	past
participles	*þunkijandz	*þunkidaz

Related terms

• *þankijaną
• *þunhtuz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *þunkijan
  • Old English: þyncan, þynċean
    • Middle English: thynken, thunken, thunchen
      • Scots: think, me-think
      • English: think (“to seem”), methinks
  • Old Frisian: thinka, thinza, thinsza, tinsa
    • Saterland Frisian: tinke
    • West Frisian: tinckje, tinkje
  • Old Saxon: thunkian
    • Middle Low German: dünken, dunken
      • Low German: dünken
  • Old Dutch: thunken
    • Middle Dutch: dunken
      • Dutch: dunken
      • Limburgish: dönke
  • Old High German: dunken
    • Middle High German: dunken, tunken
      • German: dünken
      • Luxembourgish: dénken
• Old Norse: þykkja
  • Icelandic: þykja, samþykkja
  • Faroese: samtykkja (only in compounds)
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: tykkja
  • Jamtish: tykkje
  • Old Swedish: þykkia, þykia
    • Swedish: tycka, tyckas
  • Danish: tykkes, samtykke
• Gothic: 𐌸𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þugkjan)