Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tengʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extension of *ten- (“to stretch; to extend”).^[1]

Root

*tengʰ-^[2]

to pull (back)^[2]
to be heavy, difficult^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tengʰ- (6 c, 0 e)

*téngʰ-t ~ tn̥gʰ-ént (root aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tengtei ~ *tingtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *tęťi pf (“to pull”)^[4] (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tędzati impf (“to pull, to extract”)^[5] (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgnǫti (“to pull”)^[6] (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgъ, *tęga (“traction, weight”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tǫgъ (“hard, strong”) (see there for further descendants)
*tḗngʰ-ti ~ téngʰ-n̥ti (Narten-type root athematic present)^[2]
- Proto-Tocharian: *täṅk- (“to check, stop, hinder”)^[7]
  - Tocharian A: täṅk-
  - Tocharian B: täṅk-
*tongʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tangīˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *tǫžiti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tʰanǰʰáyati^[8]
  - Proto-Iranian: *θanǰáyati (“to pull; to weigh (down)”) (see there for further descendants)
*tn̥gʰ-eh₁(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingēˀtei
  - Lithuanian: tingė́ti (“to be lazy”)^[6]
  - Proto-Slavic: *tęžati (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžava (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)
*tn̥gʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-fientive)^[9]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: tìngti (“to become slow”)
*tn̥gʰ-yé-ti (yé-present)^[2]^[9]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ting(je)tei
  - Proto-Slavic:
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžestь (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *þungijaną (“to weigh down, make heavy”)^[9]
  - Old Norse: þyngja (see there for further descendants)
*tengʰ-sleh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *þinhslō (see there for further descendants)
*téngʰ-u-s ~ *tn̥gʰ-éw-s (“heavy”)^[9]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingús^[10]
  - Lithuanian: tingùs
  - Proto-Slavic: *tęžьkъ^[10] (with irregular *-ž- spread from the comparative *tęžьjь) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *þunguz^[9]
  - Old Norse: þungr (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tʰengʰ-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 657
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*tengh-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 345
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tęgti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tędzati; *tęgati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “*tingėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “*täṅk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 306
^ Kümmel (2016) "Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische"
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*þungu-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 551
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “*tingus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 466-467

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tʰengʰ-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 657

[3] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*tengh-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 345

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tęgti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493

[5] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tędzati; *tęgati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493

[Derksen_tingėti-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “*tingėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “*täṅk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 306

[8] Kümmel (2016) "Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische"

[Kroonen-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*þungu-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 551

[Derksen_tingus-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “*tingus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 466-467

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