Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class V

Class V. Words Relating to the Voluntary Powers

Division I. Individual Volition

Section I. Volition in General

1. Acts Of Volition

600. Will

N. will, volition, conation^†, velleity; liberum arbitrium[Lat]; will and pleasure, free will; freedom &c. 748; discretion; option &c. (choice) 609; voluntariness^†; spontaneity, spontaneousness; originality.

pleasure, wish, mind; desire; frame of mind &c. (inclination) 602; intention &c. 620; predetermination &c. 611; selfcontrol &c. determination &c. (resolution) 604; force of will.

V. will, list; see fit, think fit; determine &c. (resolve) 604; enjoin; settle &c. (choose) 609; volunteer.

have a will of one's own; do what one chooses &c. (freedom) 748; have it all.one's own way; have one's will, have one's own way. use one's discretion, exercise one's discretion; take upon oneself, take one's own course, take the law into one's own hands; do of one's own accord, do upon one;s own authority; originate &c. (cause) 153.

Adj. voluntary, volitional, willful; free &c. 748; optional; discretional, discretionary; volitient^†, volitive^†.

minded &c. (willing) 602; prepense &c. (predetermined) 611^†; intended &c. 620; autocratic; unbidden &c. (bid &c. 741); spontaneous; original &c. (casual) 153; unconstrained.

Adv. voluntarily &c. adj.; at will, at pleasure; a volonte[Fr], a discretion; al piacere[It]; ad libitum, ad arbitrium[Lat]; as one thinks proper, as it seems good to; a beneplacito[It].

of one's won accord, of one's own free will; proprio motu[Lat], suo motu[Lat], ex meromotu[Lat]; out of one's won head; by choice &c. 609; purposely &c. (intentionally) 620; deliberately &c. 611.

Phr. stet pro ratione voluntas[Lat]; sic volo sic jubeo[Lat]; a vostro beneplacito[It]; beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere[Lat]; Deus vult[Lat]; was man nicht kann meiden muss man willig leiden[Ger].

601. Necessity

N. involuntariness; instinct, blind impulse; inborn proclivity, innate proclivity; native tendency, natural tendency; natural impulse, predetermination.

necessity, necessitation; obligation; compulsion &c. 744; subjection &c. 749; stern necessity, hard necessity, dire necessity, imperious necessity, inexorable necessity, iron necessity, adverse necessity; fate; what must be.

destiny, destination; fatality, fate, kismet, doom, foredoom, election, predestination; preordination, foreordination; lot fortune; fatalism; inevitableness &c. adj.; spell &c. 993.

star, stars; planet, planets; astral influence; sky, Fates, Parcae, Sisters three, book of fate; God's will, will of Heaven; wheel of Fortune, Ides of March, Hobson's choice.

last shift, last resort; dernier ressort[Fr]; pis aller &c. (substitute) 147[Fr]; necessaries &c. (requirement) 630.

necessarian^†, necessitarian^†; fatalist; automaton.

V. lie under a necessity; befated^†, be doomed, be destined &c. in for, under the necessity of; have no choice, have no alternative; be one's fate &c. n. to be pushed to the wall to be driven into a corner, to be unable to help.

destine, doom, foredoom, devote; predestine, preordain; cast a spell &c. 992; necessitate; compel &c. 744.

Adj. necessary, needful &c (requisite) 630.

fated; destined &c. v.; elect; spellbound

compulsory &c. (compel) 744; uncontrollable, inevitable, unavoidable, irresistible, irrevocable, inexorable; avoidless^†, resistless.

involuntary, instinctive, automatic, blind, mechanical; unconscious, unwitting, unthinking; unintentional &c. (undesigned) 621; impulsive &c. 612.

Adv. necessarily &c. adv.; of necessity, of course; ex necessitate rei[Lat]; needs must; perforce &c. 744; nolens volens[Lat]; will he nil he, willy nilly, bon gre mal gre[Fr], willing or unwilling, coute que coute[Fr].

faute de mieux[Fr]; by stress of; if need be.

Phr. it cannot be helped; there is no help for, there is no helping it; it will be, it must be, it needs to be, it must be so, it will have its way; the die is cast; jacta est alea^†[Lat]; che sara sara[French]; "it is written"; one's days are numbered, one's fate is sealed; Fata obstant[Latin]; diis aliter visum^†[Latin]; actum me invito factus[Latin], non est meus actus[Latin]; aujord'hui roi demain rien[French]; quisque suos patimur manes [Latin][Vergil];"The moving finger writes and having writ moves on. Nor all your piety and wit can bring it back to cancel half a line, nor all your tears wash out a word of it."[Rubayyat of Omar Khayyam].

602. Willingness

N. willingness, voluntariness &c. adj^†.; willing mind, heart.

disposition, inclination, leaning, animus; frame of mind, humor, mood, vein; bent &c. (turn of mind) 820; penchant &c. (desire) 865; aptitude &c. 698.

docility, docibleness^†; persuasibleness^†, persuasibility^†; pliability &c. (softness) 324.

geniality, cordiality; goodwill; alacrity, readiness, earnestness, forwardness; eagerness &c. (desire) 865.

asset &c. 488; compliance &c. 762; pleasure &c. (will) 600; gratuitous service.

labor of love; volunteer, volunteering.

V. be willing &c. adj.; incline, lean to, mind, propend; had as lief; lend a willing ear, give a willing ear, turn a willing ear; have a half a mind to, have a great mind to; hold to, cling to; desire &c. 865.

see fit, think good, think proper; acquiesce &c (assent) 488; comply with &c. 762.

swallow the bait, nibble at the bait; gorge the hook; have no scruple of, make no scruple of; make no bones of; jump at, catch at; meet halfway; volunteer.

Adj. willing, minded, fain, disposed, inclined, favorable; favorably- minded, favorably inclined, favorably disposed; nothing loth; in the vein, in the mood, in the humor, in the mind.

ready, forward, earnest, eager; bent upon &c. (desirous) 865; predisposed, propense^†.

docile; persuadable, persuasible; suasible^†, easily persuaded, facile, easy-going; tractable &c. (pliant) 324; genial, gracious, cordial, cheering, hearty; content &c. (assenting) 488.

voluntary, gratuitous, spontaneous; unasked &c. (ask &c. 765); unforced &c. (free) 748.

Adv. willingly &c. adj.; fain, freely, as lief, heart and soul; with pleasure, with all one's heart, with open arms; with good will, with right will; de bonne volonte[Fr], ex animo[Lat]; con amore[It], heart in hand, nothing loth, without reluctance, of one's own accord, graciously, with a good grace.

a la bonne heure[Fr]; by all means, by all manner of means; to one's heart's content; yes &c. (assent) 488.

603. Unwillingness

N. unwillingness &c. adj.; indisposition, indisposedness^†; disinclination, aversation^†; nolleity^†, nolition^†; renitence^†, renitency; reluctance; indifference &c. 866; backwardness &c. adj.; slowness &c. 275; want of alacrity,want of readiness; indocility &c. (obstinacy) 606^†.

scrupulousness, scrupulosity; qualms of conscience, twinge of conscience; delicacy, demur, scruple, qualm, shrinking, recoil; hesitation &c. (irresolution) 605; fastidiousness &c. 868.

averseness &c. (dislike) 867^†; dissent &c. 489; refusal &c. 764.

V. be unwilling &c. adj.; nill; dislike &c. 867; grudge, begrudge; not be able to find it in one's heart to, not have the stomach to.

demur, stick at, scruple, stickle; hang fire, run rusty; recoil, shrink, swerve; hesitate &c. 605; avoid &c. 623.

oppose &c. 708; dissent &c. 489; refuse &c. 764.

Adj. unwilling; not in the vein, loth, loath, shy of, disinclined, indisposed, averse, reluctant, not content; adverse &c. (opposed) 708; laggard, backward, remiss, slack, slow to; indifferent &c. 866; scrupulous; squeamish &c. (fastidious) 868; repugnant &c. (dislike) 867; restiff|, restive; demurring &c. v.; unconsenting &c. (refusing) 764; involuntary &c. 601.

Adv. unwillingly &c. adj.; grudgingly, with a heavy heart; with a bad, with an ill grace; against one's wishes, against one's will, against the grain, sore against one's wishes, sore against one's will, sore against one's grain; invita Minerva[Lat]; a contre caeur[Fr]; malgre soi[Fr]; in spite of one's teeth, in spite of oneself; nolens volens &c. (necessity) 601[Lat]; perforce &c. 744; under protest; no &c. 536; not for the world, far be it from me.

604. Resolution

N. determination, will; iron will, unconquerable will; will of one's own, decision, resolution; backbone; clear grit, true grit, grit [U. S. &can.]; sand, strength of mind, strength of will; resolve &c. (intent) 620; firmness &c. (stability) 150; energy, manliness, vigor; game, pluck; resoluteness &c. (courage) 861; zeal &c. 682; aplomb; desperation; devotion, devotedness.

mastery over self; self control, self command, self possession, self reliance, self government, self restraint, self conquest, self denial; moral courage, moral strength; perseverance &c. 604a; tenacity; obstinacy &c. 606; bulldog; British lion.

V. have determination &c. n.; know one's own mind; be resolved &c. adj.; make up one's mind, will, resolve, determine; decide &c. (judgment) 480; form a determination, come to a determination, come to a resolution, come to a resolve; conclude, fix, seal, determine once for all, bring to a crisis, drive matters to an extremity; take a decisive step &c. (choice) 609; take upon oneself &c. (undertake) 676.

devote oneself to, give oneself up to; throw away the scabbard, kick down the ladder, nail one's colors to the mast, set one's back against the wall, set one's teeth, put one's foot down, take one's stand; stand firm &c. (stability) 150; steel oneself; stand no nonsense, not listen to the voice of the charmer.

buckle to; buckle oneself put one's shoulder to the wheel, lay one's shoulder to the wheel, set one's shoulder to the wheel; put one's heart into; run the gauntlet, make a dash at, take the bull by the horns; rush in medias res, plunge in medias res; go in for; insist upon, make a point of; set one's heart upon, set one's mind upon.

stick at nothing, stop at nothing; make short work of &c. (activity) 682; not stick at trifles; go all lengths, go the limit *, go the whole hog; persist &c. (persevere) 604a,; go through fire and water, ride the tiger, ride in the whirlwind and direct the storm.

Adj. resolved &c. v.; determined; strong-willed, strong-minded; resolute &c. (brave) 861; self-possessed; decided, definitive, peremptory, tranchant^†; unhesitating, unflinching, unshrinking^†; firm, iron, gritty [U.S.], indomitable, game to the backbone; inexorable, relentless, not to be shaken, not to be put down; tenax propositi[Lat]; inflexible &c. (hard) 323; obstinate &c. 606; steady &c. (persevering) 604a.

earnest, serious; set upon, bent upon, intent upon.

steel against, proof against; in utrumque paratus[Lat].

Adv. resolutely &c. adj.; in earnest, in good earnest; seriously, joking apart, earnestly, heart and soul; on one's mettle; manfully, like a man, with a high hand; with a strong hand &c. (exertion) 686.

at any rate, at any risk, at any hazard at any price, at any cost, at any sacrifice; at all hazards, at all risks, at all events; a bis ou a blanc[Fr]^†; cost what it may; coute[Fr]; a tort et a travers^†; once for all; neck or nothing; rain or shine.

Phr. spes sibi quisque[Lat]; celui qui veut celui-la peut[Fr]; chi non s'arrischia non guadagna[Fr]^†; frangas non flectes[Lat]; manu forti[Lat]; tentanda via est[Lat].

604a. Perseverance

N. perseverance; continuance &c. (inaction) 143; permanence &c. (absence of change) 141; firmness &c. (stability) 150.

constancy, steadiness; singleness of purpose, tenacity of purpose; persistence, plodding, patience; sedulity &c. (industry) 682; pertinacy|, pertinacity, pertinaciousness; iteration &c. 104

bottom, game, pluck, stamina, backbone, grit; indefatigability, indefatigableness; bulldog courage.

V. persevere, persist; hold on, hold out; die in the last ditch, be in at the death; stick to, cling to, adhere to; stick to one's text, keep on; keep to one's course, keep to one's ground, maintain one's course, maintain one's ground; go all lengths, go through fire and water; bear up, keep up, hold up; plod; stick to work &c. (work) 686; continue &c. 143; follow up; die in harness, die at one's post.

Adj. persevering, constant; steady, steadfast; undeviating, unwavering, unfaltering, unswerving, unflinching, unsleeping^†, unflagging, undrooping^†; steady as time; unrelenting, unintermitting^†, unremitting; plodding; industrious &c. 682; strenuous &c. 686; pertinacious; persisting, persistent.

solid, sturdy, staunch, stanch, true to oneself; unchangeable &c. 150; unconquerable &c. (strong) 159; indomitable, game to the last, indefatigable, untiring, unwearied, never tiring.

Adv. through evil report and good report, through thick and thin, through fire and water; per fas et nefas[Lat]; without fail, sink or swim, at any price, vogue la galere[Fr]..

Phr. never say die; give it the old college try; vestigia nulla retrorsum[Lat]; aut vincer aut mori[Lat]; la garde meurt et ne se rend pas[Fr]; tout vient a temps pour qui sait attendre[Fr].

605. Irresolution

N. irresolution, infirmity of purpose, indecision; indetermination, undetermination|!; unsettlement; uncertainty &c. 475; demur, suspense; hesitating &c. v., hesitation, hesitancy; vacillation; changeableness &c. 149; fluctuation; alternation &c. (oscillation) 314; caprice &c. 608.

fickleness, levity, legerete[Fr]; pliancy &c. (softness) 324; weakness; timidity &c. 860; cowardice &c. 862; half measures.

waverer, ass between two bundles of hay; shuttlecock, butterfly; wimp; doughface ^†[U. S.].

V. be irresolute &c. adj.; hang in suspense, keep in suspense; leave "ad referendum"; think twice about, pause; dawdle &c. (inactivity) 683; remain neuter; dillydally, hesitate, boggle, hover, dacker^†, hum and haw, demur, not know one's own mind; debate, balance; dally with, coquet with; will and will not, chaser-balancer^†; go halfway, compromise, make a compromise; be thrown off one's balance, stagger like a drunken man; be afraid &c. 860; let "I dare not" wait upon "I would" [Macbeth]; falter, waver

vacillate &c. 149; change &c. 140; retract &c. 607; fluctuate; pendulate^†; alternate &c. (oscillate) 314; keep off and on, play fast and loose; blow hot and cold &c. (caprice) 608.

shuffle, palter, blink; trim.

Adj. irresolute, infirm of purpose, double-minded, half-hearted; undecided, unresolved, undetermined; shilly-shally; fidgety, tremulous; hesitating &c. v.; off one's balance; at a loss &c. (uncertain) 475.

vacillating &c. v.; unsteady &c. (changeable) 149; unsteadfast^†, fickle, without ballast; capricious &c. 608; volatile, frothy; light, lightsome, light-minded; giddy; fast and loose.

weak, feeble-minded, frail; timid, wimpish, wimpy &c. 860; cowardly &c. 862; dough-faced [U.S.]; facile; pliant &c. (soft) 324; unable to say "no", easy-going

revocable, reversible.

Adv. irresolutely &c. adj.; irresolved^†, irresolvedly^†; in faltering accents; off and on; from pillar to post; seesaw &c. 314.

Int. "how happy could I be with either!" [Gay].

606. Obstinacy

N. obstinateness &c. adj.; obstinacy, tenacity; cussedness [U. S.]; perseverance &c. 604a; immovability; old school; inflexibility &c. (hardness) 323; obduracy, obduration^†; dogged resolution; resolution &c. 604; ruling passion; blind side.

self-will, contumacy, perversity; pervicacy|, pervicacity^†; indocility^†.

bigotry, intolerance, dogmatism; opiniatry|, opiniativeness; fixed idea &c. (prejudgment) 481; fanaticism, zealotry, infatuation, monomania; opinionatedness opinionativeness^†.

mule; opinionist|, opinionatist^†, opiniator|, opinator|; stickler, dogmatist; bigot; zealot, enthusiast, fanatic.

V. be obstinate &c. adj.; stickle, take no denial, fly in the face of facts; opinionate, be wedded to an opinion, hug a belief; have one's own way &c. (will) 600; persist &c. (persevere) 604a; have the last word, insist on having the last word.

die hard, fight against destiny, not yield an inch, stand out.

Adj. obstinate, tenacious, stubborn, obdurate, casehardened; inflexible &c. (hard) 323; balky; immovable, unshakable, not to be moved; inert &c. 172; unchangeable &c. 150; inexorable &c. (determined) 604; mulish, obstinate as a mule, pig-headed.

dogged; sullen, sulky; unmoved, uninfluenced unaffected.

willful, self-willed, perverse; resty^†, restive, restiff|; pervicacious^†, wayward, refractory, unruly; heady, headstrong; entete[Fr]; contumacious; crossgrained^†.

arbitrary, dogmatic, positive, bigoted; prejudiced &c. 481; creed- bound; prepossessed, infatuated; stiff-backed, stiff necked, stiff hearted; hard-mouthed, hidebound; unyielding; impervious, impracticable, inpersuasible^†; unpersuadable; intractable, untractable^†; incorrigible, deaf to advice, impervious to reason; crotchety &c. 608.

Adv. obstinately &c. adj.

Phr. non possumus[Lat]; no surrender; ils n'ont rien appris ne rien oublie[Fr].

607. Tergiversation

N. change of mind, change of intention, change of purpose; afterthought.

tergiversation, recantation; palinode, palinody^†; renunciation; abjuration,abjurement^†; defection &c. (relinquishment) 624; going over &c. v.; apostasy; retraction, retractation^†; withdrawal; disavowal &c. (negation) 536; revocation, revokement^†; reversal; repentance &c. 950- redintegratio amoris[Lat].

coquetry; vacillation &c. 605; backsliding; volte-face[Fr].

turn coat, turn tippet|; rat, apostate, renegade; convert, pervert; proselyte, deserter; backslider; blackleg, crawfish [U. S.], scab*, mugwump [U. S.], recidivist.

time server, time pleaser^†; timist|, Vicar of Bray, trimmer, ambidexter^†; weathercock &c. (changeable) 149; Janus.

V. change one's mind, change one's intention, change one's purpose, change one's note; abjure, renounce; withdraw from &c. (relinquish) 624; waver, vacillate; wheel round, turn round, veer round; turn a pirouette; go over from one side to another, pass from one side to another, change from one side to another, skip from one side to another; go to the rightabout; box the compass, shift one's ground, go upon another tack.

apostatize, change sides, go over, rat; recant, retract; revoke; rescind &c. (abrogate) 756; recall; forswear, unsay; come over, come round to an opinion; crawfish *[U. S.], crawl* [U. S.].

draw in one's horns, eat one's words; eat the leek, swallow the leek; swerve, flinch, back out of, retrace one's steps, think better of it; come back return to one's first love; turn over a new leaf &c. (repent) 950.

trim, shuffle, play fast and loose, blow hot and cold, coquet, be on the fence, straddle, bold with the hare but run with the hounds; nager entre deux eaux[Fr]; wait to see how the cat jumps, wait to see how the wind blows.

Adj. changeful &c. 149; irresolute &c. 605; ductile, slippery as an eel, trimming, ambidextrous, timeserving^†;. coquetting &c. v.

revocatory^†, reactionary.

Phr. "a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron].

608. Caprice

N. caprice, fancy, humor; whim, whimsy, whimsey^†, whimwham^†; crotchet, capriccio, quirk, freak, maggot, fad, vagary, prank, fit, flimflam, escapade, boutade[Fr], wild-goose chase; capriciousness &c. adj.; kink.

V. be capricious &c. adj.; have a maggot in the brain; take it into one's head, strain at a gnat and swallow a camel; blow hot and cold; play fast and loose, play fantastic tricks; tourner casaque[Fr].

Adj. capricious; erratic, eccentric, fitful, hysterical; full of whims &c. n.; maggoty; inconsistent, fanciful, fantastic, whimsical, crotchety, kinky [U. S.], particular, humorsome^†, freakish, skittish, wanton, wayward; contrary; captious; arbitrary; unconformable &c. 83; penny wise and pound foolish; fickle &c. (irresolute) 605; frivolous, sleeveless, giddy, volatile.

Adv. by fits and starts, without rhyme or reason.

Phr. nil fuit unquain sic inipar sibi[Lat]; the deuce is in him.

609. Choice

N. choice, option;. discretion &c. (volition) 600; preoption^†; alternative; dilemma, embarras de choix[Fr]; adoption, cooptation^†; novation^†; decision &c. (judgment) 480.

election; political election (politics) 737a.

selection, excerption, gleaning, eclecticism; excerpta^†, gleanings, cuttings, scissors and paste; pick &c. (best) 650.

preference, prelation^†, opinion poll, survey; predilection &c. (desire) 865.

V. offers one's choice, set before; hold out the alternative, present the alternative, offer the alternative; put to the vote.

use option, use discretion, exercise option, exercise discretion, one's option; adopt, take up, embrace, espouse; choose, elect, opt for; take one's choice, make one's choice; make choice of, fix upon.

vote, poll, hold up one's hand; divide.

settle; decide &c. (adjudge) 480; list &c. (will) 600; make up one's mind &c. (resolve) 604.

select; pick and choose; pick out, single out; cull, glean, winnow; sift the chaff from the wheat, separate the chaff from the wheat, winnow the chaff from the wheat; pick up, pitch upon; pick one's way; indulge one;s fancy.

set apart, mark out for; mark &c. 550.

prefer; have rather, have as lief; fancy &c. (desire) 865; be persuaded &c. 615.

take a decided step, take a decisive step; commit oneself to a course; pass the Rubicon, cross the Rubicon; cast in one's lot with; take for better or for worse.

Adj. optional; discretional &c. (voluntary) 600.

eclectic; choosing &c. v.; preferential; chosen &c. v.; choice &c. (good) 648.

Adv. optionally &c. adj.; at pleasure &c. (will) 600; either the one or the other; or at the option of; whether or not; once and for all; for one's money.

by choice, by preference; in preference; rather, before.

609a. Absence of choice

N. no choice, Hobson's choice; first come first served, random selection; necessity &c. 601; not a pin to choose &c. (equality) 27; any, the first that comes; that or nothing.

neutrality, indifference; indecision &c. (irresolution) 605; arbitrariness.

coercion (compulsion) 744.

V. be neutral &c. adj.; have no choice, have no election; waive, not vote; abstain from voting, refrain from voting; leave undecided; "make a virtue of necessity" [Two Gentlemen].

Adj. neutral, neuter; indifferent, uninterested; undecided &c. (irresolute) 605.

Adv. either &c. (choice) 609.

Phr. who cares? what difference does it make? "There's not a dime's worth of difference between them." [George Wallace].

610. Rejection

N. rejection, repudiation, exclusion; refusal &c. 764; declination

V. reject; set aside, lay aside; give up; decline &c. (refuse) 764; exclude, except; pluck, spin; cast.

repudiate, scout, set at naught; fling to the winds, fling to the dogs, fling overboard, fling away, cast to the winds, cast to the dogs, cast overboard, cast away, throw to the winds, throw to the dogs, throw overboard, throw away, toss to the winds, toss to the dogs, toss overboard, toss away; send to the right about; disclaim &c. (deny) 536; discard &c. (eject) 297, (have done with) 678.

Adj. rejected &c. v.; reject, rejectaneous|, rejectious|; not chosen &c. 609, to be thought of, out of the question

Adv. neither, neither the one nor the other; no &c 536.

Phr. non haec in faedera[Lat].

611. Predetermination

N. predestination, preordination, premeditation, predeliberation^†, predetermination; foregone conclusion, fait accompli[Fr]; parti pris[Fr]; resolve, propendency|; intention &c. 620; project &c. 626; fate, foredoom, necessity.

V. predestine, preordain, predetermine, premeditate, resolve, concert; resolve beforehand, predesignate.

Adj. prepense^†, premeditated &c. v., predesignated, predesigned^†; advised, studied, designed, calculated; aforethought; intended &c. 620; foregone.

well-laid, well-devised, well-weighed; maturely considered; cunning.

Adv. advisedly &c. adj.; with premeditation, deliberately, all things considered, with eyes open, in cold blood; intentionally &c. 620.

612. Impulse

N. impulse, impulsion, impetus; momentum; push, pulsion^†, thrust, shove, jog, jolt, brunt, booming, boost [U.S.], throw; explosion &c. (violence) 173; propulsion &c. 284.

percussion, concussion, collision, occursion|, clash, encounter, cannon, carambole^†, appulse^†, shock, crash, bump; impact; elan; charge &c. (attack) 716; beating &c. (punishment) 972.

blow, dint, stroke, knock, tap, rap, slap, smack, pat, dab; fillip; slam, bang; hit, whack, thwack; cuff &c. 972; squash, dowse, swap, whap^†, punch, thump, pelt, kick, punce|, calcitration^†; ruade^†; arietation|; cut, thrust, lunge, yerk|; carom, carrom^†, clip *, jab, plug*, sidewinder* [U.S.], sidewipe^†, sideswipe [U.S.].

hammer, sledge hammer, mall, maul, mallet, flail; ram, rammer^†; battering ram, monkey, pile-driving engine, punch, bat; cant hook; cudgel &c. (weapon) 727; ax &c. (sharp) 253.

[Science of mechanical forces] dynamics; seismometer, accelerometer, earthquake detector.

V. give an impetus &c. n.; impel, push; start, give a start to, set going; drive, urge, boom; thrust, prod, foin[Fr]; cant; elbow, shoulder, jostle, justle^†, hustle, hurtle, shove, jog, jolt, encounter; run against, bump against, butt against; knock one's head against, run one's head against; impinge; boost [U.S.]; bunt, carom, clip y; fan, fan out; jab, plug *.

strike, knock, hit, tap, rap, slap, flap, dab, pat, thump, beat, blow, bang, slam, dash; punch, thwack, whack; hit hard, strike hard; swap, batter, dowse|, baste; pelt, patter, buffet, belabor; fetch one a blow; poke at, pink, lunge, yerk^†; kick, calcitrate^†; butt, strike at &c. (attack) 716; whip *c. (punish) 972.

come into a collision, enter into collision; collide; sideswipe; foul; fall foul of, run foul of; telescope.

throw &c. (propel) 284.

Adj. impelling &c. v.; impulsive, impellent^†; booming; dynamic, dynamical; impelled &c. v.

Phr. "a hit, a very palpable hit" [Hamlet].

613. Habit

[includes commonness due to frequency of occurrence]

N. habit, habitude; assuetude|, assuefaction|, wont; run, way.

common state of things, general state of things, natural state of things, ordinary state of things, ordinary course of things, ordinary run of things; matter of course; beaten path, beaten track, beaten ground.

prescription, custom, use, usage, immemorial usage, practice; prevalence, observance; conventionalism, conventionality; mode, fashion, vogue; etiquette &c. (gentility) 852; order of the day, cry; conformity &c. 82; consuetude,.dustoor^†.

one's old way, old school, veteris vestigia flammae[Lat]; laudator temporis acti[Lat].

rule, standing order, precedent, routine; red-tape, red-tapism^†; pipe clay; rut, groove.

cacoethes[Lat]; bad habit, confirmed habit, inveterate habit, intrinsic habit &c.; addiction, trick.

training &c. (education) 537; seasoning, second nature, acclimatization; knack &c.

V. be wont &c. adj.

fall into a rut, fall into a custom &c. (conform to) 82; tread the beaten track, follow the beaten track, tread the beaten path, follow the beaten; stare super antiquas vias[Lat]^†; move in a rut, run on in a groove, go round like a horse in a mill, go on in the old jog trot way.

habituate, inure, harden, season, caseharden; accustom, familiarize; naturalize, acclimatize; keep one's hand in; train &c. (educate) 537.

get into the way, get into the knack of; learn &c. 539; cling to, adhere to; repeat &c. 104; acquire a habit, contract a habit, fall into a habit, acquire a trick, contract a trick, fall into a trick; addict oneself to, take to, get into.

be habitual &c. adj.; prevail; come into use, become a habit, take root; gain upon one, grow upon one.

Adj. habitual; accustomary^†; prescriptive, accustomed &c. v.; of daily occurrence, of everyday occurrence; consuetudinary^†; wonted, usual, general, ordinary, common, frequent, everyday, household, garden variety, jog, trot; well-trodden, well-known; familiar, vernacular, trite, commonplace, conventional, regular, set, stock, established, stereotyped; prevailing, prevalent; current, received, acknowledged, recognized, accredited; of course, admitted, understood.

conformable. &c. 82; according to use, according to custom, according to routine; in vogue, in fashion, in, with it; fashionable &c. (genteel) 852.

wont; used to, given to, addicted to, attuned to, habituated &c. v.; in the habit of; habitue; at home in &c. (skillful) 698; seasoned; imbued with; devoted to, wedded to.

hackneyed, fixed, rooted, deep-rooted, ingrafted^†, permanent, inveterate, besetting; naturalized; ingrained &c. (intrinsic) 5.

Adv. habitually &c. adj.; always &c. (uniformly) 16.

as usual, as is one's wont, as things go, as the world goes, as the sparks fly upwards; more suo, more solito[Lat]; ex more.

as a rule, for the most part; usually, generally, typically &c. adj.; most often, most frequently.

Phr. cela s'entend[Fr]; abeunt studia in mores[Lat]; adeo in teneris consuescere multum est[Lat]; consuetudo quasi altera natura [Lat][Cicero]; hoc erat in more majorum[Lat]; "How use doth breed a habit in a man!" [Two Gentlemen]; magna est vis consuetudinis[Lat]; morent fecerat usus [Lat][Ovid].

614. Desuetude

N. desuetude, disusage^†; obsolescence, disuse &c. 678; want of habit, want of practice; inusitation^†; newness to; new brooms.

infraction of usage &c. (unconformity) 83; nonprevalence^†; "a custom more honored in the breach than the observance" [Hamlet].

V. be -unaccustomed &c. adj.; leave off a habit, cast off a habit, break off a habit, wean oneself of a habit, violate a habit, break through a habit, infringe a habit, leave off a custom, cast off a custom, break off a custom, wean oneself of a custom, violate a custom, break through a custom, infringe a custom, leave off a usage, cast off a usage, break off a usage, wean oneself of a usage, violate a usage, break through a usage, infringe a usage; disuse &c. 678; wear off.

Adj. unaccustomed, unused, unwonted, unseasoned, uninured^†, unhabituated^†, untrained; new; green &c. (unskilled) 699; unhackneyed.

unusual &c. (unconformable) 83; nonobservant^†; disused &c. 678.

2. Causes of Volition

615. Motive

N. motive, springs of action, wellsprings of action.

reason, ground, call, principle; by end, by purpose; mainspring, primum mobile[Lat], keystone; the why and the wherefore; pro and con, reason why; secret motive, arriere pensee[Fr]; intention &c. 620.

inducement, consideration; attraction; loadstone; magnet, magnetism, magnetic force; allectation|, allective|; temptation, enticement, agacerie^†, allurement, witchery; bewitchment, bewitchery; charm; spell &c. 993; fascination, blandishment, cajolery; seduction, seducement; honeyed words, voice of the tempter, song of the Sirens forbidden fruit, golden apple.

persuasibility^†, persuasibleness^†; attractability^†; impressibility, susceptibility; softness; persuasiveness, attractiveness; tantalization^†. influence, prompting, dictate, instance; impulse, impulsion; incitement, incitation; press, instigation; provocation &c. (excitation of feeling) 824; inspiration; persuasion, suasion; encouragement, advocacy; exhortation; advice &c. 695; solicitation &c. (request) 765; lobbyism; pull*.

incentive, stimulus, spur, fillip, whip, goad, ankus^†, rowel, provocative, whet, dram.

bribe, lure; decoy, decoy duck; bait, trail of a red herring; bribery and corruption; sop, sop for Cerberus.

prompter, tempter; seducer, seductor^†; instigator, firebrand, incendiary; Siren, Circe; agent provocateur; lobbyist.

V. induce, move; draw, draw on; bring in its train, give an impulse &c. n.; to; inspire; put up to, prompt, call up; attract, beckon.

stimulate &c. (excite) 824; spirit up, inspirit; rouse, arouse; animate, incite, foment, provoke, instigate, set on, actuate;.act upon, work upon, operate upon; encourage; pat on the back, pat on the shoulder, clap on the back, clap on the shoulder.

influence, weigh with, bias, sway, incline, dispose, predispose, turn the scale, inoculate; lead by the nose; have influence with, have influence over, have influence upon, exercise influence with, exercise influence over, exercise influence upon; go round, come round one; turn the head, magnetize; lobby.

persuade; prevail with, prevail upon; overcome, carry; bring round to one's senses, bring to one's senses; draw over, win over, gain over, come over, talk over; procure, enlist, engage; invite, court.

tempt, seduce, overpersuade^†, entice, allure, captivate, fascinate, bewitch, carry away, charm, conciliate, wheedle, coax, lure; inveigle; tantalize; cajole &c. (deceive) 545.

tamper with, bribe, suborn, grease the palm, bait with a silver hook, gild the pill, make things pleasant, put a sop into the pan, throw a sop to, bait the hook.

enforce, force; impel &c. (push) 276; propel &c. 284; whip, lash, goad, spur, prick, urge; egg on, hound , hurry on; drag &c. 285; exhort; advise &c. 695; call upon &c. press &c. (request) 765; advocate.

set an example, set the fashion; keep in countenance.

be persuaded &c.; yield to temptation, come round; concede &c. (consent) 762; obey a call; follow advice, follow the bent,.follow the dictates of; act on principle.

Adj. impulsive, motive; suasive, suasory^†, persuasive, persuasory^†, hortative, hortatory; protreptical|; inviting, tempting, &c. v.; suasive, suasory^†; seductive, attractive; fascinating &c. (pleasing) 829; provocative &c. (exciting) 824.

induced &c. v.; disposed; persuadable &c. (docile) 602; spellbound; instinct with, smitten with, infatuated; inspired &c. v.; by.

Adv. because, therefore &c. (cause) 155; from this motive, from that motive; for this reason, for that reason; for; by reason of, for the sake of, count of; out of, from, as, forasmuch as.

for all the world; on principle.

Phr. fax mentis incendium gloriae[Lat]; "temptation hath a music for all ears" "to beguile many and be beguiled by one" [Willis][Othello].

615a. Absence of motive

N. absence of motive, aimlessness; caprice &c. 608; chance &c. (absence of design) 621.

V. have no motive; scruple &c. (be unwilling) 603.

Adj. without rhyme or reason; aimless, capricious, whimsical &c. (chance) 621.

Adv. out of mere caprice.

616. Dissuasion

N. dissuasion, dehortation^†, expostulation, remonstrance; deprecation &c. 766.

discouragement, damper, wet blanket; disillusionment, disenchantment.

cohibition &c. (restraint) 751^†; curb &c. (means of restraint) 752; check &c. (hindrance) 706.

reluctance &c. (unwillingness) 603; contraindication.

V. dissuade, dehort^†, cry out against, remonstrate, expostulate, warn, contraindicate.

disincline, indispose, shake, stagger; dispirit; discourage, dishearten; deter; repress, hold back, keep back &c. (restrain) 751; render averse &c. 603; repel; turn aside &c. (deviation) 279; wean from; act as a drag &c. (hinder) 706; throw cold water on, damp, cool, chill, blunt, calm, quiet, quench; deprecate &c. 766.

disenchant, ,disillusion, deflate, take down a peg, pop one's balloon, prick one's balloon, burst one's bubble; disabuse (correction) 527a.

Adj. dissuading &c. v.; dissuasive; dehortatory^†, expostulatory^†; monitive|, monitory.

dissuaded &c. v.; admonitory; uninduced &c. (induce &c. 615); unpersuadable &c. (obstinate) 606; averse &c. (unwilling) 603; repugnant &c. (dislike) 867.

repressed.

617. Pretext

 [Ostensible motive, ground, or reason assigned.]

N. pretext, pretense, pretension, plea|; allegation, advocation; ostensible motive, ostensible ground, ostensible reason, phony reason; excuse &c. (vindication) 937; subterfuge; color; gloss, guise, cover.

loop hole, starting hole; how to creep out of, salvo, come off; way of escape.

handle, peg to hang on, room locus standi[Lat]; stalking-horse, cheval de bataille[Fr], cue.

pretense &c. (untruth) 546; put off, dust thrown in the eyes; blind; moonshine; mere pretext, shallow pretext; lame excuse, lame apology; tub to a whale; false plea, sour grapes; makeshift, shift, white lie; special pleading &c. (sophistry) 477; soft sawder &c. (flattery) 933^†.

V. pretend, plead, allege; shelter oneself under the plea of; excuse &c. (vindicate) 937; lend a color to; furnish a handle &c. n.; make a pretext of, make a handle of; use as a plea &c. n.; take one's stand upon, make capital out of , pretend &c. (lie) 544.

Adj. ostensibly &c. (manifest) 525; alleged, apologetic; pretended &c. 545.

Adv. ostensibly; under color; under the plea, under the pretense of, under the guise of.

3. Objects of Volition

618. Good

N. good, benefit, advantage; improvement &c. 658; greatest good, supreme good; interest, service, behoof, behalf; weal; main chance, summum bonum[Lat], common weal; "consummation devoutly to be wished"; gain, boot; profit, harvest.

boon &c. (gift) 784; good turn; blessing; world of good; piece of good luck[Fr], piece of good fortune[Fr]; nuts, prize, windfall, godsend, waif, treasure-trove.

good fortune &c. (prosperity) 734; happiness &c. 827.

[Source of good] goodness &c. 648; utility &c. 644; remedy &c. 662; pleasure giving &c. 829.

Adj. commendable &c. 931; useful &c. 644; good &c., beneficial &c. 648.

Adv. well, aright, satisfactorily, favorably, not amis[Fr]; all for the best; to one's advantage &c. n.; in one's favor, in one's interest &c. n.

Phr. so far so good; magnum bonum[Lat].

619. Evil

N. evil, ill, harm, hurt., mischief, nuisance; machinations of the devil, Pandora's box, ills that flesh is heir to.

blow, buffet, stroke, scratch, bruise, wound, gash, mutilation; mortal blow, wound; immedicabile vulnus[Lat]; damage, loss &c. (deterioration) 659.

disadvantage, prejudice, drawback.

disaster, accident, casualty; mishap &c. (misfortune) 735; bad job, devil to pay; calamity, bale, catastrophe, tragedy; ruin &c. (destruction) 162; adversity &c. 735.

mental suffering &c. 828. * demon &v[Evil spirit]. 980. bane &c. 663[Cause of evil]. badness &c. 649[Production of evil]; painfulness &c. 830; evil doer &c. 913.

outrage, wrong, injury, foul play; bad turn, ill turn; disservice, spoliation &c. 791; grievance, crying evil.

V. be in trouble &c. (adversity) 735.

Adj. disastrous, bad &c. 649; awry, out of joint; disadvantageous.

Adv. amis[Fr], wrong, ill, to one's cost

Phr. "moving accidents by flood and field" [Othello].

Section II. Prospective Volition

1. Conceptional Volition

620. Intention

N. intent, intention, intentionality; purpose; quo animo[Lat]; project &c. 626; undertaking &c. 676; predetermination &c. 611; design, ambition.

contemplation, mind, animus, view, purview, proposal; study; look out.

final cause; raison d'etre[Fr]; cui bono[Lat]; object, aim, end; "the be all and the end all"; drift &c. (meaning) 516; tendency &c. 176; destination, mark, point, butt, goal, target, bull's-eye, quintain^†[medeival]; prey, quarry, game.

decision, determination, resolve; fixed set purpose, settled purpose; ultimatum; resolution &c. 604; wish &c. 865; arriere pensee[Fr]; motive &c. 615.

[Study of final causes] teleology.

V. intend, purpose, design, mean; have to; propose to oneself; harbor a design; have in view, have in contemplation, have in one's eye, have in- petto; have an eye to.

bid for, labor for; be after, aspire after, endeavor after; be at, aim at, drive at, point at, level at, aspire at; take aim; set before oneself; study to.

take upon oneself &c. (undertake) 676; take into one's head; meditate, contemplate of, think of, dream of, talk of; premeditate &c. 611; compass, calculate; destine, destinate^†; propose.

project &c. (plan) 626; have a mind to &c. (be willing) 602; desire &c. 865; pursue &c. 622.

Adj. intended &c. v.; intentional, advised, express, determinate; prepense &c. 611^†; bound for; intending &c. v.; minded; bent upon &c. (earnest) 604; at stake; on the anvil, on the tapis^†; in view, in prospect, in the breast of; in petto; teleological

Adv. intentionally &c. adj.; advisedly, wittingly, knowingly, designedly, purposely, on purpose, by design, studiously, pointedly; with intent &c. n.; deliberately &c. (with premeditation) 611; with one's eyes open, in cold blood.

for; with a view, with an eye to; in order to, in order that; to the end that, with the intent that; for the purpose of, with the view of, in contemplation of, on account of.

in pursuance of, pursuant to; quo animo[Lat]; to all intents and purposes.

Phr. "The road to hell is paved with good intentions" [Johnson]; sublimi feriam sidera vertice [Lat][Horace].

621. Chance

[Absence of purpose in the succession of events]

N. chance &c. 156; lot, fate &c. (necessity) 601; luck; good luck &c. (good) 618; mascot.

speculation, venture, stake, game of chance; mere shot, random shot; blind bargain, leap in the dark; pig in a poke &c. (uncertainty) 475; fluke, potluck; faro bank; flyer*; limit.

uncertainty; uncertainty principle, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

drawing lots; sortilegy^†, sortition|; sortes^†, sortes Virgilianae^†; rouge et noir[Fr], hazard, ante, chuck-a-luck, crack-loo ^†[U.S.], craps, faro, roulette, pitch and toss, chuck, farthing, cup tossing, heads or tails cross and pile, poker-dice; wager; bet, betting; gambling; the turf.

gaming house, gambling house, betting house; bucket shop; gambling joint; totalizator, totalizer; hell; betting ring; dice, dice box.

[person who takes chances] gambler, gamester; man of the turf; adventurer; dicer|!.

V. chance &c. (hap) 156; stand a chance &c. (be possible) 470.

toss up; cast lots, draw lots; leave to chance, trust to chance, leave to the chapter of accidents, trust to the chapter of accidents; tempt fortune; chance it, take one's chance, take a shot at it (attempt) 675; run the risk, run the chance, incur the risk, incur the chance, encounter the risk, encounter the chance; stand the hazard of the die.

speculate, try one's luck, set on a cast, raffle, put into a lottery, buy a pig in a poke, shuffle the cards.

risk, venture, hazard, stake; ante; lay, lay a wager; make a bet, wager, bet, gamble, game, play for; play at chuck farthing.

Adj. fortuitous &c. 156; unintentional, unintended; accidental; not meant; undesigned, purposed; unpremeditated &c. 612; unforeseen, uncontemplated, never thought of.

random, indiscriminate, promiscuous; undirected; aimless, driftless^†, designless^†, purposeless, causeless; without purpose.

possible &c. 470.

unforeseeable, unpredictable, chancy, risky, speculative, dicey.

Adv. randomly, by chance, fortuitously; unpredictably, unforeseeably; casually &c. 156; unintentionally &c. adj.; unwittingly.

en passant[Fr], by the way, incidentally; as it may happen; at random, at a venture, at haphazard.

Phr. acierta errando[Lat]; dextro tempore[Lat]; "fearful concatenation of circumstances" [D. Webster]; "fortuitous combination of circumstances" [Dickens]; le jeu est le fils d'avarice et le pere du desespoir[Fr]; "the happy combination of fortuitous circumstances" [Scott]; "the fortuitous or casual concourse of atoms" [Bentley]; "God does not play dice with the universe" [A. Einstein].

622. Pursuit

 [Purpose in action.] 

N. pursuit; pursuing &c. v.; prosecution; pursuance; enterprise &c. (undertaking) 676; business &c. 625; adventure &c. (essay) 675; quest &c. (search) 461; scramble, hue and cry, game; hobby; still-hunt.

chase, hunt, battue^†, race, steeple chase, hunting, coursing; venation, venery; fox chase; sport, sporting; shooting, angling, fishing, hawking; shikar[Geogloc:India].

pursuer; hunter, huntsman; shikari[Geogloc:India], sportsman, Nimrod; hound &c. 366.

V. pursue, prosecute, follow; run after, make after, be after, hunt after, prowl after; shadow; carry on &c. (do) 680; engage in &c. (undertake) 676; set about &c. (begin) 66; endeavor &c. 675; court &c. (request) 765 seek &c. (search) 461; aim at &c. (intention) 620; follow the trail &c. (trace) 461; fish for &c. (experiment) 463; press on &c. (haste) 684; run a race &c. (velocity) 274.

chase, give chase, course, dog, hunt, hound; tread on the heels, follow on the heels of, &c. (sequence) 281.

rush upon; rush headlong &c. (violence) 173 ride full tilt at, run full tilt at; make a leap at, jump at, snatch at run down; start game.

tread a path; take a course, hold- a course; shape one's steps, direct one's steps, bend one's steps, course; play a game; fight one's way, elbow one's way; follow up; take to, take up; go in for; ride one's hobby.

Adj. pursuing &c. v.; in quest of &c. (inquiry) 461 in pursuit, in full cry, in hot pursuit; on the scent.

Adv. in pursuance of &c. (intention) 620; after.

Int. tallyho! yoicks! soho^†!

623. Avoidance

[Absence of pursuit.]

N. abstention, abstinence; for bearance^†; refraining &c. v.; inaction &c. 681; neutrality.

avoidance, evasion, elusion; seclusion &c. 893.

avolation|, flight; escape &c. 671; retreat &c. 287; recoil &c. 277; departure &c. 293; rejection &c. 610.

shirker &c. v.; truant; fugitive, refugee; runaway, runagate; maroon.

V. abstain, refrain, spare, not attempt; not do &c. 681; maintain the even tenor of one's way.

eschew, keep from, let alone, have nothing to do with; keep aloof keep off, stand aloof, stand off, hold aloof, hold off; take no part in, have no hand in.

avoid, shun; steer clear of, keep clear of; fight shy of; keep one's distance, keep at a respectful distance; keep out of the way, get out of the way; evade, elude, turn away from; set one's face against &c. (oppose) 708; deny oneself.

shrink back; hang back, hold back, draw back; recoil &c. 277; retire &c. (recede) 287; flinch, blink, blench, shy, shirk, dodge, parry, make way for, give place to.

beat a retreat; turn tail, turn one's back; take to one's heels; runaway, run for one's life; cut and run; be off like a shot; fly, flee; fly away, flee away, run away from; take flight, take to flight; desert, elope; make off, scamper off, sneak off, shuffle off, sheer off; break away, tear oneself away, slip away, slink away, steel away, make away from, scamper away from, sneak away from, shuffle away from, sheer away from; slip cable, part company, turn one's heel; sneak out of, play truant, give one the go by, give leg bail, take French leave, slope, decamp, flit, bolt, abscond, levant, skedaddle, absquatulate ^†[U.S.], cut one's stick, walk one's chalks, show a light pair of heels, make oneself scarce; escape &c. 671; go away &c. (depart) 293; abandon &c. 624; reject &c. 610.

lead one a dance, lead one a pretty dance; throw off the scent, play at hide and seek.

Adj. unsought, unattempted; avoiding &c. v.; neutral, shy of &c. (unwilling) 603; elusive, evasive; fugitive, runaway; shy, wild.

Adj. lest, in order to avoid.

Int. forbear! keep off, hands off! sauve qui peut[Fr]! [French: every man for himself]; devil take the hindmost!

Phr. "things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme" [Paradise Lost].

624. Relinquishment

N. relinquishment, abandonment; desertion, defection, secession, withdrawal; cave of Adullam^†; nolle prosequi[Lat].

discontinuance &c. (cessation) 142; renunciation &c. (recantation) 607; abrogation &c. 756; resignation &c. (retirement) 757; desuetude &c. 614; cession &c. (of property) 782.

V. relinquish, give up, abandon, desert, forsake, leave in the lurch; go back on; depart from, secede from, withdraw from; back out of; leave, quit, take leave of, bid a long farewell; vacate &c. (resign) 757.

renounce &c (abjure) 607; forego, have done with, drop; disuse &c. 678; discard &c. 782; wash one's hands of; drop all idea of.

break off, leave off; desist; stop &c. (cease) 142; hold one's hand, stay one's hand; quit one's hold; give over, shut up shop.

throw up the game, throw up the cards; give up the point, give up the argument; pass to the order of the day, move to the previous question.

Adj. unpursued^†; relinquished &c. v.; relinquishing &c. v.

Int. avast! &c. (stop) 142.

Phr. aufgeschoben ist nicht aufgehoben[Ger]; entbehre gern was du nicht hast[Ger].

625. Business

N. business, occupation, employment; pursuit &c. 622; what one is doing, what one is about; affair, concern, matter, case.

matter in hand, irons in the fire; thing to do, agendum, task, work, job, chore [U.S.], errand, commission, mission, charge, care; duty &c. 926.

part, role, cue; province, function, lookout, department, capacity, sphere, orb, field, line; walk, walk of life; beat, round, routine; race, career.

office, place, post, chargeship^†, incumbency, living; situation, berth, employ; service &c. (servitude) 749; engagement; undertaking &c. 676.

vocation, calling, profession, cloth, faculty; industry, art; industrial arts; craft, mystery, handicraft; trade &c. (commerce) 794.

exercise; work &c. (action) 680; avocation; press of business &c. (activity) 682.

V. pass one's time in, employ one's time in, spend one's time in; employ oneself in, employ oneself upon; occupy oneself with, concern oneself with; make it one's business &c. n.; undertake &c. 676; enter a profession; betake oneself to, turn one's hand to; have to do with &c. (do) 680.

office, place, post, chargeship^†, incumbency, living; situation, berth, employ; service &c. (servitude) 749; engagement; undertaking &c. 676.

drive a trade; carry on a trade, do a trade, transact a trade, carry on business, do business, transact business &c. n.; keep a shop; ply one's task, ply one's trade; labor in one's vocation; pursue the even tenor of one's way; attend to business, attend to one's work.

officiate, serve, act; act one's part, play one's part; do duty; serve the office of, discharge the office of, perform the office of, perform the duties of, perform the functions of; hold an office, fill an office, fill a place, fill a situation; hold a portfolio, hold a place, hold a situation.

be about, be doing, be engaged in, be employed in, be occupied with, be at work on; have one's hands in, have in hand; have on one's hands, have on one's shoulders; bear the burden; have one's hands full &c. (activity) 682.

be in the hands of, be on the stocks, be on the anvil; pass through one's hands.

Adj. businesslike; workaday; professional; official, functional; busy &c. (actively employed) 682; on hand, in hand, in one's hands; afoot; on foot, on the anvil; going on; acting.

Adv. in the course of business, all in one's day's work; professionally &c. Adj.

Phr. "a business with an income at its heels" [Cowper]; amoto quaeramus seria ludo [Lat][Horace]; par negotiis neque supra [Lat][Tacitus].

626. Plan

N. plan, scheme, design, project; proposal, proposition, suggestion; resolution, motion; precaution &c. (provision) 673; deep-laid plan &c. (premeditated) 611;

system &c. (order) 58; organization &c. (arrangement) 60; germ &c. (cause) 153.

sketch, skeleton, outline, draught, draft, ebauche[Fr], brouillon[Fr]; rough cast, rough draft, draught copy; copy; proof, revise.

drawing, scheme, schematic, graphic, chart, flow chart (representation) 554.

forecast, program(me), prospectus; carte du pays[Fr]; card; bill, protocol; order of the day, list of agenda; bill of fare &c. (food) 298; base of operations; platform, plank, slate [U. S.], ticket [U. S.].

role; policy &c. (line of conduct) 692.

contrivance, invention, expedient, receipt, nostrum, artifice, device; pipelaying [U. S.]; stratagem &c. (cunning) 702; trick &c. (deception) 545; alternative, loophole; shift &c. (substitute) 147; last shift &c. (necessity) 601.

measure, step; stroke, stroke of policy; master stroke; trump card, court card; cheval de bataille[Fr], great gun; coup, coup d'etat[Fr]; clever stroke, bold stroke, good move, good hit, good stroke; bright thought, bright idea.

intrigue, cabal, plot, conspiracy, complot^†, machination; subplot, underplot^†, counterplot.

schemer, schemist^†, schematist|; strategist, machinator; projector, artist, promoter, designer &c. v.; conspirator; intrigant &c. (cunning) 702^†.

V. plan,,scheme, design, frame, contrive, project, forecast, sketch; devise, invent &c. (imagine) 515; set one's wits to work &c. 515; spring a project; fall upon, hit upon; strike out, chalk out, cut out, lay out, map out; lay down a plan; shape out a course, mark out a course; predetermine &c. 611; concert, preconcert, preestablish; prepare &c. 673; hatch, hatch a plot concoct; take steps, take measures.

cast, recast, systematize, organize; arrange &c. 60; digest, mature.

plot; counter-plot, counter-mine; dig a mine; lay a train; intrigue &c. (cunning) 702.

Adj. planned &c. v.; strategic, strategical; planning &c. v.; prepared, in course of preparation &c. 673; under consideration; on the tapis^†, on the carpet, on the floor.

627. Method

[Path.] 

N. method, way, manner, wise, gait, form, mode, fashion, tone, guise; , modus operandi, MO; procedure &c. (line of conduct) 692.

path, road, route, course; line of way, line of road; trajectory, orbit, track, beat, tack.

steps; stair, staircase; flight of stairs, ladder, stile; perron^†.

bridge, footbridge, viaduct, pontoon, steppingstone, plank, gangway; drawbridge; pass, ford, ferry, tunnel; pipe &c. 260.

door; gateway &c. (opening) 260; channel, passage, avenue, means of access, approach, adit^†; artery, lane, alley, aisle, lobby, corridor; back-door, back-stairs; secret passage; covert way; vennel^†.

roadway, pathway, stairway; express; thoroughfare; highway; turnpike , freeway, royal road, coach road; broad highway, King's highway, Queen's highway; beaten track, beaten path; horse road, bridle road, bridle track, bridle path; walk, trottoir^†, footpath, pavement, flags, sidewalk; crossroad, byroad, bypath, byway; cut; short cut &c. (mid-course) 628; carrefour^†; private road, occupation road; highways and byways; railroad, railway, tram road, tramway; towpath; causeway; canal &c. (conduit) 350; street &c. (abode) 189; speedway. adv. how; in what way, in what manner; by what mode; so, in this way, after this fashion.

one way or another, anyhow; somehow or other &c. (instrumentality) 631; by way of; via; in transitu &c. 270[Lat]; on the high road to.

Phr. hae tibi erunt artes[Lat].

628. Mid-course

N. middle course, midcourse; mean &c. 29 middle &c. 68; juste milieu[Fr], mezzo termine[It], golden mean, <gr ariston="" metron="" gr="">^†[Grk], aurea mediocritas[Lat].

straight &c. (direct) 278 straight course, straight path; short cut, cross cut; great circle sailing.

neutrality; half measure, half and half measures; compromise.

V. keep in a middle course, preserve a middle course, preserve an even course, go straight &c. (direct) 278.

go halfway, compromise, make a compromise.

Adj. straight &c. (direct) 278.

Phr. medium tenuere beati[Lat]. </gr>

629. Circuit

N. circuit, roundabout way, digression, detour, circumbendibus, ambages^†, loop; winding &c. (circuition) 311^†; zigzag &c. (deviation) 279.

V. perform a circuit; go round about, go out of one's way; make a detour; meander &c. (deviate) 279.

lead a pretty dance; beat about the bush; make two bites of a cherry.

Adj. circuitous, indirect, roundabout; zigzag &c. (deviating) 279; backhanded.

Adv. by a side wind, by an indirect course; in a roundabout way; from pillar to post.

630. Requirement

N. requirement, need, wants, necessities; necessaries, necessaries of life; stress, exigency,pinch, sine qua non, matter of necessity; case of need, case of life or death.

needfulness, essentiality, necessity, indispensability, urgency.

requisition &c. (request) 765, (exaction) 741; run upon; demand, call for.

charge, claim, command, injunction, mandate, order, precept.

desideratum &c. (desire) 865; want &c. (deficiency) 640.

V. require, need, want, have occasion for; not be able to do without, not be able to dispense with; prerequire^†.

render necessary, necessitate, create a, necessity for, call for, put in requisition; make a requisition &c. (ask for) 765, (demand) 741.

stand in need of; lack &c. 640; desiderate^†; desire &c. 865; be necessary &c. Adj.

Adj. required &c. v.; requisite, needful, necessary, imperative, essential, indispensable, prerequisite; called for; in demand, in request.

urgent, exigent, pressing, instant, crying, absorbing.

in want of; destitute of &c. 640.

Adv. ex necessitate rei &c. (necessarily) 601[Lat]; of necessity.

Phr. there is no time to lose; it cannot be spared, it cannot be dispensed with; mendacem memorem esse oportet [Lat][Quintilian]; necessitas non habet legem[Lat]; nec tecum possum trivere nec sine te [Lat][Martial].

2. Subservience to Ends

Actual Subservience

631. Instrumentality

N. instrumentality; aid &c. 707; subservience, subserviency; mediation, intervention, medium, intermedium^†, vehicle, hand; agency &c. 170.

minister, handmaid; midwife, accoucheur[Fr], accoucheuse[Fr], obstetrician; gobetween; cat's-paw; stepping-stone.

opener &c. 260; key; master key, passkey, latchkey; " open sesame "; passport, passe-partout, safe-conduct, password.

instrument &c. 633; expedient &c. (plan) 626; means &c. 632.

V. subserve, minister, mediate, intervene; be instrumental &c. adj.; pander to; officiate; tend.

Adj. instrumental; useful &c. 644; ministerial, subservient, mediatorial^†; intermediate, intervening; conducive.

Adv. through, by, per; whereby, thereby, hereby; by the agency of &c. 170; by dint of; by virtue of, in virtue of; through the medium of &c. n.; along with; on the shoulders of; by means of &c. 632; by the aid of, with the aid of &c. (assistance) 707.

per fas et nefas[Lat], by fair means or foul; somehow, somehow or other; by hook or by crook.

632. Means

N. means, resources, wherewithal, ways and means; capital &c. (money) 800; revenue; stock in trade &c. 636; provision &c. 637; a shot in the locker; appliances &c. (machinery) 633; means and appliances; conveniences; cards to play; expedients &c. (measures) 626; two strings to one's bow; sheet anchor &c. (safety) 666; aid &c. 707; medium &c. 631.

V. find means, have means, possess means &c. n.

Adj. instrumental &c. 631; mechanical &c. 633.

Adv. by means of, with; by what means, by all means, by any means, by some means; wherewith, herewith, therewith; wherewithal.

how &c. (in what manner) 627; through &c. (by the instrumentality of) 631; with the aid of, by the aid of &c. (assistance) 707; by the agency of &c. 170

633. Instrument

N. machinery, mechanism, engineering.

instrument, organ, tool, implement, utensil, machine, engine, lathe, gin, mill; air engine, caloric engine, heat engine. gear; tackle, tackling, rig, rigging, apparatus, appliances; plant, materiel; harness, trappings, fittings, accouterments; barde^†; equipment, equipmentage^†; appointments, furniture, upholstery; chattels; paraphernalia &c. (belongings) 780.

mechanical powers; lever, leverage; mechanical advantage; crow, crowbar; handspike^†, gavelock^†, jemmy^†, jimmy, arm, limb, wing; oar, paddle; pulley; wheel and axle; wheelwork, clockwork; wheels within wheels; pinion, crank, winch; cam; pedal; capstan &c. (lift) 307; wheel &c. (rotation) 312; inclined plane; wedge; screw; spring, mainspring; can hook, glut, heald^†, heddle^†, jenny, parbuckle^†, sprag^†, water wheel.

handle, hilt, haft, shaft, heft, shank, blade, trigger, tiller, helm, treadle, key; turnscrew, screwdriver; knocker.

hammer &c. (impulse) 276; edge tool &c. (cut) 253; borer &c. 262; vice, teeth, &c. (hold) 781; nail, rope &c. (join) 45; peg &c. (hang) 214; support &c. 215; spoon &c. (vehicle) 272; arms &c. 727; oar &c. (navigation) 267; cardiograph, recapper^†, snowplow, tenpenny^†, votograph^†.

Adj. instrumental &c. 631; mechanical, machinal^†; brachial[Med].

634. Substitute

N. substitute &c. 147; deputy &c. 759; badli^†.

635. Materials

N. material, raw material, stuff, stock, staple; adobe, brown stone; chinking; clapboard; daubing; puncheon; shake; shingle, bricks and mortar; metal; stone; clay, brick crockery &c. 384; compo, composition; concrete; reinforced concrete, cement; wood, ore, timber.

materials; supplies, munition, fuel, grist, household stuff pabulum &c. (food) 298; ammunition &c. (arms) 727; contingents; relay, reinforcement, reenforcement^†; baggage &c. (personal property) 780; means &c. 632; calico, cambric, cashmere.

Adj. raw &c. (unprepared) 674; wooden &c. n.; adobe.

636. Store

N. stock, fund, mine, vein, lode, quarry; spring; fount, fountain; well, wellspring; milch cow.

stock in trade, supply; heap &c. (collection) 72; treasure; reserve, corps de reserve, reserved fund, nest egg, savings, bonne bouche[Fr].

crop, harvest, mow, vintage.

store, accumulation, hoard, rick, stack; lumber; relay &c. (provision) 637.

storehouse, storeroom, storecloset^†; depository, depot, cache, repository, reservatory^†, repertory; repertorium^†; promptuary^†, warehouse, entrepot[Fr], magazine; buttery, larder, spence^†; garner, granary; cannery, safe-deposit vault, stillroom^†; thesaurus; bank &c. (treasury) 802; armory; arsenal; dock; gallery, museum, conservatory; menagery^†, menagerie.

reservoir, cistern, aljibar^†, tank, pond, mill pond; gasometer^†.

budget, quiver, bandolier, portfolio; coffer &c. (receptacle) 191.

conservation; storing &c. v.; storage.

V. store; put by, lay by, set by; stow away; set apart, lay apart; store treasure, hoard treasure, lay up, heap up, put up, garner up, save up; bank; cache; accumulate, amass, hoard, fund, garner, save.

reserve; keep back, hold back; husband, husband one's resources.

deposit; stow, stack, load; harvest; heap, collect &c. 72; lay in store &c.

Adj.; keep, file [papers]; lay in &c. (provide) 637; preserve &c. 670.

Adj. stored &c. v. ; in store, in reserve, in ordinary; spare, supernumerary.

Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit[Lat].

637. Provision

N. provision, supply; grist, grist for the mill; subvention &c. (aid) 707; resources &c. (means) 632; groceries, grocery.

providing &c. v.; purveyance; reinforcement, reenforcement^†; commissariat.

provender &c. (food) 298; ensilage; viaticum.

caterer, purveyor, commissary, quartermaster, manciple^†, feeder, batman, victualer, grocer, comprador[Sp], restaurateur; jackal, pelican; sutler &c. (merchant) 797^†.

grocery shop [U. S.], grocery store.

V. provide; make provision, make due provision for; lay in, lay in a stock, lay in a store.

supply, suppeditate|; furnish; find, find one in; arm.

cater, victual, provision, purvey, forage; beat up for; stock, stock with; make good, replenish; fill, fill up; recruit, feed.

have in store, have in reserve; keep, keep by one, keep on foot, keep on hand; have to fall back upon; store &c. 636; provide against a rainy day &c. (economy) 817.

638. Waste

N. consumption, expenditure, exhaustion; dispersion &c. 73; ebb; leakage &c. (exudation) 295; loss &c. 776; wear and tear; waste; prodigality &c. 818; misuse &c. 679; wasting &c. v.; rubbish &c. (useless) 645. mountain in labor.

V. spend, expend, use, consume, swallow up, exhaust; impoverish; spill, drain, empty; disperse &c. 73.

cast away, fool away, muddle away, throw away, fling away, fritter away,; burn the candle at both ends, waste; squander &c. 818.

" waste its sweetness on the desert air " [Gray]; cast one's bread upon the waters, cast pearls before swine; employ a steam engine to crack a nut, waste powder and shot, break a butterfly on a wheel; labor in vain &c. (useless) 645; cut blocks with a razor, pour water into a sieve.

leak &c. (run out) 295; run to waste; ebb; melt away, run dry, dry up.

Adj. wasted &c. v.; at a low ebb.

wasteful &c. (prodigal) 818; penny wise and pound foolish.

Phr. magno conatu magnas nugas[Lat]; le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle[Fr]; " idly busy rolls their world away " [Goldsmith].

639. Sufficiency

N. sufficiency, adequacy, enough, withal, satisfaction, competence; no less; quantum sufficit[Lat], Q.S..

mediocrity &c. (average) 29.

fill; fullness &c. (completeness) 52; plenitude, plenty; abundance; copiousness &c. Adj.; amplitude, galore, lots, profusion; full measure; " good measure pressed down and running, over." luxuriance &c. (fertility) 168; affluence &c. (wealth) 803; fat of the land; "a land flowing with milk and honey"; cornucopia; horn of plenty, horn of Amalthaea; mine &c. (stock) 636.

outpouring; flood &c. (great quantity) 31; tide &c. (river) 348; repletion &c. (redundancy) 641; satiety &c. 869.

V. be sufficient &c. Adj.; suffice, do, just do, satisfy, pass muster; have enough &c. n.; eat. one's fill, drink one's fill, have one's fill; roll in, swim in; wallow in &c. (superabundance) 641 ; wanton.

abound, exuberate, teem, flow, stream, rain, shower down; pour, pour in; swarm; bristle with; superabound.

render sufficient &c. Adj.; replenish &c .(fill) 52.

Adj. sufficient, enough, adequate, up to the mark, commensurate, competent, satisfactory, valid, tangible.

measured; moderate &c. (temperate) 953.

full.&c. (complete) 52; ample; plenty, plentiful, plenteous; plenty as blackberries; copious, abundant; abounding &c. v.; replete, enough and to spare, flush; choke-full, chock-full; well-stocked, well-provided; liberal; unstinted, unstinting; stintless^†; without stint; unsparing, unmeasured; lavish &c. 641; wholesale.

rich; luxuriant &c. (fertile) 168; affluent &c. (wealthy) 803; wantless^†; big with &c. (pregnant) 161.

unexhausted^†, unwasted^†; exhaustless, inexhaustible.

Adv. sufficiently, amply &c. Adj.; full; in abundance &c. n. with no sparing hand; to one's heart's content, ad libitum, without stint.

Phr. " cut and come again " [Crabbe]; das Beste ist gut genug[Ger].

640. Insufficiency

N. insufficiency; inadequacy, inadequateness; incompetence &c. (impotence) 158; deficiency &c. (incompleteness) 53; imperfection &c. 651; shortcoming &c. 304; paucity; stint; scantiness &c. (smallness) 32; none to spare, bare subsistence.

scarcity, dearth; want, need, lack, poverty, exigency; inanition, starvation, famine, drought.

dole, mite, pittance; short allowance, short commons; half rations; banyan day.

emptiness, poorness &c. Adj.; depletion, vacancy, flaccidity; ebb tide; low water; " a beggarly account of empty boxes " [Romeo and Jul.]; indigence &c. 804; insolvency &c. (nonpayment) 808.

V. be insufficient &c. Adj.; not suffice &c. 639; come short of &c. 304 run dry.

want, lack, need, require; caret; be in want &c. (poor) 804, live from hand to mouth.

render insufficient &c. Adj.; drain of resources, impoverish &c. (waste) 638; stint &c. (begrudge) 819; put on short allowance.

do insufficiently &c. adv.; scotch the snake.

Adj. insufficient, inadequate; too little &c. 32; not enough &c. 639; unequal to; incompetent &c. (impotent) 158; " weighed in the balance and found wanting "; perfunctory &c. (neglect) 460; deficient &c. (incomplete) 53; wanting, &c. v.; imperfect &c. 651; ill-furnished, ill-provided, ill- stored, ill-off.

slack, at a low ebb; empty, vacant, bare; short of, out of, destitute of, devoid of , bereft of &c. 789; denuded of; dry, drained.

unprovided, unsupplied^†, unfurnished; unreplenished, unfed^†; unstored^†, untreasured^†; empty-handed.

meager, poor, thin, scrimp, sparing, spare, stinted; starved, starving; halfstarved, famine-stricken, famished; jejune.

scant &c. (small) 32; scarce; not to be had, not to be had for love or money, not to be had at any price; scurvy; stingy &c. 819; at the end of one's tether; without resources &c. 632; in want &c. (poor) 804; in debt &c. 806.

Adv. insufficiently &c. Adj.; in default of, for want of; failing.

Phr. semper avarus eget [Lat][Horace].

641. Redundancy

N. redundancy, redundance^†; too much, too many; superabundance, superfluity, superfluence|, saturation; nimiety^†, transcendency, exuberance, profuseness; profusion &c. (plenty) 639; repletion, enough in all conscience, satis superque[Lat], lion's share; more than enough &c. 639; plethora, engorgement, congestion, load, surfeit, sickener^†; turgescence &c. (expansion) 194^†; overdose, overmeasure^†, oversupply, overflow; inundation &c. (water) 348; avalanche.

accumulation &c. (store) 636; heap &c. 72; drug, drug in the market; glut; crowd; burden.

excess; surplus, overplus^†; epact^†; margin; remainder &c. 40; duplicate; surplusage^†, expletive; work of supererogation; bonus, bonanza.

luxury; intemperance &c. 954; extravagance &c. (prodigality) 818; exorbitance, lavishment^†.

pleonasm &c. (diffuseness) 573; too many irons in the fire; embarras de richesses[Fr].

V. superabound, overabound^†; know no bounds, swarm; meet one at every turn; creep with, crawl with, bristle with; overflow; run over, flow over, well over, brim over; run riot; overrun, overstock, overlay, overcharge, overdose, overfeed, overburden, overload, overdo, overwhelm, overshoot the mark &c. (go beyond) 303; surcharge, supersaturate, gorge, glut, load, drench, whelm, inundate, deluge, flood; drug, drug the market; hepatize^†.

choke, cloy, accloy^†, suffocate; pile up, lay on thick; impregnate with; lavish &c. (squander) 818.

send coals to Newcastle, carry coals to Newcastle, carry owls to Athens^†; teach one's grandmother to suck eggs; pisces natare docere[Lat];.kill the slain, " gild refined gold", "gild the lily", butter one's bread on both sides, put butter upon bacon; employ a steam engine to crack a nut &c. (waste) 638.

exaggerate &c. 549; wallow in roll in &c. (plenty) 639 remain on one's hands, hang heavy on hand, go a begging.

Adj. redundant; too much, too many; exuberant, inordinate, superabundant, excessive, overmuch, replete, profuse, lavish; prodigal &c. 818; exorbitant; overweening; extravagant; overcharged &c. v.; supersaturated, drenched, overflowing; running over, running to waste, running down.

crammed to overflowing, filled to overflowing; gorged, ready to burst; dropsical, turgid, plethoric; obese &c. 194.

superfluous, unnecessary, needless, supervacaneous|, uncalled for, to spare, in excess; over and above &c. (remainder) 40; de trop[Fr]; adscititious &c. (additional) 37; supernumerary &c. (reserve) 636; on one's hands, spare, duplicate, supererogatory, expletive; un peu fort[Fr].

Adv. over, too, over and above; overmuch, too much; too far; without measure, beyond measure, out of measure; with . . . to spare; over head and ears; up to one's eyes, up to one's ears; extra; beyond the mark &c. (transcursion) 303; acervatim [Lat].

Phr. it never rains but it pours; fortuna multis dat nimium nulli satis [Lat].

Degree of Subservience

642. Importance

N. importance, consequence, moment, prominence, consideration, mark, materialness.

import, significance, concern; emphasis, interest.

greatness &c. 31; superiority &c. 33; notability &c. (repute) 873; weight &c. (influence) 175; value &c. (goodness) 648; usefulness &c. 644.

gravity, seriousness, solemnity; no joke, no laughing matter; pressure, urgency, stress; matter of life and death.

memorabilia, notabilia^†, great doings; red-letter day.

great thing, great point; main chance, "the be all and the end all " [Macbeth]; cardinal point; substance, gist &c. (essence) 5; sum and substance, gravamen, head and front; important part, principal part, prominent part, essential part; half the battle; sine qua non; breath of one's nostrils &c. (life) 359;cream, salt, core, kernel, heart, nucleus; keynote, keystone; corner stone; trump card &c. (device) 626; salient points.

top sawyer, first fiddle, prima donna[Sp], chief; triton among the minnows; " it" [U.S.].

V. be important &c. adj., be somebody, be something; import, signify, matter, boot, be an object; carry weight &c. (influence) 175; make a figure &c. (repute) 873; be in the ascendant, come to the front, lead the way, take the lead, play first fiddle, throw all else into the shade; lie at the root of; deserve notice, merit notice, be worthy of notice, be worthy of regard, be worthy of consideration.

attach importance to, ascribe importance to, give importance to &c. n.; value, care for, set store upon, set store by; mark &c. 550; mark with a white stone, underline; write in italics, put in italics, print in italics, print in capitals,print in large letters, put in large type, put in letters. of gold; accentuate, emphasize, lay stress on.

make a fuss about, make a fuss over, make a stir about, make a piece of work about[Fr], make much ado about; make much ado of,make much of.

Adj. important; of importance &c. n.; momentous, material; to the point; not to be overlooked, not to be despised, not to be sneezed at; egregious; weighty &c. (influential) 175; of note &c. (repute) 873; notable, prominent, salient, signal; memorable, remarkable; unforgettable; worthy of remark, worthy of notice; never to be forgotten; stirring, eventful.

grave, serious, earnest, noble, grand, solemn, impressive, commanding, imposing.

urgent, pressing, critical, instant.

paramount, essential, vital, all-absorbing, radical, cardinal, chief, main, prime, primary, principal, leading, capital, foremost, overruling; of vital &c. importance.

in the front rank, first-rate; superior &c. 33; considerable &c. (great) 31; marked &c. v.; rare &c. 137.

significant, telling, trenchant, emphatic, pregnant; tanti[Lat].

Adv. materially &c. adj.; in the main; above all, <gr kat="" exochin="" gr="">, par excellence, to crown all, to beat all.

Phr. expende Hannibalem![Lat] [Juvenal]. </gr>

643. Unimportance

N. unimportance, insignificance, nothingness, immateriality.

triviality, levity, frivolity; paltriness &c. Adj.; poverty; smallness &c. 32; vanity &c. (uselessness) 645; matter of indifference &c. 866; no object.

nothing, nothing to signify,, nothing worth speaking of, nothing particular, nothing to boast of, nothing to speak of; small matter, no great matter, trifling matter &c. Adj.; mere joke, mere nothing; hardly anything; scarcely anything; nonentity, small beer, cipher; no great shakes, peu de chose[Fr]; child's play, kinderspiel.

toy, plaything, popgun, paper pellet, gimcrack, gewgaw, bauble, trinket, bagatelle, Rickshaw, knickknack, whim-wham, trifle, " trifles light as air "; yankee notions [U. S.].

trumpery, trash, rubbish, stuff, fatras^†, frippery; " leather or prunello "; chaff, drug, froth bubble smoke, cobweb; weed; refuse &c. (inutility) 645; scum &c. (dirt) 653.

joke, jest, snap of the fingers; fudge &c. (unmeaning) 517; fiddlestick^†, fiddlestick end^†; pack of nonsense, mere farce.

straw, pin, fig, button, rush; bulrush, feather, halfpenny, farthing, brass farthing, doit^†, peppercorn, jot, rap, pinch of snuff, old son,; cent, mill, picayune, pistareen^†, red cent [U.S.].

minutiae, details, minor details, small fry; dust in the balance, feather in the scale, drop in the ocean, flea-bite, molehill.

nine days' wonder, ridiculus mus[Lat]; flash in the pan &c. (impotence) 158; much ado about nothing &c. (overestimation) 482.

V. be unimportant &c. Adj.; not matter &c. 642; go for nothing, matter nothing, signify nothing, matter little, matter little or nothing; not matter a straw &c. n.

make light of &c. (underestimate) 483; catch at straws &c. (overestimate) 482.

Adj. unimportant; of little account, of small account, of no account, of little importance, of no importance &c. 642; immaterial; unessential, nonessential; indifferent.

subordinate &c. (inferior) 34; mediocre &c. (average) 29; passable, fair, respectable, tolerable, commonplace; uneventful, mere, common; ordinary &c. (habitual) 613; inconsiderable, so-so, insignificant, inappreciable.

trifling, trivial; slight, slender, light, flimsy, frothy, idle; puerile &c. (foolish) 499; airy, shallow; weak &c. 160; powerless &c. 158; frivolous, petty, niggling; piddling, peddling; fribble^†, inane, ridiculous, farcical; finical, finikin^†; fiddle-faddle, fingle- fangle^†, namby-pamby, wishy-washy, milk and water.

poor, paltry, pitiful; contemptible &c. (contempt) 930; sorry, mean, meager, shabby, miserable, wretched, vile, scrubby, scrannel^†, weedy, niggardly, scurvy, putid^†, beggarly, worthless, twopennyhalfpenny, cheap, trashy, catchpenny, gimcrack, trumpery; one-horse [U. S.]. not worth the pains, not worth while, not worth mentioning, not worth speaking of, not worth a thought, not worth a curse, not worth a straw &c. n.;1 beneath notice, unworthy of notice, beneath regard, unworthy of regard, beneath consideration, unworthy of consideration; de lana caprina[It]^†; vain &c. (useless) 645.

Adv. slightly &c. adj.; rather, somewhat, pretty well, tolerably. for aught one cares.

Int. no matter! pish! tush! tut! pshaw! pugh! pooh,pooh-pooh! fudge! bosh! humbug! fiddlestick^†, fiddlestick end^†! fiddlededee! never mind! n'importe[Fr]! what signifies it, what boots it, what of it, what of that, what matter, what's the odds, a fig for' stuff and nonsense, stuff! nonsense!

Phr. magno conatu magnas nugas[Lat]; le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle[Fr]; it matters not, it does not signify; it is of no consequence, it is of no importance; elephantus non capit murem[Lat]; tempete dans un verre d'eau[Fr].

644. Utility

N. utility; usefulness &c. adj.; efficacy, efficiency, adequacy; service, use, stead, avail; help &c. (aid) 707; applicability &c. adj.; subservience &c. (instrumentality) 631; function &c. (business) 625; value; worth &c. (goodness) 648; money's worth; productiveness &c. 168; cui bono &c. (intention) 620[Lat]; utilization &c. (use) 677 step in the right direction.

common weal; commonwealth public good, public interest; utilitarianism &c. (philanthropy) 910.

V. be useful &c. adj.; avail, serve; subserve &c. (be instrumental to) 631; conduce &c. (tend) 176; answer , serve one's turn, answer a purpose, serve a purpose.

act a part &c. (action) 680; perform a function, discharge a function &c.; render a service, render good service, render yeoman's service; bestead^†, stand one in good stead be the making of; help &c. 707.

bear fruit &c. (produce) 161; bring grist to the mill; profit, remunerate; benefit &c. (do good) 648.

find one's account in, find one's advantage in; reap the benefit of &c. (be better for) 658. render useful &c. (use) 677.

Adj. useful; of use &c. n.; serviceable, proficuous|, good for; subservient &c. (instrumental) 631.; conducive &c. (tending) 176; subsidiary &c. (helping) 707.

advantageous &c. (beneficial) 648; profitable, gainful, remunerative, worth one's salt; valuable; prolific &c. (productive) 168.

adequate; efficient, efficacious; effective, effectual; expedient &c. 646.

applicable, available, ready, handy, at hand, tangible; commodious, adaptable; of all work.

Adv. usefully &c. adj.; pro bono publico[Lat].

645. Inutility

N. inutility; uselessness &c. adj.; inefficacy^†, futility; ineptitude, inaptitude; unsubservience^†; inadequacy &c. (insufficiency) 640; inefficiency.&c. (incompetence) 158; unskillfulness &c. 699; disservice; unfruitfulness &c.(unproductiveness). 169; labor in vain, labor lost, labor of Sisyphus; lost trouble, lost labor; work of Penelope; sleeveless errand, wild goose chase, mere farce.

tautology &c. (repetition) 104; supererogation &c. (redundancy) 641.

vanitas vanitatum[Lat], vanity, inanity, worthlessness, nugacity^†; triviality &c. (unimportance) 643.

caput mortuum[Lat]^†, waste paper, dead letter; blunt tool.

litter, rubbish, junk, lumber, odds and ends, cast-off clothes; button top; shoddy; rags, orts^†, trash, refuse, sweepings, scourings, offscourings^†, waste, rubble, debris, detritus; stubble, leavings; broken meat; dregs &c. (dirt) 653; weeds, tares; rubbish heap, dust hole; rudera^†, deads^†.

fruges consumere natus &c. (drone) 683[Lat][Horace].

V. be useless &c. Adj.; go a begging &c. (redundant) 641; fail &c. 732.

seek after impossibilities, strive after impossibilities; use vain efforts, labor in vain, roll the stone of Sisyphus, beat the air, lash the waves, battre l'eau avec un baton[Fr], donner un coup d'epee dans l'eau[Fr], fish in the air, milk the ram, drop a bucket into an empty well, sow the sand; bay the moon; preach to the winds, speak to the winds; whistle jigs to a milestone; kick against the pricks, se battre contre des moulins[Fr]; lock the stable door when the steed is stolen, lock the barn door after the horse is stolen &c. (too late) 135; hold a farthing candle to the sun; cast pearls before swine &c. (waste) 638; carry coals to Newcastle &c. (redundancy) 641; wash a blackamoor white &c. (impossible) 471.

render useless &c. adj.; dismantle, dismast, dismount, disqualify, disable; unrig; cripple, lame &c. (injure) 659; spike guns, clip the wings; put out of gear.

Adj. useless, inutile, inefficacious, futile, unavailing, bootless; inoperative &c. 158; inadequate &c. (insufficient) 640; inservient|, unsubservient; inept, inefficient &c. (impotent) 158; of no avail &c. (use) 644; ineffectual &c. (failure) 732; incompetent &c. (unskillful) 699; " stale, flat and unprofitable"; superfluous &c. (redundant) 641; dispensable; thrown away &c. (wasted) 638; abortive &c. (immature) 674.

worthless, valueless, priceless; unsalable; not worth a straw &c. (trifling) 643 dear at any price.

vain, empty, inane; gainless^†, profitless, fruitless; unserviceable, unprofitable; ill-spent; unproductive &c. 169; hors de combat[Fr]; effete, past work &c. (impaired) 659; obsolete &c. (old) 124; fit for the dust hole; good for nothing; of no earthly use; not worth having, not worth powder and shot; leading to no end, uncalled for; unnecessary, unneeded.

Adv. uselessly &c. adj.; to little purpose, to no purpose, to little or no purpose.

Int. cui bono?[Lat]; what's the good!

Phr. actum ne agas[Lat]^†; chercher une aiguille dans une botte de foin^†[Fr]; tanto buon che val niente[It].

646. Expedience

[Specific subservience.]

N. expedience, expediency; desirableness, desirability &c. adj.; fitness &c. (agreement) 23; utility &c. 644; propriety; opportunism; advantage.

high time &c. (occasion) 134.

V. be expedient &c. Adj.; suit &c. (agree) 23; befit; suit the time, befit the time, suit the season, befit the season, suit the occasion, befit the occasion. conform &c. 82.

Adj. expedient; desirable, advisable, acceptable; convenient; worth while, meet; fit, fitting; due, proper, eligible, seemly, becoming; befitting &c. v.; opportune &c. (in season) 134; in loco; suitable &c. (accordant) 23; applicable &c. (useful) 644.

Adv. in the right place; conveniently &c. adj.

Phr. operae pretium est[Lat].

647. Inexpedience

N. inexpedience, inexpediency; undesirableness, undesirability &c. Adj.; discommodity^†, impropriety; unfitness &c. (disagreement) 24; inutility &c. 645; disadvantage.

V. be inexpedient &c. Adj.; come amiss &c. (disagree) 24; embarrass &c. (hinder) 706; put to inconvenience; pay too dear for one's whistle.

Adj. inexpedient, undesirable; unadvisable, inadvisable; objectionable; inapt, ineligible, inadmissible, inconvenient; incommodious, discommodious^†; disadvantageous; inappropriate, unfit &c. (inconsonant) 24.

ill-contrived, ill-advised; unsatisfactory; unprofitable &c., unsubservient &c. (useless) 645; inopportune &c. (unseasonable) 135; out of place, in the wrong place; improper, unseemly.

clumsy, awkward; cumbrous, cumbersome; lumbering, unwieldy, hulky^†; unmanageable &c. (impracticable) 704; impedient &c. (in the way) 706^†.

unnecessary &c. (redundant) 641.

Phr. it will never do.

648. Goodness

 [Capability of producing good. Good qualities.]

N. goodness &c. adj.; excellence, merit; virtue &c. 944; value, worth, price.

super-excellence, supereminence; superiority &c. 33; perfection &c. 650; coup de maitre[Fr]; masterpiece, chef d'ouvre[Fr], prime, flower, cream, elite, pick, A1, nonesuch, nonpareil, creme de la creme, flower of the flock, cock of the roost, salt of the earth; champion; prodigy.

tidbit; gem, gem of the first water; bijou, precious stone, jewel, pearl, diamond, ruby, brilliant, treasure; good thing; rara avis[Lat], one in a thousand.

beneficence &c. 906; good man &c. 948.

V. be beneficial &c. Adj.; produce good, do good &c. 618; profit &c. (be of use) 644; benefit; confer a benefit &c. 618.

be the making of, do a world of good, make a man of.

produce a good effect; do a good turn, confer an obligation; improve &c. 658.

do no harm, break no bones.

be good &c. adj.; excel, transcend &c. (be superior) 33; bear away the bell.

stand the proof, stand the test; pass muster, pass an examination.

challenge comparison, vie, emulate, rival.

Adj. harmless, hurtless^†; unobnoxious^†, innocuous, innocent, inoffensive.

beneficial, valuable, of value; serviceable &c. (useful) 644; advantageous, edifying, profitable; salutary &c. (healthful) 656.

favorable; propitious &c. (hope-giving) 858; fair.

good, good as gold; excellent; better; superior &c. 33; above par; nice, fine; genuine &c. (true) 494.

best, choice, select, picked, elect, recherche, rare, priceless; unparagoned^†, unparalleled &c. (supreme) 33; superlatively &c. 33; good; bully* , crackajack*^†, giltedged; superfine, superexcellent^†; of the first water; first-rate, first-class; high- wrought, exquisite, very best, crack, prime, tiptop, capital, cardinal; standard &c. (perfect) 650; inimitable.

admirable, estimable; praiseworthy &c. (approve) 931; pleasing &c. 829; couleur de rose[Fr], precious, of great price; costly &c. (dear) 814; worth its weight in gold, worth a Jew's eye; priceless, invaluable, inestimable, precious as the apple of the eye.

tolerable &c. (not very good) 651; up to the mark, unexceptionable, unobjectionable; satisfactory, tidy.

in good condition, in fair condition; fresh; sound &c. (perfect) 650.

Adv. beneficially &c. adj.; well &c. 618.

Phr. " Jewels five words long " [Tennyson]; " long may such goodness live! " [Rogers]; "the luxury of doing good " [Goldsmith].

649. Badness

 [Capability of producing evil. Bad qualities.]

N. hurtfulness &c. Adj^†.; virulence.

evil doer &c. 913; bane &c. 663; plague spot &c. (insalubrity) 657; evil star, ill wind; hoodoo; Jonah; snake in the grass, skeleton in the closet; amari aliquid[Lat]^†, thorn in the side.

malignity; malevolence &c. 907; tender mercies [ironically].

ill-treatment, annoyance, molestation, abuse, oppression, persecution, outrage; misusage &c. 679; injury &c. (damage) 659; knockout drops [U. S.].

badness &c. adj.; peccancy^†, abomination; painfulness &c. 830; pestilence &c. (disease) 655; guilt &c. 947; depravity &c. 945.

V. be hurtful &c. adj.; cause evil, produce evil, inflict evil, work evil, do evil &c. 619; damnify^†, endamage^†, hurt, harm; injure &c. (damage) 659; pain &c. 830.

wrong, aggrieve, oppress, persecute; trample upon, tread upon, bear hard upon, put upon; overburden; weigh down, weigh heavy on; victimize; run down; molest &c. 830.

maltreat, abuse; ill-use, ill-treat; buffet, bruise, scratch, maul; smite &c. (scourge) 972; do violence, do harm, do a mischief; stab, pierce, outrage.

do mischief, make mischief; bring into trouble. destroy &c. 162.

Adj. hurtful, harmful, scathful^†, baneful, baleful; injurious, deleterious, detrimental, noxious, pernicious, mischievous, full of mischief, mischief-making, malefic, malignant, nocuous, noisome; prejudicial; disserviceable^†, disadvantageous; wide-wasting.

unlucky, sinister; obnoxious; untoward, disastrous.

oppressive, burdensome, onerous; malign &c. (malevolent) 907.

corrupting &c. (corrupt &c. 659); virulent, venomous, envenomed, corrosive; poisonous &c. (morbific) 657^†; deadly &c. (killing) 361; destructive &c. (destroying) 162; inauspicious &c. 859.

bad, ill, arrant, as bad as bad can be, dreadful; horrid, horrible; dire; rank, peccant, foul, fulsome; rotten, rotten at the core.

vile, base, villainous; mean &c. (paltry) 643; injured &c. deteriorated &c. 659; unsatisfactory, exceptionable indifferent; below par &c. (imperfect) 651; illcontrived, ill-conditioned; wretched, sad, grievous, deplorable, lamentable; pitiful, pitiable, woeful &c. (painful) 830.

evil, wrong; depraved &c. 945; shocking; reprehensible &c. (disapprove) 932. hateful, hateful as a toad; abominable, detestable, execrable, cursed, accursed, confounded; damned, damnable; infernal; diabolic &c. (malevolent) 907.

unadvisable &c. (inexpedient) 647; unprofitable &c. (useless) 645; incompetent &c. (unskillful) 699; irremediable &c. (hopeless) 859.

Adv. badly &c. Adj. ; wrong, ill; to one's cost; where the shoe pinches.

Phr. bad is the best: the worst come to the worst; herba mala presto cresco [Lat]; "wrongs unredressed or insults unavenged " [Wordsworth].

650. Perfection

N. perfection; perfectness &c. adj.; indefectibility^†; impeccancy^†, impeccability.

pink, beau ideal, phenix, paragon; pink of perfection, acme of perfection; ne plus ultra[Lat]; summit &c. 210.

cygne noir[Fr]; philosopher's stone; chrysolite, Koh-i-noor.

model, standard, pattern, mirror, admirable Crichton; trump, very prince of.

masterpiece, superexcellence &c. (goodness) 648^†; transcendence &c. (superiority) 33.

V. be perfect &c. adj.; transcend &c. (be supreme) 33.

bring to perfection, perfect, ripen, mature; complete &,,c. 729; put in trim &c. (prepare) 673; maturate.

Adj. perfect, faultless; indefective^†, indeficient^†, indefectible; immaculate, spotless, impeccable; free from imperfection &c. 651; unblemished, uninjured &c. 659; sound, sound as a roach; in perfect condition; scathless^†, intact, harmless; seaworthy &c. (safe) 644; right as a trivet; in seipso totus teres atque rotundus [Lat][Horace]; consummate &c. (complete) 52; finished &c. 729.

best &c. (good) 648; model, standard; inimitable, unparagoned^†, unparalleled &c. (supreme) 33; superhuman, divine; beyond all praise &c. (approbation) 931; sans peur et sans reproche[Fr].

adv. to perfection; perfectly &c. adj.; ad unguem[Lat]; clean, - as a whistle.

phr. " let us go on unto perfection " [ Hebrews vi, 1]; " the perfection of art is to conceal art " [Quintilian].

651. Imperfection

N. imperfection; imperfectness &c. Adj.; deficiency; inadequacy &c. (insufficiency) 640; peccancy &c. (badness) 649^†; immaturity &c. 674.

fault, defect, weak point; screw loose; flaw &c. (break) 70; gap &c. 198; twist &c. 243; taint, attainder; bar sinister, hole in one's coat; blemish &c. 848; weakness &c. 160; half blood; shortcoming &c. 304; drawback; seamy side.

mediocrity; no great shakes, no great catch; not much to boast of; one-horse shay.

V. be imperfect &c. adj.; have a defect &c. n.; lie under a disadvantage; spring a leak.

not pass muster, barely pass muster; fall short &c. 304.

Adj. imperfect; not perfect &c. 650; deficient, defective; faulty, unsound, tainted; out of order, out of tune; cracked, leaky; sprung; warped &c. (distort) 243; lame; injured &c. (deteriorated) 659; peccant &c. (bad) 649; frail &c. (weak) 160; inadequate &c. (insufficient) 640; crude &c. (unprepared) 674; incomplete &c. 53; found wanting,; below par; short- handed; below its full strength, under its full strength, below its full complement.

indifferent, middling, ordinary, mediocre; average &c. 29; so-so; coucicouci, milk and water; tolerable, fair, passable; pretty well, pretty good; rather good, moderately good; good; good enough, well enough, adequate; decent; not bad, not amiss; inobjectionable^†, unobjectionable, admissible, bearable, only better than nothing.

secondary, inferior; second-rate, second-best; one-horse [U.S.].

Adv. almost &c.; to a limited extent, rather &c. 32; pretty, moderately, passing; only, considering, all things considered, enough.

Phr. surgit amari aliquid[Lat].

652. Cleanness

N. cleanness, cleanliness &c. adj.; purity; cleaning &c. v.; purification, defecation &c. v.; purgation, lustration^†; detersion^†, abstersion^†; epuration^†, mundation|; ablution, lavation^†, colature|; disinfection &c. v.; drainage, sewerage.

lavatory, laundry, washhouse^†; washerwoman, laundress, dhobi^†, laundryman, washerman^†; scavenger, dustman^†, sweep; white wings

brush[Local U. S.]; broom, besom^†, mop, rake, shovel, sieve, riddle, screen, filter; blotter.

napkin, cloth, maukin|, malkin|, handkerchief, towel, sudary^†; doyley^†, doily, duster, sponge, mop, swab.

cover, drugget^†.

wash, lotion, detergent, cathartic, purgative; purifier &c. v.; disinfectant; aperient^†; benzene, benzine benzol, benolin^†; bleaching powder, chloride of lime, dentifrice, deobstruent^†, laxative.

V. be clean, render clean &c. Adj.

clean, cleanse; mundify|, rinse, wring, flush, full, wipe, mop, sponge, scour, swab, scrub, brush up.

wash, lave, launder, buck; absterge|, deterge^†; decrassify^†; clear, purify; depurate^†, despumate^†, defecate; purge, expurgate, elutriate[Chem], lixiviate^†, edulcorate^†, clarify, refine, rack; filter, filtrate; drain, strain.

disinfect, fumigate, ventilate, deodorize; whitewash; castrate, emasculate.

sift, winnow, pick, weed, comb, rake, brush, sweep.

rout out, clear out, sweep out &c.; make a clean sweep of.

Adj. clean, cleanly; pure; immaculate; spotless, stainless, taintless; trig; without a stain, unstained, unspotted, unsoiled, unsullied, untainted, uninfected; sweet, sweet as a nut.

neat, spruce, tidy, trim, gimp, clean as a new penny, like a cat in pattens; cleaned &c. v.; kempt^†.

abstergent^†, cathartic, cleansing, purifying.

Adv. neatly &c. adj.; clean as a whistle.

653. Uncleanness

N. uncleanness &c. Adj.; impurity; immundity^†, immundicity^†; impurity &c. 961[of mind].

defilement, contamination &c. v.; defoedation|; soilure^†, soiliness|; abomination; leaven; taint, tainture|; fetor &c. 401^†. decay; putrescence, putrefaction; corruption; mold, must, mildew, dry rot, mucor, rubigo|.

slovenry^†; slovenliness &c. Adj. squalor.

dowdy, drab, slut, malkin^†, slattern, sloven, slammerkin|, slammock^†, slummock^†, scrub, draggle-tail, mudlark^†, dust- man, sweep; beast.

dirt, filth, soil, slop; dust, cobweb, flue; smoke, soot, smudge, smut, grit, grime, raff^†; sossle^†, sozzle^†.

sordes^†, dregs, grounds, lees; argol^†; sediment, settlement heeltap^†; dross, drossiness^†; mother|, precipitate, scoriae, ashes, cinders. recrement^†, slag; scum, froth.

hogwash; ditchwater^†, dishwater, bilgewater^†; rinsings, cheeseparings; sweepings &c. (useless refuse) 645; offscourings^†, outscourings^†; off scum; caput mortuum[Lat]^†, residuum, sprue, fecula[Lat], clinker, draff^†; scurf, scurfiness^†; exuviae[Lat], morphea; fur, furfur^†; dandruff, tartar.

riffraff; vermin, louse, flea, bug, chinch^†.

mud, mire, quagmire, alluvium, silt, sludge, slime, slush, slosh, sposh ^†[U. S.].

spawn, offal, gurry ^†[U. S.]; lientery^†; garbage, carrion; excreta &c. 299; slough, peccant humor, pus, matter, suppuration, lienteria^†; faeces, feces, , excrement, ordure, dung, crap[vulgar], shit[vulgar]; sewage, sewerage; muck; coprolite; guano, manure, compost.

dunghill, colluvies^†, mixen^†, midden, bog, laystall^†, sink, privy, jakes; toilet, john, head; cess^†, cesspool; sump, sough, cloaca, latrines, drain, sewer, common sewer; Cloacina; dust hole.

sty, pigsty, lair, den, Augean stable^†, sink of corruption; slum, rookery.

V. be unclean, become unclean &c. Adj.; rot, putrefy, ferment, fester, rankle, reek; stink &c. 401; mold, molder; go bad &c. adj.

render unclean &c. adj.; dirt, dirty; daub, blot, blur, smudge, smutch^†, soil, smoke, tarnish, slaver, spot, smear; smirch; begrease^†;.dabble, drabble^†, draggle, daggle^†; spatter, slubber; besmear &c., bemire, beslime^†, begrime, befoul; splash, stain, distain^†, maculate, sully, pollute, defile, debase, contaminate, taint, leaven;, corrupt &c. (injure) 659; cover with dust &c. n.; drabble in the mud^†; roil.

wallow in the mire; slobber, slabber^†.

Adj. dirty, filthy, grimy; unclean, impure; soiled &c. v.; not to be handled with kid gloves; dusty, snuffy^†, smutty, sooty, smoky; thick, turbid, dreggy; slimy; mussy [U.S.].

slovenly, untidy, messy, uncleanly.

[of people] unkempt, sluttish, dowdy, draggle-tailed; uncombed.

unscoured^†, unswept^†, unwiped^†, unwashed, unstrained, unpurified^†; squalid; lutose^†, slammocky^†, slummocky^†, sozzly^†.

nasty, coarse, foul, offensive, abominable, beastly, reeky, reechy^†; fetid &c. 401.

[of rotting living matter] decayed, moldy, musty, mildewed, rusty, moth-eaten, mucid^†, rancid, weak, bad, gone bad, etercoral^†, lentiginous^†, touched, fusty, effete, reasty^†, rotten, corrupt, tainted, high, flyblown, maggoty; putrid, putrefactive, putrescent, putrefied; saprogenic, saprogenous^†; purulent, carious, peccant; fecal, feculent; stercoraceous^†, excrementitious^†; scurfy, scurvy, impetiginous^†; gory, bloody; rotting &c. v.; rotten as a pear, rotten as cheese.

crapulous &c. (intemperate) 954^†; gross &c. (impure in mind) 961; fimetarious^†, fimicolous^†.

Phr. " they that touch pitch will be defiled " [Much Ado About Nothing].

654. Health

N. health, sanity; soundness &c. adj.; vigor; good health, perfect health, excellent health, rude health, robust health; bloom. mens sana in corpore sano[Lat]; Hygeia^†; incorruption, incorruptibility; good state of health, clean bill of health; eupepsia^†; euphoria, euphory^†; St. Anthony's fire^†.

V. be in health &c. adj. bloom, flourish.

keep body and soul together, keep on one's legs; enjoy good health, enjoy a good state of health; have a clean bill of health.

return to health; recover &c. 660; get better &c. (improve) 658; take a new lease of life, fresh lease of life; recruit; restore to health; cure &c. (restore) 660; tinker.

Adj. healthy, healthful; in health &c. n.; well, sound, hearty, hale, fresh, green, whole; florid, flush, hardy, stanch, staunch, brave, robust, vigorous, weatherproof.

unscathed, uninjured, unmaimed^†, unmarred, untainted; sound of wind and limb, safe and sound.

on one's legs; sound as a roach, sound as a bell; fresh as a daisy, fresh as a rose, fresh as April^†; hearty as a buck; in fine feather, in high feather; in good case, in full bloom; pretty bobbish^†, tolerably well, as well as can be expected.

sanitary &c. (health-giving) 656; sanatory &c. (remedial) 662^†.

Phr. " health that snuffs the morning air" [Grainger]; non est vivere sed valere vita [Lat][Martial].

655. Disease

N. disease; illness, sickness &c. adj.; ailing &c. " all the ills that flesh is heir to " [Hamlet]; morbidity, morbosity|; infirmity, ailment, indisposition; complaint, disorder, malady; distemper, distemperature^†.

visitation, attack, seizure, stroke, fit.

delicacy, loss of health, invalidation, cachexy^†; cachexia[Med], atrophy, marasmus^†; indigestion, dyspepsia; decay &c. (deterioration) 659; decline, consumption, palsy, paralysis, prostration.

taint, pollution, infection, sepsis, septicity^†, infestation; epidemic, pandemic, endemic, epizootic; murrain, plague, pestilence, pox.

sore, ulcer, abscess, fester, boil; pimple, wen &c. (swelling) 250; carbuncle, gathering, imposthume^†, peccant humor, issue; rot, canker, cold sore, fever sore; cancer, carcinoma, leukemia, neoplastic disease, malignancy, tumor; caries, mortification, corruption, gangrene, sphacelus^†, sphacelation^†, leprosy; eruption, rash, breaking out.

fever, temperature, calenture^†; inflammation.

ague, angina pectoris[Lat], appendicitis; Asiatic cholera^†, spasmodic cholera; biliary calculus, kidney stone, black death, bubonic plague, pneumonic plague; blennorrhagia^†, blennorrhoea^†; blood poisoning, bloodstroke^†, bloody flux, brash; breakbone fever^†, dengue fever, malarial fever, Q-fever; heart attack, cardiac arrest, cardiomyopathy[Med]; hardening of the arteries, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis; bronchocele[Med], canker rash, cardialgia[Med], carditis[Med], endocarditis[Med]; cholera, asphyxia; chlorosis, chorea, cynanche^†, dartre[Fr]; enanthem^†, enanthema^†; erysipelas; exanthem^†, exanthema; gallstone, goiter, gonorrhea, green sickness; grip, grippe, influenza, flu; hay fever, heartburn, heaves, rupture, hernia, hemorrhoids, piles, herpes, itch, king's evil, lockjaw; measles, mumps^†, polio; necrosis, pertussis, phthisis^†, pneumonia, psora^†, pyaemia^†, pyrosis[Med], quinsy, rachitis^†, ringworm, rubeola, St. Vitus's dance, scabies, scarlatina, scarlet fever, scrofula, seasickness, struma^†, syntexis^†, tetanus, tetter^†, tonsillitis, tonsilitis^†, tracheocele[Med], trachoma, trismus[Med], varicella[Med], varicosis[Med], variola[Med], water qualm, whooping cough; yellow fever, yellow jack.

fatal disease &c. (hopeless) 859; dangerous illness, galloping consumption, churchyard cough; general breaking up, break up of the system.

[Disease of mind] idiocy &c. 499; insanity &c. 503.

martyr to disease; cripple; " the halt the lame and the blind"; valetudinary^†, valetudinarian; invalid, patient, case; sickroom, sick- chamber.

[Science of disease] pathology, etiology, nosology^†.

[Veterinary] anthrax, bighead; blackleg, blackquarter^†; cattle plague, glanders^†, mange, scrapie, milk sickness; heartworm, feline leukemia, roundworms; quarter-evil, quarter-ill; rinderpest.

[disease-causing agents] virus, bacterium, bacteria.

[types of viruses] DNA virus; RNA virus.

[RNA viruses] rhinovirus; rhabdovirus; picornavirus.

[DNA viruses] herpesvirus; cytomegalovirus, CMV; human immunodefficiency virus, HIV.

V. be ill &c. adj.; ail, suffer, labor under, be affected with, complain of, have; droop, flag, languish, halt; sicken, peak, pine; gasp.

keep one's bed; feign sickness &c. (falsehood) 544.

lay by, lay up; take a disease, catch a disease &c. n., catch an infection; break out.

Adj. diseased; ailing &c. v.; ill, ill of; taken ill, seized with; indisposed, unwell, sick, squeamish, poorly, seedy; affected with illness, afflicted with illness; laid up, confined, bedridden, invalided, in hospital, on the sick list; out of health, out of sorts; under the weather [U. S.]; valetudinary^†.

unsound, unhealthy; sickly, morbid, morbose^†, healthless^†, infirm, chlorotic[Med], unbraced^†. drooping, flagging, lame, crippled, halting.

morbid, tainted, vitiated, peccant, contaminated, poisoned, tabid^†, mangy, leprous, cankered; rotten, rotten to the core, rotten at the core; withered, palsied, paralytic;dyspeptic; luetic^†, pneumonic, pulmonic[Med], phthisic^†, rachitic; syntectic^†, syntectical^†; tabetic^†, varicose.

touched in the wind, broken-winded, spavined, gasping; hors de combat &c. (useless) 645[Fr].

weakly, weakened &c. (weak) 160; decrepit; decayed &c. (deteriorated) 659; incurable &c. (hopeless) 859; in declining health; cranky; in a bad way, in danger, prostrate; moribund &c. (death) 360.

morbific &c. 657^†; epidemic, endemic; zymotic^†.

656. Salubrity

N. salubrity; healthiness &c. Adj. fine air, fine climate; eudiometer^†.

[Preservation of health] hygiene; valetudinarian, valetudinarianism; sanitarian; sanitarium, sanitOrium.

V. be salubrious &c. Adj.; agree with; assimilate &c. 23.

Adj. salubrious, salutary, salutiferous^†; wholesome; healthy, healthful; sanitary, prophylactic, benign, bracing, tonic, invigorating, good for, nutritious; hygeian^†, hygienic.

innoxious^†, innocuous, innocent; harmless, uninjurious, uninfectious.

sanative &c. (remedial) 662; restorative &c. (reinstate) 660; useful &c. 644.

657. Insalubrity

N. insalubrity; unhealthiness &c. Adj.; nonnaturals^†; plague spot; malaria &c. (poison) 663; death in the pot, contagion; toxicity.

Adj. insalubrious; unhealthy, unwholesome; noxious, noisome; morbific^†, morbiferous^†; mephitic, septic, azotic^†, deleterious; pestilent, pestiferous, pestilential; virulent, venomous, envenomed; poisonous, toxic, toxiferous^†, teratogenic; narcotic.

contagious, infectious, catching, taking, epidemic, zymotic^†; epizootic.

innutritious^†, indigestible, ungenial; uncongenial &c. (disagreeing) 24.

deadly &c. (killing) 361.

658. Improvement

N. improvement; amelioration, melioration; betterment; mend, amendment, emendation; mending &c. v.; advancement; advance &c. (progress) 282; ascent &c. 305; promotion, preferment; elevation &c. 307; increase &c. 35; cultivation, civilization; culture, march of intellect; menticulture^†; race-culture, eugenics.

reform, reformation; revision, radical reform; second thoughts, correction, limoe labor[Lat], refinement, elaboration; purification &c. 652; oxidation; repair &c. (restoration) 660; recovery &c. 660.

revise, new edition.

reformer, radical.

V. improve; be better, become better, get better; mend, amend.

advance &c. (progress) 282; ascend &c. 305; increase &c. 35; fructify, ripen, mature; pick up, come about, rally, take a favorable turn; turn over a new leaf, turn the corner; raise one's head, sow one's wild oats; recover &c. 660.

be better &c. adj., be improved by; turn to right account, turn to good account, turn to best account; profit by, reap the benefit of; make good use of, make capital out of; place to good account.

render better, improve, mend, amend, better; ameliorate, meliorate; correct; decrassify^†.

improve upon, refine upon; rectify; enrich, mellow, elaborate, fatten.

promote, cultivate, advance, forward, enhance; bring forward, bring on; foster &c. 707; invigorate &c. (strengthen) 159.

touch up, rub up, brush up, furbish up, bolster up, vamp up, brighten up, warm up; polish, cook, make the most of, set off to advantage; prune; repair &c. (restore) 660; put in order &c. (arrange) 60.

review, revise; make -corrections,make improvements &c. n.; doctor &c. (remedy) 662; purify,&c. 652.

relieve, refresh, infuse new blood into, recruit.

reform, remodel, reorganize; new model.

view in a new light, think better of, appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober.

palliate, mitigate; lessen an evil &c. 36 .

Adj. improving &c. v.; progressive, improved &c. v.; better, better off, better for; all the better for; better advised.

reformatory, emendatory^†; reparatory &c. (restorative) 660^†; remedial &c. 662.

corrigible, improvable; accultural^†.

adv. on consideration, on reconsideration, on second thoughts, on better advice; ad melius inquirendum[Lat].

phr. urbent latericiam invenit marmoream reliquit[Lat].

659. Deterioration

N. deterioration, debasement; wane, ebb; recession &c. 287; retrogradation &c. 283^†; decrease &c. 36.

degeneracy, degeneration, degenerateness; degradation; depravation, depravement; devolution; depravity &c. 945; demoralization, retrogression; masochism.

impairment, inquination|, injury, damage, loss, detriment, delaceration|, outrage, havoc, inroad, ravage, scath^†; perversion, prostitution, vitiation, discoloration, oxidation, pollution, defoedation|, poisoning, venenation|, leaven, contamination, canker, corruption, adulteration, alloy.

decline, declension, declination; decadence, decadency^†; falling off &c. v.; caducity^†, decrepitude.

decay, dilapidation, ravages of time, wear and tear; corrosion, erosion; moldiness, rottenness; moth and rust, dry rot, blight, marasmus^†, atrophy, collapse; disorganization; delabrement &c. (destruction)[Fr]. 162; aphid, Aphis, plant louse, puceron^†; vinefretter^†, vinegrub^†.

wreck, mere wreck, honeycomb, magni nominis umbra[Lat]; jade, plug, rackabones ^†[U. S.], skate [U. S.]; tackey^†, tacky [U. S.].

V. be worse, be deteriorated, become worse, become deteriorated &c. Adj.; have seen better days, deteriorate, degenerate, fall off; wane &c. (decrease) 36; ebb; retrograde &c. 283- decline, droop; go down &c. (sink) 306; go downhill, go from bad to worse, go farther and fare worse; jump out of the frying pan into the fire.

run to seed, go to seed, run to waste swale|, sweal|; lapse, be the worse for; sphacelate: break^†, break down; spring a leak, crack, start; shrivel &c. (contract) 195; fade, go off, wither, molder, rot, rankle, decay, go bad; go to decay, fall into decay; " fall into the sear and yellow leaf", rust, crumble, shake; totter, totter to its fall; perish &c. 162; die &c. 360.

[Render less good] deteriorate; weaken &c. 160; put back, set back; taint, infect, contaminate, poison, empoison^†, envenom, canker, corrupt, exulcerate|, pollute, vitiate, inquinate|; debase, embase|; denaturalize, denature, leaven; deflower, debauch, defile, deprave, degrade; ulcerate; stain &c. (dirt) 653; discolor; alloy, adulterate, sophisticate, tamper with, prejudice.

pervert, prostitute, demoralize, brutalize; render vicious &c. 945.

embitter, acerbate, exacerbate, aggravate.

injure, impair, labefy^†, damage, harm, hurt, shend|, scath|, scathe, spoil, mar, despoil, dilapidate, waste; overrun; ravage; pillage &c. 791.

wound, stab, pierce, maim, lame, surbate|, cripple, hough^†, hamstring, hit between wind and water, scotch, mangle, mutilate, disfigure, blemish, deface, warp.

blight, rot; corrode, erode; wear away, wear out; gnaw, gnaw at the root of; sap, mine, undermine, shake, sap the foundations of, break up; disorganize, dismantle, dismast; destroy &c. 162.

damnify &c. (aggrieve) 649^†; do one's worst; knock down; deal a blow to; play havoc with, play sad havoc with, play the mischief with, play the deuce with, play the very devil with, play havoc among, play sad havoc among, play the mischief among, play the deuce among, play the very devil among; decimate.

Adj. unimproved &c. (improve &c. 658); deteriorated &c. v.; altered, altered for the worse; injured &c. v.; sprung; withering, spoiling &c. v.; on the wane, on the decline; tabid^†; degenerate; marescent^†; worse; the worse for, all the worse for; out of repair, out of tune; imperfect &c. 651; the worse for wear; battered; weathered, weather-beaten; stale, passe, shaken, dilapidated, frayed, faded, wilted, shabby, secondhand, threadbare; worn, worn to a thread, worn to a shadow, worn to the stump, worn to rags; reduced, reduced to a skeleton; far gone; tacky [U. S.*].

decayed &c. v.; moth-eaten, worm-eaten; mildewed, rusty, moldy, spotted, seedy, time-worn, moss-grown; discolored; effete, wasted, crumbling, moldering, rotten, cankered, blighted, tainted; depraved &c. (vicious) 945; decrepid^†, decrepit; broke, busted, broken, out of commission, hors de combat[Fr], out of action, broken down; done, done for, done up; worn out, used up, finished; beyond saving, fit for the dust hole, fit for the wastepaper basket, past work &c. (useless) 645.

at a low ebb, in a bad way, on one's last legs; undermined, deciduous; nodding to its fall &c. (destruction) 162; tottering &c,. (dangerous) 665: past cure &c. (hopeless) 859; fatigued &c. 688; retrograde &c. (retrogressive) 283; deleterious &c. 649.

Phr. out of the frying pan into the fire; agrescit medendo[Latin]; "what a falling off was there! " [Hamlet].

660. Restoration

N. restoration, restoral; reinstatement, replacement, rehabilitation, reestablishment, reconstitution, reconstruction; reproduction &c. 163; renovation, renewal; revival, revivessence^†, reviviscence^†; refreshment &c. 689; resuscitation, reanimation, revivification, reviction|; Phenix; reorganization.

renaissance, second youth, rejuvenescence^†,. new birth; regeneration, regeneracy^†, regenerateness^†; palingenesis^†, reconversion.

redress, retrieval, reclamation, recovery; convalescence; resumption, resumption; sanativeness^†. recurrence &c. (repetition) 104; rechauffe[Fr], rifacimento[It].

cure, recure|, sanation|; healing &c. v.; redintegration^†; rectification; instauration^†.

repair, reparation, remanufacture; recruiting &c. v.; cicatrization; disinfection; tinkering.

reaction; redemption &c. (deliverance) 672; restitution &c. 790; relief &c. 834.

tinker, cobbler; vis medicatrix &c. (remedy) 662^†. curableness.

V. return to the original state; recover, rally, revive; come come to, come round, come to oneself; pull through, weather the storm, be oneself again; get well,get round, get the better of, get over, get about; rise from one's ashes, rise from the grave; survive &c. (outlive) 110; resume, reappear; come to, come to life again; live again, rise again.

heal, skin over, cicatrize; right itself.

restore, put back, place in statu quo[Lat]; reinstate, replace, reseat, rehabilitate, reestablish, reestate^†, reinstall.

reconstruct, rebuild, reorganize, reconstitute; reconvert; renew, renovate; regenerate; rejuvenate.

redeem, reclaim, recover, retrieve; rescue &c. (deliver) 672.

redress, recure^†; cure, heal, remedy, doctor, physic, medicate; break of; bring round, set on one's legs.

resuscitate, revive, reanimate, revivify, recall to life; reproduce &c. 163; warm up; reinvigorate, refresh &c. 689.

make whole, redintegrate^†; recoup &c. 790; make good, make all square; rectify, correct; put right, put to rights, set right, set to rights, set straight; set up; put in order &c. (arrange) 60; refit, recruit; fill up, fill up the ranks; reinforce.

repair; put in repair, remanufacture, put in thorough repair, put in complete repair; retouch, refashion, botch|, vamp, tinker, cobble; do up, patch up, touch up, plaster up, vamp up; darn, finedraw^†, heelpiece^†; stop a gap, stanch, staunch, caulk, calk, careen, splice, bind up wounds.

Adj. restored &c. v.; redivivus[Lat], convalescent; in a fair way; none the worse; rejuvenated.

restoring &c. v.; restorative, recuperative; sanative, reparative, sanatory^†, reparatory^†; curative, remedial.

restorable, recoverable, sanable^†, remediable, retrievable, curable.

Adv. in statu quo[Lat]; as you were. phr. revenons a nos moutons[Fr]; medecin[Fr], gueris-toi toi-meme[Fr]; vestigia nulla retrorsum [Lat][Horace].

661. Relapse

N. relapse, lapse; falling back &c. v.; retrogradation &c. (retrogression) 283^†; deterioration &c. 659.

[Return to, or recurrence of a bad state] backsliding, recidivation |; recidivism, recidivity^†; recrudescence.

V. relapse, lapse; fall back, slide back, sink back; return; retrograde &c. 283; recidivate; fall off again &c. 659 .

662. Remedy

N. remedy, help, cure, redress; medicine, medicament; diagnosis, medical examination; medical treatment; surgery; preventive medicine.

[medical devices] clinical thermometer, stethoscope, X-ray machine.

anthelmintic[Med]; antidote, antifebrile[Med], antipoison^†, counterpoison^†, antitoxin, antispasmodic; bracer, faith cure, placebo; helminthagogue^†, lithagogue^†, pick-meup, stimulant, tonic; vermifuge, prophylactic, corrective, restorative; sedative &c. 174; palliative; febrifuge; alterant^†, alterative; specific; antiseptic, emetic, analgesic, pain-killer, antitussive[Med], antiinflammatory[Med], antibiotic, antiviral[Med], antifungal[Med], carminative; Nepenthe, Mithridate.

cure, treatment, regimen; radical cure, perfect cure, certain cure; sovereign remedy.

examination, diagnosis, diagnostics; analysis, urinalysis, biopsy, radiology.

medicine, physic, Galenicals^†, simples, drug, pharmaceutical, prescription, potion, draught, dose, pill, bolus, injection, infusion, drip, suppository, electuary^†; linctus^†, lincture^†; medicament; pharmacon^†.

nostrum, receipt, recipe, prescription; catholicon^†, panacea, elixir, elixir vitae, philosopher's stone; balm, balsam, cordial, theriac^†, ptisan^†.

agueweed^†, arnica, benzoin, bitartrate of potash, boneset^†, calomel, catnip, cinchona, cream of tartar, Epsom salts[Chem]; feverroot^†, feverwort; friar's balsam, Indian sage; ipecac, ipecacuanha; jonquil, mercurous chloride, Peruvian bark; quinine, quinquina^†; sassafras, yarrow.

salve, ointment, cerate, oil, lenitive, lotion, cosmetic; plaster; epithem^†, embrocation^†, liniment, cataplasm^†, sinapism^†, arquebusade^†, traumatic, vulnerary, pepastic^†, poultice, collyrium^†, depilatory; emplastrum^†; eyewater^†, vesicant, vesicatory[Med].

compress, pledget^†; bandage &c. (support) 215.

treatment, medical treatment, regimen; dietary, dietetics; vis medicatrix^†, vis medicatrix naturae[Lat]^†; medecine expectante[Fr]; bloodletting, bleeding, venesection[Med], phlebotomy, cupping, sanguisae, leeches; operation, surgical operation; transfusion, infusion, intravenous infusion, catheter, feeding tube;

prevention, preventative medicine, immunization, inoculation, vaccination, vaccine, shot, booster, gamma globulin.

pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmaceutics; pharmacopoeia, formulary; acology^†, Materia Medica[Lat], therapeutics, posology^†; homeopathy, allopathy^†, heteropathy[Med], osteopathy, hydropathy[Med]; cold water cure; dietetics; surgery, chirurgery[Med], chirurgy^†; healing art, leechcraft^†;

orthopedics, orthopedy^†, orthopraxy^†; pediatrics; dentistry, midwifery, obstetrics, gynecology; tocology^†; sarcology^†.

hospital, infirmary; pesthouse^†, lazarhouse^†; lazaretto; lock hospital; maison de sante[Fr]; ambulance.

dispensary; dispensatory^†, drug store, pharmacy, apothecary, druggist, chemist.

Hotel des Invalides; sanatorium, spa, pump room, well; hospice; Red Cross.

doctor, physician, surgeon; medical practitioner, general practitioner, specialist ; medical attendant, apothecary, druggist; leech; osteopath, osteopathist^†; optometrist, ophthalmologist; internist, oncologist, gastroenterologist; epidemiologist[Med], public health specialist; dermatologist; podiatrist; witch doctor, shaman, faith healer, quack, exorcist; Aesculapius^†, Hippocrates, Galen; accoucheur[Fr], accoucheuse[Fr], midwife, oculist, aurist^†; operator; nurse, registered nurse, practical nurse, monthly nurse, sister; nurse's aide, candystriper; dresser; bonesetter; pharmaceutist^†, pharmacist, druggist, chemist, pharmacopolist^†.

V. apply a remedy &c. n.; doctor, dose, physic, nurse, minister to, attend, dress the wounds, plaster; drain; prevent &c. 706; relieve &c. 834; palliate &c. 658; restore &c. 660; drench with physic; bleed, cup, let blood; manicure.

operate, excise, cut out; incise.

Adj. remedial; restorative &c. 660; corrective, palliative, healing; sanatory^†, sanative; prophylactic, preventative, immunizing; salutiferous &c. (salutary) 656^†; medical, medicinal; therapeutic, chirurgical[Med], epulotic|, paregoric, tonic, corroborant, analeptic^†, balsamic, anodyne, hypnotic, neurotic, narcotic, sedative, lenitive, demulcent|, emollient; depuratory^†; detersive^†, detergent; abstersive^†, disinfectant, febrifugal^†, alterative; traumatic, vulnerary.

allopathic^†, heteropathic^†, homeopathic, hydropathic[Med]; anthelmintic[Med]; antifebrile[Med], antiluetic^†; aperient^†, chalybeate^†, deobstruent^†, depurative^†, laxative, roborant^†.

dietetic, alimentary; nutritious, nutritive; peptic; alexipharmic^†, alexiteric^†; remediable, curable.

phr. aux grands maux les grands remedes[Fr]; Dios que da la llaga da la medicina[Sp]; para todo hay remedio sino para la muerte[Sp]; temporis ars medicina fere est [Lat][Ovid]; " the remedy is worse than the disease " [Dryden]; " throw physic to the dogs, I'll none of it " [Macbeth].

663. Bane

N. bane, curse; evil &c. 619; hurtfulness &c. (badness) 649^†; painfulness &c. (cause of pain) 830; scourge &c. (punishment) 975; damnosa hereditas[Lat]; white elephant.

sting, fang, thorn, tang, bramble, brier, nettle.

poison, toxin; teratogen; leaven, virus venom; arsenic; antimony, tartar emetic; strychnine, nicotine; miasma, miasm^†, mephitis^†, malaria, azote^†, sewer gas; pest.

[poisonous substances, examples] Albany hemp^†, arsenious oxide, arsenious acid; bichloride of mercury; carbonic acid, carbonic gas; choke damp, corrosive sublimate, fire damp; hydrocyanic acid, cyanide, Prussic acid[ISA:chemsubcfp], hydrogen cyanide; marsh gas, nux vomica[Lat], ratsbane^†.

[poisonous plants] hemlock, hellebore, nightshade, belladonna, henbane, aconite; banewort^†, bhang, ganja^†, hashish; Upas tree.

[list of poisonous substances(on-line)] Toxline.

rust, worm, helminth[Med], moth, moth and rust, fungus, mildew; dry rot; canker, cankerworm; cancer; torpedo; viper &c. (evil doer) 913; demon &c. 980.

[Science of poisons] toxicology.

Adj. baneful &c. (bad) 649; poisonous &c. (unwholesome) 657.

phr. bibere venenum in auro[Lat].

Contingent Subservience

664. Safety

N. safety, security, surety, impregnability; invulnerability, invulnerableness &c. Adj.; danger past, danger over; storm blown over; coast clear; escape &c. 671; means of escape; blow valve, safety valve, release valve, sniffing valve; safeguard, palladium.

guardianship, wardship, wardenship; tutelage, custody, safekeeping; preservation &c. 670; protection, auspices.

safe-conduct, escort, convoy; guard, shield &c. (defense) 717; guardian angel; tutelary god, tutelary deity, tutelary saint; genius loci.

protector, guardian; warden, warder; preserver, custodian, duenna[Sp], chaperon, third person.

watchdog, bandog^†; Cerberus; watchman, patrolman, policeman; cop, dick, fuzz, smokey, peeler|, zarp|[all slang]; sentinel, sentry, scout &c. (warning) 668; garrison; guardship^†.

[Means of safety] refuge &c. anchor &c. 666; precaution &c. (preparation) 673; quarantine, cordon sanitaire[Fr]. confidence &c. 858[Sense of security].

V. be safe &c. Adj.; keep one's head above water, tide over, save one's bacon; ride out the storm, weather the storm; light upon one's feet, land on one's feet; bear a charmed life; escape &c. 671.

make safe , render safe &c. Adj.; protect; take care of &c. (care) 459; preserve &c. 670; cover, screen, shelter, shroud, flank, ward; guard &c. (defend) 717; secure &c. (restrain) 751; entrench, intrench^†, fence round &c. (circumscribe) 229; house, nestle, ensconce; take charge of.

escort, convoy; garrison; watch, mount guard, patrol.

make assurance doubly sure &c. (caution) 864; take up a loose thread; take precautions &c. (prepare for) 673; double reef topsails.

seek safety; take shelter, find shelter &c. 666.

Adj. safe, secure, sure; in safety, in security; on the safe side; under the shield of, under the shade of, under the wing of, under the shadow of one's wing; under cover, under lock and key; out of danger, out of the woods, out of the meshes, out of harm's way; unharmed, unscathed; on sure ground, at anchor, high and dry, above water; unthreatened^†, unmolested; protected &c. v.; cavendo tutus[Lat]; panoplied &c. (defended) 717^†.

snug, seaworthy; weatherproof, waterproof, fireproof.

defensible, tenable, proof against, invulnerable; unassailable, unattackable, impenetrable; impregnable, imperdible|; inexpugnable; Achillean^†.

safe and sound &c. (preserved) 670;scathless &c. (perfect) 650^†; unhazarded^†; not dangerous &c. 665.

unthreatening, harmless; friendly (cooperative) 709.

protecting, protective &c. v.; guardian, tutelary; preservative &c. 670; trustworthy &c 939.

adv. ex abundanti cautela[Lat]^†; with impunity.

phr. all's well; salva res est[Lat]; suave mari magno[Lat]; a couvert[Fr]; e terra alterius spectare laborem [Lat][Lucretius]; Dieu vous garde[Fr].

665. Danger

N. danger, peril, insecurity, jeopardy, risk, hazard, venture, precariousness, slipperiness; instability &c. 149; defenselessness &c. Adj. exposure &c. (liability) 177; vulnerability; vulnerable point, heel of Achilles^†; forlorn hope &c. (hopelessness) 859.

[Dangerous course] leap in the dark &c. (rashness) 863; road to ruin, faciles descensus Averni [Lat][Vergil], hairbreadth escape.

cause for alarm; source of danger &c. 667. rock ahead[Approach of danger], breakers ahead; storm brewing; clouds in the horizon, clouds gathering; warning &c. 668; alarm &c. 669.

[Sense of danger] apprehension &c. 860.

V. be in danger &c. Adj.; be exposed to danger, run into danger, incur danger, encounter danger &c. n.; run a risk; lay oneself open to &c. (liability) 177; lean on a broken reed, trust to a broken reed; feel the ground sliding from under one, have to run for it; have the chances against one, have the odds against one, face long odds; be in deep trouble, be between a rock and a hard place.

hang by a thread, totter; sleep on a volcano, stand on a volcano; sit on a barrel of gunpowder, live in a glass house.

bring in danger, place in danger, put in danger , place in jeopardy, put in jeopardy &c. n.; endanger, expose to danger, imperil; jeopard^†, jeopardize; compromise; sail too near the wind &c. (rash) 863.

adventure, risk, hazard, venture, stake, set at hazard; run the gauntlet &c. (dare) 861; engage in a forlorn hope.

threaten danger &c. 909; run one hard; lay a trap for &c. (deceive) 545.

Adj. in danger &c. n.; endangered &c. v.; fraught with danger; dangerous, hazardous, perilous, parlous, periculous|; unsafe, unprotected &c. (safe, protect &c. 664);insecure, . untrustworthy; built upon.sand, on a sandy basis; wildcat.

defenseless, fenceless, guardless^†, harborless; unshielded; vulnerable, expugnable^†, exposed; open to &c. (liable) 177.

aux abois[Fr], at bay; on the wrong side of the wall, on a lee shore, on the rocks.

at stake, in question; precarious, critical, ticklish; slippery, slippy; hanging by a thread &c. v.; with a halter round one's neck; between the hammer and the anvil, between Scylla and Charybdis, between a rock and a hard place, between the devil and the deep blue sea, between two fires; on the edge of a precipice, on the brink of a precipice, on the verge of a precipice, on the edge of a volcano; in the lion's den, on slippery ground, under fire; not out of the wood.

unwarned, unadmonished, unadvised, unprepared &c. 674; off one's guard &c. (inexpectant) 508^†.

tottering; unstable, unsteady; shaky, top-heavy, tumbledown, ramshackle, crumbling, waterlogged; helpless, guideless^†; in a bad way; reduced to the last extremity, at the last extremity; trembling in the balance; nodding to its fall &c. (destruction) 162. threatening &c. 909; ominous, illomened; alarming &c. (fear) 860; explosive.

adventurous &c. (rash) 863, (bold) 861.

Phr. incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim[Lat]; nam tua res agitur paries dum proximus ardet[Lat].

666. Refuge

[Means of safety.]

N. refuge, sanctuary, retreat, fastness; acropolis; keep, last resort; ward; prison &c. 752; asylum, ark, home, refuge for the destitute; almshouse^†; hiding place &c. (ambush) 530; sanctum sanctorum &c. (privacy) 893[Lat].

roadstead, anchorage; breakwater, mole, port, haven; harbor, harbor of refuge; seaport; pier, jetty, embankment, quay.

covert, cover, shelter, screen, lee wall, wing, shield, umbrella; barrier; dashboard, dasher [U.S.].

wall &c. (inclosure) 232; fort &c. (defense) 717.

anchor, kedge; grapnel, grappling iron; sheet anchor, killick^†; mainstay; support &c. 215; cheek &c. 706; ballast. jury mast; vent-peg; safety valve, blow-off valve; safety lamp; lightning rod, lightning conductor; safety belt, airbag, seat belt; antilock brakes, antiskid tires, snow tires.

means of escape &c. (escape) 671 lifeboat, lifejacket, life buoy, swimming belt, cork jacket; parachute, plank, steppingstone; emergency landing.

safeguard &c. (protection) 664.

V. seek refuge, take refuge, find refuge &c. n.; seek safety, find safety &c. 664; throw oneself into the arms of; break for taller timber [U. S.].

create a diversion.

Phr. any port in a storm; bibere venenum in auro[Lat]; valet anchora virtus^†.

667. Pitfall

[Source of danger.]

N. rocks, reefs, coral reef, sunken rocks, snags; sands, quicksands; syrt|, syrtis|; Goodwin sands, sandy foundation; slippery ground; breakers, shoals, shallows, bank, shelf, flat, lee shore, ironbound coast; rock ahead, breakers ahead.

precipice; maelstrom, volcano; ambush &c. 530; pitfall, trapdoor; trap &c. (snare) 545.

sword of Damocles; wolf at the door, snake in the grass, death in the pot; latency &c. 526.

ugly customer, dangerous person, le chat qui dort[Fr]; firebrand, hornet's nest.

Phr. latet anquis in herba [Lat][Vergil]; proximus ardet Ucalegon [Lat][Vergil].

668. Warning

N. warning, early warning, caution, caveat; notice &c. (information) 527; premonition, premonishment^†; prediction &c. 511; contraindication, lesson, dehortation^†; admonition, monition; alarm &c. 669.

handwriting on the wall, mene mene tekel upharsin, red flag, yellow flag; fog-signal, foghorn; siren; monitor, warning voice, Cassandra^†, signs of the times, Mother Cary's chickens^†, stormy petrel, bird of ill omen, gathering clouds, clouds in the horizon, death watch.

watchtower, beacon, signal post; lighthouse &c. (indication of locality) 550. sentinel, sentry,; watch, watchman; watch and ward; watchdog, bandog^†, housedog^†; patrol, patrolman, vedette^†, picket, bivouac, scout, spy, spial|; undercover agent, mole, plainclothesman; advanced guard, rear guard; lookout.

cautiousness &c. 864.

monitor, guard camera,

radar, AWACS, spy satellite, spy-in-the-sky, U2 plane, spy plane.

V. warn, caution; forewarn, prewarn^†; admonish, premonish^†; give notice, give warning, dehort^†; menace &c. (threaten) 909; put on one's guard; sound the alarm &c. 669; croak.

beware, ware; take warning, take heed at one's peril; keep watch and ward &c. (care) 459.

Adj. warning &c. v.; premonitory, monitory, cautionary; admonitory, admonitive^†; sematic[Biol].

warned, forewarned &c. v.; on one's guard &c. (careful) 459, (cautious) 864.

Adv. in terrorem[Lat] &c. (threat) 909.

Int. beware! ware! take care! look out! fore![golf], mind what you are about!, take care what you are about! mind!

Phr. ne reveillez pas le chat qui dort [French: don't wake a sleeping cat]; foenum habet in cornu[Lat]; caveat actor; le silence du people est la legon des rois[Fr]; verbum sat sapienti [Latin: a word to the wise is sufficient]; un averti en vaut deux[Fr].

669. Alarm

[Indication of danger.] 

N. alarm; alarum, larum^†, alarm bell, tocsin, alerts, beat of drum, sound of trumpet, note of alarm, hue and cry, fire cross, signal of distress; blue lights; war-cry, war- whoop; warning &c. 668; fogsignal, foghorn; yellow flag; danger signal; red light, red flag; fire bell; police whistle.

false alarm, cry of wolf; bug-bear, bugaboo.

V. give the alarm, raise the alarm, sound the alarm, turn in the alarm, beat the alarm, give an alarm, raise an alarm, sound an alarm, turn in an alarm, beat an alarm &c. n.; alarm; warn &c. 668; ring the tocsin; battre la generale[Fr]; cry wolf.

Adj. alarming &c. v.

Int. sauve qui peut[Fr]! [French: every man for himself]; qui vive? [Fr].

670. Preservation

N. preservation; safe-keeping; conservation &c. (storage) 636; maintenance, support, susteritation^†, conservatism; vis conservatrix^†; salvation &c. (deliverance) 672.

[Means of preservation] prophylaxis; preserver, preservative, additive; antibiotics, antifungals[Med], biocide; hygiastics^†, hygiantics^†; cover, drugget^†; cordon sanitaire[Fr]; canning; ensilage; tinned goods, canned goods.

[Superstitious remedies] snake oil, spider webs, cure-all; laetrile; charm &c. 993.

V. preserve, maintain, keep, sustain, support, hold; keep up, keep alive; refrigerate, keep on ice;not willingly let die; bank up; nurse; save, rescue; be safe, make safe &c. 664; take care of &c. (care) 459; guard &c. (defend) 717.

stare super antiquas vias [Lat][Bacon]; hold one's own; hold one's ground, stand one's ground &c. (resist) 719.

embalm, cure, salt, pickle, season, kyanize|, bottle, pot, tin, can; sterilize, pasteurize, radiate; dry, lyophilize[Chem], freeze-dry, concentrate, evaporate; freeze, quick-freeze, deep-freeze; husband &c. (store) 636.

Adj. preserving &c. v.; conservative; prophylactic; preservatory^†, preservative; hygienic.

preserved &c. v.; unimpaired, unbroken, uninjured, unhurt, unsinged^†, unmarred; safe, safe and sound; intact, with a whole skin.

Phr. nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat]^†.

671. Escape

N.escape, scape; avolation|, elopement, flight; evasion &c. (avoidance) 623; retreat; narrow escape, hairbreadth escape; close call; come off, impunity.

[Means of escape] loophole &c. (opening) 260; path &c. 627; refuse &c. 666; vent, vent peg; safety valve; drawbridge, fire escape.

reprieve &c. (deliverance) 672; liberation &c. 750. refugee &c. (fugitive) 623.

V. escape, scape; make one's escape, effect one's escape, make good one's escape; break jail; get off, get clear off, get well out of; echapper belle[Fr], save one's bacon, save one's skin; weather the storm &c. (safe) 664; escape scot-free.

elude &c., make off &c. (avoid) 623;. march off &c. (go away) 293; give one the slip; slip through the hands, slip through the fingers; slip the collar, wriggle out of prison, break out, break loose, break loose from prison; break away, slip away, get away; find vent, find a hole to creep out of.

disappear, vanish.

Adj..escaping, escaped &c. v. stolen away, fled.

Phr. the bird has flown the coop.

672. Deliverance

N. deliverance, extrication, rescue; reprieve, reprieval^†; respite; liberation &c. 750; emancipation; redemption, salvation; riddance; gaol delivery; redeemableness^†.

V. deliver, extricate, rescue, save, emancipate, redeem, ransom; bring off,bring through; tirer d'affaire[Fr], get the wheel out of the rut, snatch from the jaws of death, come to the rescue; rid; retrieve &c. (restore) 660; be rid of, get rid of.

Adj. saved &c. v. extricable, redeemable, rescuable.

Int. to the rescue!

3. Precursory Measures

673. Preparation

N. preparation; providing &c. v.; provision, providence; anticipation &c. (foresight) 510; precaution, preconcertation^†, predisposition; forecast &c. (plan) 626; rehearsal, note of preparation.

[Putting in order] arrangement &c. 60; clearance; adjustment &c. 23; tuning; equipment, outfit, accouterment, armament, array.

ripening &c. v.; maturation, evolution; elaboration, concoction, digestion; gestation, batching, incubation, sitting.

groundwork, first stone, cradle, stepping-stone; foundation, scaffold &c. (support) 215; scaffolding, echafaudage[Fr].

[Preparation of men] training &c. (education) 537; inurement &c. (habit) 613; novitiate; cooking[ Preparation of food], cookery; brewing, culinary art; tilling[ Preparation of the soil], plowing, sowing; semination^†, cultivation.

[State of being prepared] preparedness, readiness, ripeness, mellowness; maturity; un impromptu fait a loisir[Fr].

[Preparer] preparer, trainer; pioneer, trailblazer; avant- courrier[Fr], avant-coureur[Fr]; voortrekker[Afrikaans]; sappers and miners, pavior^†, navvy^†; packer, stevedore; warming pan.

V. prepare; get ready, make ready; make preparations, settle preliminaries, get up, sound the note of preparation. set in order, put in order &c. (arrange) 60; forecast &c. (plan) 626 prepare the ground, plow the ground, dress the ground; till the soil, cultivate the soil; predispose, sow the seed, lay a train, dig a mine; lay the groundwork, fix the groundwork, lay the basis, fix the basis, lay the foundations, fix the foundations; dig the foundations, erect the scaffolding; lay the first stone &c. (begin) 66.

roughhew; cut out work; block out, hammer out; lick into shape &c. (form) 240.

elaborate, mature, ripen, mellow, season, bring to maturity; nurture &c. (aid) 707; hatch, cook, brew; temper, anneal, smelt; barbecue; infumate|; maturate. equip, arm, man; fit-out, fit up; furnish, rig, dress, garnish, betrim^†, accouter, array, fettle, fledge; dress up, furbish up, brush up, vamp up; refurbish; sharpen one's tools, trim one's foils, set, prime, attune; whet the knife, whet the sword; wind up, screw up; adjust &c. (fit) 27; put in trim, put in train, put in gear, put in working order, put in tune, put in a groove for, put in harness; pack.

train &c. (teach) 537; inure &c. (habituate) 613; breed; prepare &c. for; rehearse; make provision for; take steps, take measures, take precautions; provide, provide against; beat up for recruits; open the door to &c. (facilitate) 705.

set one's house in order, make all snug; clear the decks, clear for action; close one's ranks; shuffle the cards.

prepare oneself; serve an apprenticeship &c. (learn) 539; lay oneself out for, get into harness, gird up one's loins, buckle on one's armor, reculer pour mieux sauter[Fr], prime and load, shoulder arms, get the steam up, put the horses to.

guard against, make sure against; forearm, make sure, prepare for the evil day, have a rod in pickle, provide against a rainy day, feather one's nest; lay in provisions &c. 637; make investments; keep on foot.

be prepared, be ready &c. Adj.; hold oneself in readiness, keep one's powder dry; lie in wait for &c. (expect) 507; anticipate &c. (foresee) 510; principiis obstare[Lat]; veniente occurrere morbo[Lat].

Adj. preparing &c. v.; in preparation, in course of preparation, in agitation, in embryo, in hand, in train; afoot, afloat; on foot, on the stocks, on the anvil; under consideration &c. (plan) 626; brewing, batching, forthcoming, brooding; in store for, in reserve.

precautionary, provident; preparative, preparatory; provisional, inchoate, under revision; preliminary &c. (precedent) 62.

prepared &c. v.; in readiness; ready, ready to one's band, ready made, ready cut and dried: made to one's hand, handy, on the table; in gear; in working order,in working gear; snug; in practice.

ripe, mature, mellow; pukka^†; practiced &c. (skilled) 698; labored, elaborate, highly-wrought, smelling of the lamp, worked up.

in full feather, in best bib and tucker; in harness, at harness; in the saddle, in arms, in battle array, in war paint; up in arms; armed at all points, armed to the teeth, armed cap a pie; sword in hand; booted and spurred.

in utrumque paratus[Lat], semper paratus[Lat]; on the alert &c. (vigilant) 459; at one's post.

Adv. in preparation, in anticipation of; against, for; abroach^†.

Phr. a bove majori discit arare minor[Lat]; "looking before and after " [Hamlet], si vis pacem para bellum[Lat].

674. Nonpreparation

N. non-preparation, absence of preparation, want of preparation; inculture|, inconcoction|, improvidence.

immaturity, crudity; rawness &c. Adj.; abortion; disqualification.

[Absence of art] nature, state of nature; virgin soil, unweeded garden; neglect &c. 460.

rough copy &c. (plan) 626; germ &c. 153; raw material &c. 635.

improvisation &c. (impulse) 612.

V. be unprepared &c. Adj.; want preparation, lack preparation; lie fallow; s'embarquer sans biscuits[Fr]; live from hand to mouth.

[Render unprepared] dismantle &c. (render useless) 645; undress &c. 226. extemporize, improvise, ad lib.

Adj. unprepared &c. [prepare &c. 673]; without preparation &c. 673; incomplete &c. 53; rudimental, embryonic, abortive; immature, unripe, kachcha^†, raw, green, crude; coarse; rough cast, rough hewn; in the rough; unhewn^†, unformed, unfashioned^†, unwrought, unlabored^†, unblown, uncooked, unboiled, unconcocted, unpolished.

unhatched, unfledged, unnurtured^†, unlicked^†, untaught, uneducated, uncultivated,. untrained, untutored, undrilled, unexercised; deckle-edged^†; precocious, premature; undigested, indigested^†; unmellowed^†, unseasoned, unleavened.

unrehearsed, unscripted, extemporaneous, improvised, spontaneous, ad lib, ad libitem [Latin].

fallow; unsown, untilled; natural, in a state of nature; undressed; in dishabille, en deshabille[Fr].

unqualified, disqualified; unfitted; ill-digested; unbegun, unready, unarranged^†, unorganized, unfurnished, unprovided, unequipped, untrimmed; out of gear, out of order; dismantled &c. v.

shiftless, improvident, unthrifty, thriftless, thoughtless, unguarded; happy-go-lucky; caught napping &c. (inexpectant) 508^†; unpremeditated &c. 612.

Adv. extempore &c. 612.

675. Essay

N. essay, trial, endeavor, attempt; aim, struggle, venture, adventure, speculation, coup d'essai[Fr], debut; probation &c. (experiment) 463.

V. try, essay; experiment &c. 463; endeavor, strive; tempt, attempt, make an attempt; venture, adventure, speculate, take one's chance, tempt fortune; try one's fortune, try one's luck, try one's hand; use one's endeavor; feel one's way, grope one's way, pick one's way.

try hard, push, make a bold push, use one's best endeavor; do one's best &c. (exertion) 686.

Adj. essaying &c. v.; experimental &c. 463; tentative, empirical, probationary.

Adv. experimentally &c. Adj.; on trial, at a venture; by rule of thumb. if one may be so bold.

Phr. aut non tentaris aut perfice [Lat][Ovid]; chi non s'arrischia non guadagna[Fr]^†.

676. Undertaking

N. undertaking; compact &c. 769; adventure, venture; engagement &c. (promise) 768; enterprise, emprise^†; pilgrimage; matter in hand &c. (business ) 625; move; first move &c. (beginning) 66.

V. undertake; engage in, embark in; launch into, plunge into; volunteer; apprentice oneself to; engage &c. (promise) 768; contract &c. 769; take upon oneself, take upon one's shoulders; devote oneself to &c. (determination) 604.

take up, take in hand; tackle; set about, go about; set to, fall to, set to work; launch forth; set up shop; put in hand, put in execution; set forward; break the neck of a business, be in, for; put one's hand to, put one's foot in; betake oneself to, turn one's hand to, go to do; begin &c. 66; broach, institute &c. one's (originate) 153; put one's hand to the plow, lay one's hand to the plow, put one's shoulder to the wheel.

have in hand &c. (business) 625; have many irons in the fire &c. (activity) 682.

Adj. undertaking &c. v.; on the anvil &c. 625.

Int. here goes!

677. Use

N. use; employ, employment; exercise, exercitation^†; application, appliance; adhibition^†, disposal; consumption; agency &c. (physical) 170; usufruct; usefulness &c. 644; benefit; recourse, resort, avail.

[Conversion to use] utilization, service, wear.

[Way of using] usage.

V. use,.make use of, employ, put to use; put in action, put in operation, put in practice; set in motion, set to work.

ply, work, wield, handle, manipulate; play, play off; exert, exercise, practice, avail oneself of, profit by, resort to, have recourse to, recur to, take betake oneself to; take up with, take advantage of; lay one's hands on, try.

render useful &c. 644; mold; turn to account, turn to use; convert to use, utilize; work up; call into play, bring into play; put into requisition; call forth, draw forth; press into service, enlist into the service; bring to bear upon, devote, dedicate, consecrate, apply, adhibit^†, dispose of; make a handle of, make a cat's-paw of.

fall back upon, make a shift with; make the most of, make the best of.

use up, swallow up; consume, absorb, expend; tax, task, wear, put to task.

Adj. in use; used &c. v.; well-worn, well-trodden.

useful &c. 644; subservient &c. (instrumental) 631.

678. Disuse

N. forbearance, abstinence; disuse; relinquishment &c. 782; desuetude &c. (want of habit) 614; disusage^†.

V. not use; do without, dispense with, let alone, not touch, forbear, abstain, spare, waive, neglect; keep back, reserve. lay up, lay by, lay on the shelf, keep on the shelf,lay up in ordinary; lay up in a napkin; shelve; set aside, put aside, lay aside; disuse, leave off, have done with; supersede; discard &c. (eject) 297; dismiss, give warning.

throw aside &c. (relinquish) 782; make away with &c. (destroy) 162; cast overboard , heave overboard , throw overboard; cast to the dogs, cast to the winds; dismantle &c. (Render useless) 645.

lie unemployed , remain unemployed &c. Adj.

Adj. not used &c. v.; unemployed, unapplied, undisposed of, unspent, unexercised, untouched, untrodden, unessayed^†, ungathered^†, unculled; uncalled for, not required.

disused &c. v.; done with.

679. Misuse

N. misuse, misusage, misemployment^†, misapplication, misappropriation.

abuse, profanation, prostitution, desecration; waste &c. 638.

V. misuse, misemploy, misapply, misappropriate.

desecrate, abuse, profane, prostitute: waste &c. 638; overtask, overtax, overwork: squander &c. 818.

cut blocks with a razor, employ a steam engine to crack a nut; catch at a straw.

Adj. misused &c. v.

Phr. ludere cum sacris[Lat].

Section III. Voluntary Action

1. Simple Voluntary Action

680. Action

N. action, performance; doing, &c. v.; perpetration; exercise, excitation; movement, operation, evolution, work; labor &c. (exertion) 686; praxis, execution; procedure &c. (conduct) 692; handicraft; business &c. 625; agency &c. (power at work) 170.

deed, act, overt act, stitch, touch, gest transaction^†, job, doings, dealings, proceeding, measure, step, maneuver, bout, passage, move, stroke, blow; coup, coup de main, coup d'etat[Fr]; tour de force &c. (display) 882; feat, exploit; achievement &c. (completion) 729; handiwork, workmanship; manufacture; stroke of policy &c. (plan) 626.

actor &c. (doer) 690.

V. do, perform, execute; achieve &c. (complete) 729; transact, enact; commit, perpetrate, inflict; exercise, prosecute, carry on, work, practice, play.

employ oneself, ply one's task; officiate, have in hand &c. (business) 625; labor &c. 686; be at work; pursue a course; shape one's course &c. (conduct) 692.

act, operate; take action, take steps; strike a blow, lift a finger, stretch forth one's hand; take in hand &c. (undertake) 676; put oneself in motion; put in practice; carry into execution &c. (complete) 729; act upon.

be an actor &c. 690; take a part in, act a part in, play a part in, perform a part in; participate in; have a hand in, have a finger in the pie; have to do with; be a party to, be a participator in; bear a hand, lend a hand; pull an oar, run in a race; mix oneself up with &c. (meddle) 682.

be in action; come into operation &c. (power at work) 170.

Adj. doing &c. v.; acting; in action; in harness; on duty; in operation &c. 170.

Adv. in the act, in the midst of, in the thick of; red-handed, in flagrante delicto[Lat]; while one's hand is in.

Phr. "action is eloquence" [Coriolanus]; actions speak louder than words; actum aiunt ne agas ^†[Lat][Terence]; "awake, arise, or be forever fall'n" [Paradise Lost]; dii pia facta vident [Lat][Ovid]; faire sans dire[Fr]; fare fac[It]; fronte capillata post est occasio calva[Lat]; " our deeds are sometimes better than our thoughts" [Bailey]; "the great end of life is not knowledge but action " [Huxley]; "thought is the soul of act" [R. Browning]; vivre-ce nest pas respirer c'est agir[Fr]^†; "we live in deeds not years" [Bailey].

681. Inaction

N. inaction, passiveness, abstinence from action; noninterference, nonintervention; Fabian policy, conservative policy; neglect &c. 460.

inactivity &c. 683; rest &c. (repose) 687; quiescence &c. 265; want of occupation, inoccupation^†; idle hours, time hanging on one's hands, dolce far niente[It]; sinecure, featherbed, featherbedding, cushy job, no- show job; soft snap, soft thing.

V. not do, not act, not attempt; be inactive &c. 683; abstain from doing, do nothing, hold, spare; not stir, not move, not lift a finger, not lift a foot, not lift a peg; fold one's arms, fold one's hands; leave alone, let alone; let be, let pass, let things take their course, let it have its way, let well alone, let well enough alone; quieta non movere[Lat]; stare super antiquas vias[Lat]^†; rest and be thankful, live and let live; lie rest upon one's oars; laisser aller[Fr], faire[Fr]; stand aloof; refrain &c. (avoid) 623 keep oneself from doing; remit one's efforts, relax one's efforts; desist &c. (relinquish) 624; stop &c. (cease) 142; pause &c. (be quiet) 265.

wait, lie in wait, bide one's time, take time, tide it over.

cool one's heels, kick one's heels; while away the time, while away tedious hours; pass the time, fill up the time, beguile the time; talk against time; let the grass grow under one's feet; waste time &c. (inactive) 683.

lie by, lie on the shelf, lie in ordinary, lie idle, lie to, lie fallow; keep quiet, slug; have nothing to do, whistle for want of thought.

undo, do away with; take down, take to pieces; destroy &c. 162.

Adj. not doing &c. v.; not done &c. v.; undone; passive; unoccupied, unemployed; out of employ, out of work; fallow; desaeuvre[Fr].

Adv. re infecta[Lat], at a stand, les bras croisis[Fr], with folded arms; with the hands in the pockets, with the hands behind one's back; pour passer le temps[Fr].

Int. so let it be! stop! &c. 142; hands off!

Phr. cunctando restituit rem "If it ain't broke don't fix it" [Lat][Bert Lance]; stare decisis [Latin: (Law) let the decision stand];.

682. Activity

N. activity; briskness, liveliness &c. adj.; animation, life, vivacity, spirit, dash, energy; snap, vim.

nimbleness, agility; smartness, quickness &c. adj.; velocity, &c. 274; alacrity, promptitude; despatch, dispatch; expedition; haste &c. 684; punctuality &c. (early) 132.

eagerness, zeal, ardor, perfervidum aingenium[Lat]^†, empressement[Fr], earnestness, intentness; abandon; vigor &c. (physical energy) 171; devotion &c. (resolution) 604; exertion &c. 686.

industry, assiduity; assiduousness &c. adj.; sedulity; laboriousness; drudgery &c. (labor) 686; painstaking, diligence; perseverance &c. 604a; indefatigation|; habits of business.

vigilance &c. 459; wakefulness; sleeplessness, restlessness; insomnia; pervigilium^†, insomnium^†; racketing.

movement, bustle, stir, fuss, ado, bother, pottering, fidget, fidgetiness; flurry &c. (haste) 684.

officiousness; dabbling, meddling; interference, interposition, intermeddling; tampering with, intrigue.

press of business, no sinecure, plenty to do, many irons in the fire, great doings, busy hum of men, battle of life, thick of the action.

housewife, busy bee; new brooms; sharp fellow, sharp blade; devotee, enthusiast, zealot, meddler, intermeddler, intriguer, busybody, pickthank^†; hummer, hustler, live man [U.S.], rustler * [U. S.].

V. be active &c. adj.; busy oneself in; stir, stir about, stir one's stumps; bestir oneself, rouse oneself; speed, hasten, peg away, lay about one, bustle, fuss; raise up, kick up a dust; push; make a push, make a fuss, make a stir; go ahead, push forward; fight one's way, elbow one's way; make progress &c. 282; toll &c. (labor) 686; plod, persist &c. (persevere) 604a; keep up the ball, keep the pot boiling.

look sharp; have all one's eyes about one &c. (vigilance) 459; rise, arouse oneself, hustle, get up early, be about, keep moving, steal a march, kill two birds with one stone; seize the opportunity &c. 134 lose no time, not lose a moment, make the most of one's time, not suffer the grass to grow under one's feet, improve the shining hour, make short work of; dash off; make haste &c. 684; do one's best take pains &c. (exert oneself) 686; do wonders, work wonders.

have many irons in the fire, have one's hands full, have much on one's hands; have other things to do, have other fish to fry; be busy; not have a moment to spare, not have a moment that one can call one's own.

have one's fling, run the round of; go all lengths, stick at nothing, run riot.

outdo; overdo, overact, overlay, overshoot the mark; make a toil of a pleasure.

have a hand in &c. (act in) 680; take an active part, put in one's oar, have a finger in the pie, mix oneself up with, trouble, one's head about, intrigue; agitate.

tamper with, meddle, moil; intermeddle, interfere, interpose; obtrude; poke one's nose in, thrust one's nose in.

Adj. active, brisk, brisk as a lark, brisk as a bee; lively, animated, vivacious; alive, alive and kicking; frisky, spirited, stirring.

nimble, nimble as a squirrel; agile; light-footed, nimble-footed; featly^†, tripping.

quick, prompt, yare^†, instant, ready, alert, spry, sharp, smart; fast &c. (swift) 274; quick as a lamplighter, expeditious; awake, broad awake; go-ahead, live wide-awake &c. (intelligent) 498[U.S.].

forward, eager, strenuous, zealous, enterprising, in earnest; resolute &c. 604.

industrious, assiduous, diligent, sedulous, notable, painstaking; intent &c. (attention) 457; indefatigable &c. (persevering) 604a; unwearied; unsleeping^†, never tired; plodding, hard-working &c. 686; businesslike, workaday.

bustling; restless, restless as a hyena; fussy, fidgety, pottering; busy, busy as hen with one chicken.

working, at work, on duty, in harness; up in arms; on one's legs, at call; up and doing, up and stirring.

busy, occupied; hard at work, hard at it; up to one's ears in, full of business, busy as a bee, busy as a one-armed paperhanger.

meddling &c. v.; meddlesome, pushing, officious, overofficious^†, intrigant^†.

astir, stirring; agoing^†, afoot; on foot; in full swing; eventful; on the alert, &c. (vigilant) 459.

Adv. actively &c. adj.; with life and spirit, with might and main &c. 686,with haste &c. 684, with wings; full tilt, in mediis rebus[Lat].

Int. be alive, look alive, look sharp! move on, push on! keep moving! go ahead! stir your stumps! age quod agis[Lat]! jaldi^†! karo^†! step lively!

Phr. carpe diem &c. (opportunity) 134[Latin: seize the day]; nulla dies sine linea [Latin][Pliny]; nec mora nec requies [Latin][Vergil]; the plot thickens; No sooner said than done &c. (early) 132; "veni vidi vici" [Lat][Suetonius]; catch a weasel asleep; abends wird der Faule fleissig ^†[German]; dictum ac factum [Lat][Terence]; schwere Arbeit in der Jugend ist sanfte Ruhe im Alter[German: hard work in youth means soft rest in age]; "the busy hum of men " [Milton].

683. Inactivity

N. inactivity; inaction &c. 681; inertness &c. 172; obstinacy &c. 606. lull &c. (cessation) 142; quiescence &c. 265; rust, rustiness.

idleness, remissness &c. adj.; sloth, indolence, indiligence^†; dawdling &c. v. ergophobia^†, otiosity^†.

dullness &c. adj.; languor; segnity|, segnitude|; lentor^†; sluggishness &c. (slowness) 275; procrastination &c. (delay) 133; torpor, torpidity, torpescence^†; stupor &c. (insensibility) 823; somnolence; drowsiness &c. adj.; nodding &c. v.; oscitation^†, oscitancy^†; pandiculation^†, hypnotism, lethargy; statuvolence heaviness^†, heavy eyelids.

sleep, slumber; sound sleep, heavy sleep, balmy sleep; Morpheus; Somnus; coma, trance, ecstasis^†, dream, hibernation, nap, doze, snooze, siesta, wink of sleep, forty winks, snore; hypnology^†.

dull work; pottering; relaxation &c. (loosening) 47; Castle of Indolence.

[Cause of inactivity] lullaby, sedative, tranquilizer, hypnotic, sleeping pill, relaxant, anaesthetic, general anaesthetic &c. 174; torpedo.

[person who is inactive] idler, drone, droil^†, dawdle, mopus^†; do-little faineant[Fr], dummy, sleeping partner; afternoon farmer; truant &c. (runaway) 623: bummer|!, loafer, goldbrick, goldbicker, lounger, lazzarone[It]; lubber, lubbard^†; slow coach &c. (slow.) 275; opium eater, lotus eater; slug; lag|!, sluggard, slugabed; slumberer, dormouse, marmot; waiter on Providence, fruges consumere natus[Lat].

V. be inactive &c. adj.; do nothing &c. 681; move slowly &c. 275; let the grass grow under one's feet; take one's time, dawdle, drawl, droil^†, lag, hang back, slouch; loll, lollop^†; lounge, poke, loaf, loiter; go to sleep over; sleep at one's post, ne battre que d'une aile[Fr]^†.

take it easy, take things as they come; lead an easy life, vegetate, swim with the stream, eat the bread of idleness; loll in the lap of luxury, loll in the lap of indolence; waste time, consume time, kill time, lose time; burn daylight, waste the precious hours.

idle away time, trifle away time, fritter away time, fool away time; spend time in, take time in; peddle, piddle; potter, pudder^†, dabble, faddle fribble^†, fiddle-faddle; dally, dilly-dally.

sleep, slumber, be asleep; hibernate; oversleep; sleep like a top, sleep like a log, sleep like a dormouse; sleep soundly, heavily; doze, drowze^†, snooze, nap; take a nap &c. n.; dream; snore one's best; settle to sleep, go to sleep, go off to sleep; doze off, drop off; fall asleep; drop asleep; close the eyes, seal up the eyes, seal up eyelids; weigh down the eyelids; get sleep, nod, yawn; go to bed, turn; get some z's, stack z's [coll.].

languish, expend itself, flag, hang fire; relax.

render idle &c. adj.; sluggardize^†; mitigate &c. 174.

Adj. inactive; motionless &c. 265; unoccupied &c. (doing nothing) 681 unbusied^†.

indolent, lazy, slothful, idle, lusk^†, remiss, slack, inert, torpid, sluggish, otiose, languid, supine, heavy, dull, leaden, lumpish^†; exanimate^†, soulless; listless; drony^†, dronish^†; lazy as Ludlam's dog.

dilatory, laggard; lagging &c. v.; slow &c. 275; rusty, flagging; lackadaisical, maudlin, fiddle-faddle; pottering &c. v.;shilly-shally &c. (irresolute) 605.

sleeping, &c. v.; asleep; fast asleep, dead asleep, sound asleep; in a sound sleep; sound as a top, dormant, comatose; in the arms of Morpheus, in the lap of Morpheus.

sleepy, sleepful^†; dozy^†, drowsy, somnolent, torpescent^†, lethargic, lethargical^†; somnifacient^†; statuvolent^†, statuvolic^†; heavy, heavy with sleep; napping; somnific^†, somniferous; soporous^†, soporific, soporiferous^†; hypnotic; balmy, dreamy; unawakened, unawakened.

sedative &c. 174.

Adv. inactively &c. adj.; at leisure &c. 685.

Phr. the eyes begin to draw straws; "bankrupt of life yet prodigal of ease" [Dryden]; " better 50 years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay" [Tennyson]; "idly busy rolls their world away " [Goldsmith]; "the mystery of folded sleep" [Tennyson]; "the timely dew of sleep" [Milton]; "thou driftest gently down the tides of sleep" [Longfellow]; "tired Nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep" [Young].

684. Haste

N. haste, urgency,; despatch, dispatch; acceleration, spurt, spirt^†, forced march, rush, dash; speed, velocity &c. 274; precipitancy, precipitation, precipitousness &c. adj.; impetuosity; brusquerie^†; hurry, drive, scramble, bustle, fuss, fidget, flurry, flutter, splutter.

V. haste, hasten; make haste, make a dash &c. n.; hurry on, dash on, whip on, push on, press on, press forward; hurry, skurry^†, scuttle along, barrel along, bundle on, dart to and fro, bustle, flutter, scramble; plunge, plunge headlong; dash off; rush &c. (violence) 173; express.

bestir oneself &c. (be active) 682; lose no time, lose not a moment, lose not an instant; make short work of; make the best of one's time, make the best of one's way.

be precipitate &c. adj.; jump at, be in haste, be in a hurry &c. n.; have no time, have not a moment to lose, have not a moment to spare; work against time.

quicken &c. 274; accelerate, expedite, put on, precipitate, urge, whip; railroad.

Adj. hasty, hurried, brusque; scrambling, cursory, precipitate, headlong, furious, boisterous, impetuous, hotheaded; feverish, fussy; pushing.

in haste, in a hurry &c. n.; in hot haste, in all haste; breathless, pressed for time, hard pressed, urgent.

Adv. with haste, with all haste, with breathless speed; in haste &c. adj.; apace &c. (swiftly) 274; amain^†; all at once &c. (instantaneously) 113; at short notice &c., immediately &c. (early) 132; posthaste; by cable, by express, by telegraph, by forced marches.

hastily, precipitately &c. adj.; helter-skelter, hurry-skurry^†, holus-bolus; slapdash, slap-bang; full-tilt, full drive; heels over head, head and shoulders, headlong, a corps perdu[Fr].

by fits and starts, by spurts; hop skip and jump.

Phr. sauve qui peut[French: every man for himself][panic], devil take the hindmost, no time to be lost; no sooner said than done &c. (early) 132; a word and a blow; haste makes waste, maggiore fretta minore atto [Italian]; ohne Hast aber ohne Rast [German][Goethe's motto]; "stand not upon the order of your going but go at once" [Macbeth]; "swift, swift, you dragons of the night" [Cymbeline].

685. Leisure

N. leisure; convenience; spare time, spare hours, spare moments; vacant hour; time, time to spare, time on one's hands; holiday, relaxation &c. (rest) 687; otium cum dignitate [Lat]^†[Cic.], ease.

no hurry; no big rush; no deadline.

V. have leisure &c. n.; take one's time, take one's leisure, take one's ease; repose &c. 687; move slowly &c. 275; while away the time &c. (inaction) 681; be master of one's time, be an idle man.

Adj. leisure, leisurely; slow &c. 275; deliberate, quiet, calm, undisturbed; at leisure, at one's ease, at loose ends, at a loose end.

Adv. unhurriedly, deliberately, without undue haste; anytime.

Phr. time hanging heavy on one's hands; eile mit Weile[Ger].

686. Exertion

N. exertion, effort, strain, tug, pull, stress, throw, stretch, struggle, spell, spurt, spirt^†; stroke of work, stitch of work.

"a strong pull a long pull and a pull all together"; dead lift; heft; gymnastics; exercise, exercitation^†; wear and tear; ado; toil and trouble; uphill work, hard work, warm work; harvest time.

labor, work, toil, travail, manual labor, sweat of one's brow, swink^†, drudgery, slavery, fagging^†, hammering; limae labor[Lat]; industry, industriousness, operoseness^†, operosity^†.

trouble, pains, duty; resolution &c. 604; energy &c. (physical) 171.

V. exert oneself; exert one's energies, tax one's energies; use exertion.

labor, work, toil, moil, sweat, fag, drudge, slave, drag a lengthened chain, wade through, strive, stretch a long arm; pull, tug, ply; ply the oar, tug at the oar; do the work; take the laboring oar

bestir oneself (be active) 682; take trouble, trouble oneself.

work hard; rough it; put forth one's strength, put forth a strong arm; fall to work, bend the bow; buckle to, set one's shoulder to the wheel &c. (resolution) 604; work like a horse, work like a cart horse, work like a galley slave, work like a coal heaver; labor day and night, work day and night; redouble one's efforts; do double duty; work double hours, work double tides; sit up, burn the candle at both ends; stick to &c. (persevere) 604a; work one's way, fight one's way,; lay about one, hammer at.

take pains; do one's best, do one's level best, do one's utmost; give one hundred percent, do the best one can, do all one can, do all in one's power, do as much as in one lies, do what lies in one's power; use one's best endeavor, use one's utmost endeavor; try one's best, try one's utmost; play one's best card; put one's best leg foremost, put one's right leg foremost; have one's whole soul in his work, put all one's strength into, strain every nerve; spare no efforts, spare no pains; go all lengths; go through fire and water &c. (resolution) 604; move heaven and earth, leave no stone unturned.

Adj. laboring &c. v.

laborious, operose^†, elaborate; strained; toilsome, troublesome, wearisome; uphill; herculean, gymnastic, palestric^†.

hard-working, painstaking; strenuous, energetic.

hard at work, on the stretch.

Adv. laboriously &c. adj.; lustily; pugnis et calcibus[Lat]; with might and main, with all one's might, with a strong hand, with a sledge hammer, with much ado; to the best of one's abilities, totis viribus[Lat], vi et armis[Lat], manibus pedibusque[Lat], tooth and nail, unguibus et rostro[Lat], hammer and tongs, heart and soul; through thick and thin &c. (perseverance) 604a.

by the sweat of one's brow, suo Marte.

Phr. aide-toi le ciel t'aidera[Fr];" and still be doing, never done" [Butler]; buen principio la mitad es hecha [Sp]; cosa ben fatta e' fatta due volie [It];" it is better to wear out than to rust out" [Bp. Hornel]; labor omnia vincit "labor, wide as the earth, has its summit in Heaven" [Lat][Vergil][Carlyle]; le travail du corps delivre des peines de l'esprit [Fr][fr]; manu forti[Lat]; ora et labora[Lat].

687. Repose

N. repose, rest, silken repose; sleep &c. 683.

relaxation, breathing time; halt, stay, pause &c. (cessation) 142; respite.

day of rest, dies non, Sabbath, Lord's day, holiday, red-letter day, vacation, recess.

V. repose; rest, rest and be thankful; take a rest, take one's ease, take it easy.

relax, unbend, slacken; take breath &c. (refresh) 689; rest upon one's oars; pause &c. (cease) 142; stay one's hand.

lie down; recline, recline on a bed of down, recline on an easy chair; go to rest, go to bed, go to sleep &c. 683.

take a holiday, shut up shop; lie fallow &c. (inaction) 681.

Adj. reposing &c. v[of people].; relaxed &c. v.; unstrained.

[of materials and people] unstressed.

Adv. at rest.

Phr."the best of men have ever loved repose" [Thompson]; "to repair our nature with comforting repose" [Henry VIII].

688. Fatigue

N. fatigue; weariness &c. 841; yawning, drowsiness &c. 683; lassitude, tiredness, fatigation|, exhaustion; sweat; dyspnoea.

anhelation, shortness of breath; faintness; collapse, prostration, swoon, fainting, deliquium[Lat], syncope, lipothymy^†; goneness^†.

V. be fatigued &c. adj.; yawn &c. (get sleepy) 683; droop, sink, flag; lose breath, lose wind; gasp, pant, puff, blow, drop, swoon, faint, succumb.

fatigue, tire, weary, irk, flag, jade, harass, exhaust, knock up, wear out, prostrate.

tax, task, strain; overtask, overwork, overburden, overtax, overstrain.

Adj. fatigued, tired &c. v.; weary &c. 841; drowsy &c. 683; drooping &c. v.; haggard; toilworn^†, wayworn:, footsore, surbated|, weather- beaten; faint; done up, used up, knocked up; bushed * [U.S.]; exhausted, prostrate, spent; overtired, overspent, overfatigued; unrefreshed^†, unrestored.

worn, worn out; battered, shattered, pulled down, seedy, altered.

breathless, windless; short of breath, out of breath, short of wind; blown, puffing and blowing; short-breathed; anhelose^†; broken winded, short-winded; dyspnaeal^†, dyspnaeic^†.

ready to drop, all in, more dead than alive, dog-weary, walked off one's legs, tired to death, on one's last legs, played out, hors de combat[Fr].

fatiguing &c v.; tiresome, irksome, wearisome; weary, trying.

689. Refreshment

N. bracing &c. v.; recovery of strength, recuperation &c. 159; restoration, revival &c. 660; repair, refection, refocillation|, refreshment, regalement^†, bait; relief &c. 834.

break, spell.

refreshment stand; refreshments; ice cream[list], cold soda, soda pop, hot dogs (food) .

V. brace &c. (strengthen) 159; reinvigorate; air, freshen up, refresh, recruit; repair &c. (restore) 660; fan, refocillate|; refresh the inner man.

breathe, respire; drink in the ozone; take a break, take a breather, take five, draw breath, take a deep breath, take breath, gather breath, take a long breath, regain breath, recover breath; get better, raise one's head; recover one's strength, regain one's strength, renew one's strength &c. 159; perk up, get one's second wind.

come to oneself &c. (revive) 660; feel refreshed, feel like a giant refreshed.

Adj. refreshing &c v.; recuperative &c. 660.

refreshed &c. v.; untired^†, unwearied.

690. Agent

N. doer, actor, agent, performer, perpetrator, operator; executor, executrix; practitioner, worker, stager.

bee, ant, working bee, termite, white ant; laboring oar, servant of all work, factotum.

workman, artisan; craftsman, handicraftsman; mechanic, operative; working man; laboring man; demiurgus, hewers of wood and drawers of water, laborer, navvy^†; hand, man, day laborer, journeyman, charwoman, hack; mere tool &c. 633; beast of burden, drudge, fag; lumper^†, roustabout.

maker, artificer, artist, wright, manufacturer, architect, builder, mason, bricklayer, smith, forger, Vulcan; carpenter; ganger, platelayer; blacksmith, locksmith, sailmaker, wheelwright.

machinist, mechanician, engineer.

sempstress^†, semstress^†, seamstress; needlewoman^†, workwoman; tailor, cordwainer^†.

minister &c. (instrument) 631; servant &c. 746; representative &c. (commissioner) 758, (deputy) 759.

coworker, party to, participator in, particeps criminis[Lat], dramatis personae[Lat]; personnel.

Phr. quorum pars magna fui [Lat][Vergil]; faber est quisque fortunae suae [Lat].

691. Workshop

N. workshop, workhouse, workplace, shop, place of business; manufactory, mill, plant, works, factory; cabinet, studio; office, branch office bureau, atelier.

hive[specific types of workplace: list], hive of industry; nursery; hothouse, hotbed; kitchen; , mint, forge, loom; dock, dockyard; alveary^†; armory; laboratory, lab, research institute; refinery; cannery; power plant; beauty parlor;beehive, bindery, forcing pit, nailery^†, usine^†, slip, yard, wharf; foundry, foundery^†; furnace; vineyard.

crucible, alembic, caldron, matrix.

Adj. at work, at the office, at the shop; working.

2. Complex Voluntary Action

692. Conduct

N. conduct[actions of an individual agent]; behavior; deportment, comportment; carriage, maintien^†, demeanor, guise, bearing, manner, observance.

dealing, transaction &c. (action) 680; business &c. 625.

tactics, game, game plan, policy, polity; generalship, statesmanship, seamanship; strategy, strategics^†; plan &c. 626.

management; husbandry; housekeeping, housewifery; stewardship; menage; regime; economy, economics; political economy; government &c. (direction) 693.

execution, manipulation, treatment, campaign, career, life, course, walk, race, record.

course of conduct, line of conduct, line of action, line of proceeding; role; process, ways, practice, procedure, modus operandi, MO, method of operating; method &c., path &c. 627.

V. transact[cause to occur], execute; despatch, dispatch; proceed with, discharge; carry on, carry through, carry out, carry into effect, put into effect; work out; go through, get through; enact; put into practice; do &c. 680; officiate &c. 625.

bear oneself, behave oneself, comport oneself, demean oneself, carry oneself, conduct oneself, acquit oneself.

run a race, lead a life, play a game; take a course, adopt a course; steer one's course, shape one's course; play one's paint, play one's cards, shift for oneself; paddle one's own canoe; bail one's own boat.

conduct; manage, supervise &c. (direct) 693.

participate &c. 680.

deal with, have to do with; treat, handle a case; take steps, take measures.

Adj. conducting &c. v. strategical, businesslike, practical, executive.

693. Direction

N. direction; management, managery^†; government, gubernation^†, conduct, legislation, regulation, guidance; bossism [U.S.]; legislature; steerage, pilotage; reins, reins of government; helm, rudder, needle, compass; guiding star, load star, lode star, pole star; cynosure.

supervision, superintendence; surveillance, oversight; eye of the master; control, charge; board of control &c. (council) 696; command &c. (authority) 737.

premiership, senatorship; director &c. 694; chair, portfolio.

statesmanship; statecraft, kingcraft^†, queencraft^†.

ministry, ministration; administration; stewardship, proctorship^†; agency.

[person who directs] director &c. 694.

V. direct, manage, govern, conduct; order, prescribe, cut out work for; bead, lead; lead the way, show the way; take the lead, lead on; regulate, guide, steer, pilot; tackle

[intransitive] take the helm, be at the helm; have the reins, handle the reins, hold the reins, take the reins; drive, tool.

superintend, supervise; overlook, control, keep in order, look after, see to, legislate for; administer, ministrate^†; matronize^†; have the care of, have the charge of; be in charge of, have charge of, take the direction; boss, boss one around; pull the strings, pull the wires; rule &c. (command) 737; have the direction, hold office, hold the portfolio; preside, preside at the board; take the chair, occupy the chair, be in the chair; pull the stroke oar.

Adj. directing &c. v.; hegemonic.

Adv. at the helm, at the head of.

694. Director

N. director, manager, governor, rector, comptroller.

superintendent, supervisor, straw boss;.

intendant; overseer, overlooker^†; supercargo^†, husband, inspector, visitor, ranger, surveyor, aedile^†; moderator, monitor, taskmaster; master &c. 745; leader, ringleader, demagogue, corypheus, conductor, fugleman^†, precentor^†, bellwether, agitator; caporal^†, choregus^†, collector, file leader, flugelman^†, linkboy^†.

guiding star &c. (guidance) 693; adviser &c. 695; guide &c. (information) 527; pilot; helmsman; steersman, steermate^†; wire- puller.

driver, whip, Jehu, charioteer; coachman, carman, cabman; postilion, vetturino^†, muleteer, arriero^†, teamster; whipper in.

head, head man, head center, boss; principal, president, speaker; chair, chairman, chairwoman, chairperson; captain &c. (master) 745; superior; mayor &c. (civil authority) 745; vice president, prime minister, premier, vizier, grand vizier, eparch^†.

officer, functionary, minister, official, red-tapist^†, bureaucrat; man in office, Jack in office; office bearer; person in authority &c. 745.

statesman, strategist, legislator, lawgiver, politician, statist|!, statemonger^†; Minos, Draco; arbiter &c. (judge) 967; boss [U.S.], political dictator.

board &c. (council) 696.

secretary, secretary of state; Reis Effendi; vicar &c. (deputy) 759; steward, factor; agent &c. 758; bailiff, middleman; foreman, clerk of works; landreeve^†; factotum, major-domo^†, seneschal, housekeeper, shepherd, croupier; proctor, procurator.

Adv. ex officio.

695. Advice

N. advice, counsel, adhortation|; word to the wise; suggestion, submonition|, recommendation, advocacy; advisement.

exhortation &c. (persuasion) 615; expostulation &c. (dissuasion) 616; admonition &c. (warning) 668; guidance &c. (direction) 693.

instruction, charge, injunction, obtestation^†; Governor's message, President's message; King's message, Queen's speech; message, speech from the throne.

adviser, prompter; counsel, counselor; monitor, mentor, Nestor, magnus Apollo[Lat]^†, senator; teacher &c. 540.

guide, manual, chart &c. (information) 527.

physician, doctor, leech|!, archiater^†.

arbiter &c. (judge) 967.

reference, referment^†; consultation, conference, pourparler.

V. advise, counsel; give advice, give counsel, give a piece of advice[Fr]; suggest, prompt, submonish^†, recommend, prescribe, advocate; exhort &c. (persuade) 615.

enjoin, enforce, charge, instruct, call; call upon &c. (request) 765; dictate.

expostulate &c. (dissuade) 616; admonish &c. (warn) 668.

advise with; lay heads together, consult together; compare notes; hold a council, deliberate, be closeted with.

confer, consult, refer to, call in; take advice, follow advice; be advised by, have at one's elbow, take one's cue from.

Adj. recommendatory; hortative &c. (persuasive) 615; dehortatory &c. (dissuasive) 616^†; admonitory &c. (warning) 668.

Int. go to!

Phr. "give every man thine ear but few thy voice" [Hamlet]; "I pray thee cease thy counsel" [Much Ado About Nothing]; "my guide, philosopher, and friend" [Pope]; "'twas good advice and meant, my son be good" [Crabbe]; verbum sat sapienti [Latin: a word to the wise is sufficient]; vive memor leti[Lat]; "we, ask advice but we mean approbation" [Colton].

696. Council

N. council, committee, subcommittee, comitia[Lat], court, chamber, cabinet, board, bench, staff.

senate, senatus[Lat], parliament, chamber of deputies, directory, reichsrath[Ger], rigsdag, cortes[Sp], storthing^†, witenagemote^†, junta, divan, musnud^†, sanhedrim; classis^†; Amphictyonic council^†; duma[Russ], house of representatives; legislative assembly, legislative council; riksdag^†, volksraad[Ger], witan^†, caput^†, consistory, chapter, syndicate; court of appeal &c. (tribunal) 966; board of control, board of works; vestry; county council, local board.

audience chamber, council chamber, state chamber.

cabinet council, privy council; cockpit, convocation, synod, congress, convention, diet, states-general.

[formal gathering of members of a council: script] assembly, caucus, conclave, clique, conventicle; meeting, sitting, seance, conference, convention, exhibition, session, palaver, pourparler, durbar^†, house; quorum; council fire [N.Am.], powwow [U.S.], primary [U.S.].

meeting, assemblage &c. 72.

[person who is member of a council] member; senator; member of parliament, M.P.; councilor, representative of the people; assemblyman, congressman; councilman, councilwoman, alderman, freeholder.

V. assemble, gather together, meet (assemblage) 72; confer, caucus, hold council; huddle [coll.].

Adj. senatorial, curule^†; congressional, parliamentary; legislative, law-making; regulatory; deliberative.

697. Precept

N. precept, direction, instruction, charge; prescript, prescription; recipe, receipt; golden rule; maxim &c. 496.

rule, canon, law, code, corpus juris[Lat], lex scripta[Lat], act, statute, rubric, stage direction, regulation; form, formula, formulary; technicality; canon law; norm.

order &c. (command) 741.

698. Skill

N. skill, skillfulness, address; dexterity, dexterousness; adroitness, expertness &c. adj.; proficiency, competence, technical competence, craft, callidity^†, facility, knack, trick, sleight; mastery, mastership, excellence, panurgy^†; ambidexterity, ambidextrousness^†; sleight of hand &c. (deception) 545.

seamanship, airmanship, marksmanship, horsemanship; rope-dancing.

accomplishment, acquirement, attainment; art, science; technicality, technology; practical knowledge, technical knowledge.

knowledge of the world, world wisdom, savoir faire[Fr]; tact; mother wit &c. (sagacity) 498; discretion &c. *(caution) 864; finesse; craftiness &c. (cunning) 702; management &c. (conduct) 692; self-help.

cleverness, talent, ability, ingenuity, capacity, parts, talents, faculty, endowment, forte, turn, gift, genius; intelligence &c. 498; sharpness, readiness &c. (activity) 682; invention &c. 515; aptness, aptitude; turn for, capacity for, genius for; felicity, capability, curiosa felicitas[Lat], qualification, habilitation.

proficient &c. 700.

masterpiece, coup de maitre[Fr], chef d'euvre[Fr], tour de force; good stroke &c. (plan) 626.

V. be skillful &c. adj.; excel in, be master of; have a turn for &c. n.

know what's what, know a hawk from a handsaw, know what one is about, know on which side one's bread is buttered, know what's o'clock; have cut one's eye teeth, have cut one's wisdom teeth.

see one's way, see where the wind lies, see which way the wind blows; have all one's wits about one, have one's hand in; savoir vivre[Fr]; scire quid valeant humeri quid ferre recusent[Lat]^†.

look after the main chance; cut one's coat according to one's cloth; live by one's wits; exercise one's discretion, feather the oar, sail near the wind; stoop to conquer &c. (cunning) 702; play one's cards well, play one's best card; hit the right nail on the head, put the saddle on the right horse.

take advantage of, make the most of; profit by &e. (use) 677; make a hit &c. (succeed) 731; make a virtue of necessity; make hay while the sun shines &c. (occasion) 134.

Adj. skillful, dexterous, adroit, expert, apt, handy, quick, deft, ready, gain; slick, smart &c. (active) 682; proficient, good at, up to, at home in, master of, a good hand at, au fait, thoroughbred, masterly, crack, accomplished; conversant &c. (knowing) 490.

experienced, practiced, skilled, hackneyed; up in, well up in; in practice, in proper cue; competent, efficient, qualified, capable, fitted, fit for, up to the mark, trained, initiated, prepared, primed, finished.

clever, cute, able, ingenious, felicitous, gifted, talented, endowed; inventive &c. 515; shrewd, sharp, on the ball &c. (intelligent) 498; cunning &c. 702; alive to, up to snuff, not to be caught with chaff; discreet.

neat-handed, fine-fingered, nimble-fingered, ambidextrous, sure- footed; cut out for, fitted for.

technical, artistic, scientific, daedalian^†, shipshape; workman- like, business-like, statesman-like.

Adv. skillfully &c. adj.; well &c. 618; artistically; with skill, with consummate skill; secundum artem[Lat], suo Marte; to the best of one's abilities &c. (exertion) 686.

Phr. ars celare artem[Lat]; artes honorabit[Lat]; celui qui veut celui-la peut[Fr]; c'est une grande habilite que de savoir cacher sonhabilite[Fr]; expertus metuit [Lat][Horace]; es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt[Ger]; "heart to conceive the understanding to direct, or the hand to execute" [Junius]; if you have lemons, make lemonade.

699. Unskillfulness

N. unskillfulness &c. adj.; want of skill &c. 698; incompetence, incompentency^†; inability, infelicity, indexterity^†, inexperience; disqualification, unproficiency^†; quackery.

folly, stupidity &c. 499; indiscretion &c. (rashness) 863; thoughtlessness &c. (inattention) 458 (neglect) 460; sabotage.

mismanagement, misconduct; impolicy^†; maladministration; misrule, misgovernment, misapplication, misdirection, misfeasance; petticoat government.

absence of rule, rule of thumb; bungling &c. v.; failure &c. 732; screw loose: too many cooks.

blunder &c. (mistake) 495; etourderie gaucherie[Fr], act of folly, balourdise^†; botch, botchery^†; bad job, sad work.

sprat sent out to catch a whale, much ado about nothing, wild-goose chase.

bungler &c. 701; fool &c. 501.

V. be unskillful &c. adj.; not see an inch beyond one's nose; blunder, bungle, boggle, fumble, botch, bitch, flounder, stumble, trip; hobble &c. 275; put one's foot in it; make a mess of, make hash of, make sad work of; overshoot the mark.

play tricks with, play Puck, mismanage, misconduct, misdirect, misapply, missend.

stultify oneself, make a fool of oneself, commit oneself; act foolishly; play the fool; put oneself out of court; lose control, lose control of oneself, lose one's head, lose one's cunning.

begin at the wrong end; do things by halves &c. (not complete) 730; make two bites of a cherry; play at cross purposes; strain at a gnat and swallow a camel &c. (caprice) 608; put the cart before the horse; lock the stable door when the horse is stolen &c. (too late) 135.

not know what one is about, not know one's own interest, not know on which side one's bread is buttered; stand in one's own light, quarrel with one's bread and butter, throw a stone in one's own garden, kill the goose which lays the golden eggs, pay dear for one's whistle, cut one's own throat, bum one's fingers; knock one's head against a stone wall, beat one's head against a stone wall; fall into a trap, catch a Tartar, bring the house about one's ears; have too many eggs in one basket (imprudent) 863, have too many irons in the fire.

mistake &c. 495; take the shadow for the substance &c. (credulity) 486; bark up the wrong tree; be in the wrong box, aim at a pigeon and kill a crow; take the wrong pig by the tail, get the wrong pig by the tail, get the wrong sow by the ear, get the dirty end of the stick; put the saddle on the wrong horse, put a square peg into a round hole, put new wine into old bottles.

cut blocks with a razor; hold a farthing candle to the sun &c. (useless) 645; fight with a shadow, grasp at a shadow; catch at straws, lean on a broken reed, reckon without one's host, pursue a wild goose chase; go on a fool's goose chase, sleeveless errand; go further and fare worse; lose one's way, miss one's way; fail &c. 732.

Adj. unskillful &c. 698; inexpert; bungling &c.v.; awkward, clumsy, unhandy, lubberly, gauche, maladroit; left-handed, heavy-handed; slovenly, slatternly; gawky.

adrift, at fault.

inapt, unapt; inhabile[Fr]; untractable^†, unteachable; giddy &c. (inattentive) 458; inconsiderate &c. (neglectful) 460; stupid &c. 499; inactive &c. 683; incompetent; unqualified, disqualified, ill-qualified; unfit; quackish; raw, green, inexperienced, rusty, out of practice.

unaccustomed, unused, untrained &c. 537, uninitiated, unconversant &c. (ignorant) 491^†; shiftless; unstatesmanlike.

unadvised; ill-advised, misadvised; ill-devised, ill-imagined, ill- judged, ill-contrived, ill-conducted; unguided, misguided; misconducted, foolish, wild; infelicitous; penny wise and pound foolish &c. (inconsistent) 608.

Phr. one's fingers being all thumbs; the right hand forgets its cunning; il se noyerait dans une goutte d'eau[Fr]; incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim[Lat]; out of the frying pan into the fire; non omnia possumus omnes [Lat][Vergil].

700. Proficient

N. proficient, expert, adept, dab; dabster^†, crackerjack; connoisseur &c. (scholar) 492; master, master hand; prima donna[Sp], first fiddle, top gun, chef de cuisine, top sawyer; protagonist;, past master; mahatma.

picked man; medallist, prizeman^†.

veteran; old stager, old campaigner, old soldier, old file, old hand; man of business, man of the world.

nice hand, good hand, clean hand; practiced hand, experienced eye, experienced hand; marksman; good shot, dead shot, crack shot; ropedancer, funambulist^†, acrobat; cunning man; conjuror &c. (deceiver) 548; wizard &c. 994.

genius; mastermind, master head, master spirit.

cunning blade, sharp blade, sharp fellow; jobber; cracksman &c. (thief) 792^†; politician, tactician, strategist.

pantologist^†, admirable Crichton, Jack of all trades; prodigy of learning.

701. Bungler

N. bungler; blunderer, blunderhead^†; marplot, fumbler, lubber, duffer, dauber, stick; bad hand, poor hand, poor shot; butterfingers^†.

no conjurer, flat, muff, slow coach, looby^†, lubber, swab; clod, yokel, awkward squad, blanc-bec; galoot^†.

land lubber; fresh water sailor, fair weather sailor; horse marine; fish out of water, ass in lion's skin, jackdaw in peacock's feathers; quack &c. (deceiver) 548; lord of misrule.

sloven, slattern, trapes^†.

amateur, novice, greenhorn (learner) 541.

Phr. il n'a pas invente' la poudre[Fr]; he will never set the Thames on fire; acierta errando[Lat]; aliquis in omnibus nullus in singulis[Lat]^†.

702. Cunning

N. cunning, craft; cunningness^†, craftiness &c. adj.; subtlety, artificiality; maneuvering &c. v.; temporization; circumvention.

chicane, chicanery; sharp practice, knavery, jugglery^†; concealment &c. 528; guile, doubling, duplicity &c. (falsehood) 544; foul play.

diplomacy, politics; Machiavelism; jobbery, backstairs influence.

art, artifice; device, machination; plot &c. (plan) 626; maneuver, stratagem, dodge, sidestep, artful dodge, wile; trick, trickery &c. (deception) 545; ruse, ruse de guerre[Fr]; finesse, side blow, thin end of the wedge, shift, go by, subterfuge, evasion; white lie &c (untruth) 546; juggle, tour de force; tricks of the trade, tricks upon travelers; espieglerie[Fr]; net, trap &c. 545.

Ulysses, Machiavel, sly boots, fox, reynard; Scotchman; Jew, Yankee; intriguer, intrigant^†; floater [U.S.], Indian giver [U.S.], keener [U.S.], repeater [U.S. politics].

V. be cunning &c. adj.; have cut one's eyeteeth; contrive &c (plan) 626; live by one's wits; maneuver; intrigue, gerrymander, finesse, double, temporize, stoop to conquer, reculer pour mieux sauter[Fr], circumvent, steal a march upon; overreach &c. 545; throw off one's guard; surprise &c. 508; snatch a verdict; waylay, undermine, introduce the thin end of the wedge; play a deep game, play tricks with; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces[Lat]; flatter, make things pleasant; have an ax to grind.

dodge, sidestep, bob and weave.

Adj. cunning, crafty, artful; skillful &c. 698; subtle, feline, vulpine; cunning as a fox, cunning as a serpent; deep, deep laid; profound; designing, contriving; intriguing &c.v.; strategic, diplomatic, politic, Machiavelian, timeserving^†; artificial; tricky, tricksy^†; wily, sly, slim, insidious, stealthy; underhand &c (hidden) 528; subdolous^†; deceitful &c. 545; slippery as an eel, evasive &c. 623; crooked; arch, pawky^†, shrewd, acute; sharp, sharp as a tack, sharp as a needle|!; canny, astute, leery, knowing, up to snuff, too clever by half, not to be caught with chaff.

tactful, diplomatic, politic; polite &c. 894.

Adv. cunningly &c. adj.; slyly, slily^†, on the sly, by a side wind.

Phr. diamond cut diamond; a' bis ou a blanc[Fr]^†; fin contre fin[Fr]; "something is rotten in the state of Denmark" [Hamlet].

703. Artlessness

N. artlessness &c. adj; nature, simplicity; innocence &c. 946; bonhomie, naivete, abandon, candor, sincerity; singleness of purpose, singleness of heart; honesty &c. 939; plain speaking; epanchement[Fr].

rough diamond, matter of fact man; le palais de verite[Fr]; enfant terrible[Fr].

V. be artless &c. adj; look one in the face; wear one's heart upon his sleeves for daws to peck at^†; think aloud; speak out, speak one's mind; be free with one, call a spade a spade.

Adj. artless, natural, pure, native, confiding, simple, lain, inartificial^†, untutored, unsophisticated, ingenu^†, unaffected, naive; sincere, frank; open, open as day; candid, ingenuous, guileless; unsuspicious, honest &c. 939; innocent &c. 946; Arcadian^†; undesigning, straightforward, unreserved, aboveboard; simple-minded, single-minded; frank-hearted, open-hearted, single-hearted, simple-hearted.

free-spoken, plain-spoken, outspoken; blunt, downright, direct, matter of fact, unpoetical^†; unflattering.

Adv. in plain words, in plain English; without mincing the matter; not to mince the matter &c. (affirmation) 535.

Phr. Davus sum non Oedipus [Terence]; liberavi animam meam[Lat]; "as frank as rain on cherry blossoms" [E.B. Browning].

Section IV. Antagonism

1. Conditional Antagonism

704. Difficulty

N. difficulty; hardness &c. adj.; impracticability &c. (impossibility) 471; tough work, hard work, uphill work; hard task, Herculean task, Augean task^†; task of Sisyphus, Sisyphean labor, tough job, teaser, rasper^†, dead lift.

dilemma, embarrassment; deadlock; perplexity &c. (uncertainty) 475; intricacy; entanglement, complexity &c. 59; cross fire; awkwardness, delicacy, ticklish card to play, knot, Gordian knot, dignus vindice nodus[Lat], net, meshes, maze; coil &c. (convolution) 248; crooked path; involvement.

nice point, delicate point, subtle point, knotty point; vexed question, vexata quaestio[Lat], poser; puzzle &c. (riddle) 533; paradox; hard nut to crack, nut to crack; bone to pick, crux, pons asinorum[Lat], where the shoe pinches.

nonplus, quandary, strait, pass, pinch, pretty pass, stress, brunt; critical situation, crisis; trial, rub, emergency, exigency, scramble.

scrape, hobble, slough, quagmire, hot water, hornet's nest; sea of troubles, peck of troubles; pretty kettle of fish; pickle, stew, imbroglio, mess, ado; false position.

set fast, stand, standstill; deadlock, dead set.

fix, horns of a dilemma, cul de sac[Fr]; hitch; stumbling block &c (hindrance) 706.

[difficult person] crab; curmudgeon.

V. be difficult &c. adj.; run one hard, go against the grain, try one's patience, put one out; put to one's shifts, put to one's wit's end; go hard with one, try one; pose, perplex &c. (uncertain) 475; bother, nonplus, gravel, bring to a deadlock; be impossible &c. 471; be in the way of &c (hinder) 706.

meet with difficulties; labor under difficulties; get into difficulties; plunge into difficulties; struggle with difficulties; contend with difficulties; grapple with difficulties; labor under a disadvantage; be in difficulty &c. adj.

fish in troubled waters, buffet the waves, swim against the stream, scud under bare poles.

Have much ado with, have a hard time of it; come to the push, come to the pinch; bear the brunt.

grope in the dark, lose one's way, weave a tangled web, walk among eggs.

get into a scrape &c. n.; bring a hornet's nest about one's ears; be put to one's shifts; flounder, boggle, struggle; not know which way to turn &c. (uncertain) 475; perdre son Latin[Fr]; stick at, stick in the mud, stick fast; come to a stand, come to a standstill, come to a deadlock; hold the wolf by the ears, hold the tiger by the tail.

render difficult &c. adj.; enmesh, encumber, embarrass, ravel, entangle; put a spoke in the wheel &c. (hinder) 706; lead a pretty dance.

Adj. difficult, not easy, hard, tough; troublesome, toilsome, irksome; operose^†, laborious, onerous, arduous, Herculean, formidable; sooner said than done; more easily said than done, easier said than done.

[pertaining to person's disposition sensu 802] difficult to deal with, hard to deal with; ill-conditioned, crabbed, crabby; not to be handled with kid gloves, not made with rose water.

awkward, unwieldy, unmanageable; intractable, stubborn &c. (obstinate) 606; perverse, refractory, plaguy^†, trying, thorny, rugged; knotted, knotty; invious|; pathless, trackless; labyrinthine &c (convoluted) 248; intricate, complicated &c (tangled) 59; impracticable &c. (impossible) 471; not feasible &c. 470; desperate &c. (hopeless) 859.

embarrassing, perplexing &c. (uncertain) 475; delicate, ticklish, critical; beset with difficulties, full of difficulties, surrounded by difficulties, entangled by difficulties, encompassed with difficulties.

under a difficulty; in a box; in difficulty, in hot water, in the suds, in a cleft stick, in a fix, in the wrong box, in a scrape &c.n., in deep water, in a fine pickle; in extremis; between two stools, between Scylla and Charybdis; surrounded by shoals, surrounded by breakers, surrounded by quicksands; at cross purposes; not out of the wood.

reduced to straits; hard pressed, sorely pressed; run hard; pinched, put to it, straitened; hard up, hard put to it, hard set; put to one's shifts; puzzled, at a loss, &c (uncertain) 475; at the end of one's tether, at the end of one's rope, at one's wit's end, at a nonplus, at a standstill; graveled, nonplused, nonplussed, stranded, aground; stuck fast, set fast; up a tree, at bay, aux abois[Fr], driven into a corner, driven from pillar to post, driven to extremity, driven to one's wit's end, driven to the wall; au bout de son Latin; out of one's depth; thrown out.

accomplished with difficulty; hard-fought, hard-earned.

Adv. with difficulty, with much ado; barely, hardly &c. adj.; uphill; against the stream, against the grain; d rebours[Fr]; invita Minerva[Lat]; in the teeth of; at a pinch, upon a pinch; at long odds, against long odds.

Phr. "ay there's the rub" [Hamlet]; hic labor hoc opus [Lat][Vergil]; things are come to a pretty pass, ab inconvenienti[Lat]; ad astra per aspera[Lat]; acun chemin de fleurs ne conduit a la gloire[Fr].

705. Facility

N. facility, ease; easiness &c. adj.; capability; feasibility &c. (practicability) 470; flexibility, pliancy &c. 324; smoothness &c. 255.

plain sailing, smooth sailing, straight sailing; mere child's play, holiday task; cinch [U.S.].

smooth water, fair wind; smooth royal road; clear coast, clear stage; tabula rasa[Lat]; full play &c. (freedom) 748.

disencumbrance^†, disentanglement; deoppilation|!; permission &c. 760.

simplicity, lack of complication.

V. be easy &c. adj.; go on smoothly, run smoothly; have full play &c. n.; go on all fours, run on all fours; obey the helm, work well.

flow with the stream, swim with the stream, drift with the stream, go with the stream, flow with the tide, drift with the tide; see one's way; have all one's own way, have the game in one's own hands; walk over the course, win at a canter; make light of, make nothing of, make no bones of.

be at home in, make it look easy, do it with one's eyes closed, do it in one's sleep &c. (skillful) 698.

render easy &c. adj.; facilitate, smooth, ease; popularize; lighten, lighten the labor; free, clear; disencumber, disembarrass, disentangle, disengage; deobstruct^†, unclog, extricate, unravel; untie the knot, cut the knot; disburden, unload, exonerate, emancipate, free from, deoppilate|!; humor &c. (aid) 707; lubricate &c. 332; relieve &c. 834.

leave a hole to creep out of, leave a loophole, leave the matter open; give the reins to, give full play, give full swing; make way for; open the door to, open the way, prepare the ground, smooth the ground, clear the ground, open the way, open the path, open the road; pave the way, bridge over; permit &c. 760.

Adj. easy, facile; feasible &c (practicable) 470; easily managed, easily accomplished; within reach, accessible, easy of access, for the million, open to.

manageable, wieldy; towardly^†, tractable; submissive; yielding, ductile; suant^†; pliant &c. (soft) 324; glib, slippery; smooth &c. 255; on friction wheels, on velvet.

unembarrassed, disburdened, unburdened, disencumbered, unencumbered, disembarrassed; exonerated; unloaded, unobstructed, untrammeled; unrestrained &c. (free) 748; at ease, light.

[able to do easily] at home with; quite at home; in one's element, in smooth water; skillful &c. 698;accustomed &c. 613.

Adv. easily &c. adj.; readily, smoothly, swimmingly, on easy terms, single-handed.

Phr. touch and go.

2. Active Antagonism

706. Hindrance

N. prevention, preclusion, obstruction, stoppage; embolus, embolism [medical]; infarct [medical]; interruption, interception, interclusion|; hindrance, impedition|; retardment^†, retardation; embarrassment, oppilation|!; coarctation^†, stricture, restriction; restraint &c. 751; inhibition &c. 761; blockade &c. (closure) 261.

interference, interposition; obtrusion; discouragement, discountenance.

impediment, let, obstacle, obstruction, knot, knag^†; check, hitch, contretemps, screw loose, grit in the oil.

bar, stile, barrier;

[barrier to vehicles] turnstile, turnpike; gate, portcullis.

beaver dam; trocha^†; barricade &c. (defense) 717; wall, dead wall, sea wall, levee breakwater, groyne^†; bulkhead, block, buffer; stopper &c. 263; boom, dam, weir, burrock^†.

drawback, objection; stumbling-block, stumbling-stone; lion in the path, snag; snags and sawyers.

encumbrance, incumbrance^†; clog, skid, shoe, spoke; drag, drag chain, drag weight; stay, stop; preventive, prophylactic; load, burden, fardel^†, onus, millstone round one's neck, impedimenta; dead weight; lumber, pack; nightmare, Ephialtes^†, incubus, old man of the sea; remora.

difficulty &c. 704; insuperable &c. 471; obstacle; estoppel [Law]; ill wind; head wind &c. (opposition) 708; trammel, tether &c. (means of restraint) 752; hold back, counterpoise.

[person who hinders] damper, wet blanket, hinderer, marplot, killjoy; party pooper[coll]; party crasher, interloper.

trail of a red herring; opponent &c. 710.

V. hinder, impede, filibuster [U.S.], impedite^†, embarrass.

keep off, stave off, ward off; obviate; avert, antevert|; turn aside, draw off, prevent, forefend, nip in the bud; retard, slacken, check, let; counteract, countercheck^†; preclude, debar, foreclose, estop[Law]; inhibit &c. 761; shackle &c. (restrain) 751; restrict.

obstruct, stop, stay, bar, bolt, lock; block, block up; choke off; belay, barricade; block the way, bar the way, stop the way; forelay^†; dam up &c. (close) 261; put on the brake &c. n.; scotch the wheel, lock the wheel, put a spoke in the wheel; put a stop to &c. 142; traverse, contravene; interrupt, intercept; oppose &c. 708; hedge in, hedge round; cut off; inerclude|.

interpose, interfere, intermeddle &c. 682.

cramp, hamper; clog, clog the wheels; cumber; encumber, incumber; handicap; choke; saddle with, load with; overload, lay; lumber, trammel, tie one's hands, put to inconvenience; incommode, discommode; discompose; hustle, corner, drive into a corner.

run foul of, fall foul of; cross the path of, break in upon.

thwart, frustrate, disconcert, balk, foil; faze, feaze^†, feeze ^†[U.S.]; baffle, snub, override, circumvent; defeat &c. 731; spike guns &c. (render useless) 645; spoil, mar, clip the wings of; cripple &c. (injure) 659; put an extinguisher on; damp; dishearten &c (dissuade) 616; discountenance, throw cold water on, spoil sport; lay a wet blanket, throw a wet blanket on; cut the ground from under one, take the wind out of one's sails, undermine; be in the way of, stand in the way of; act as a drag; hang like a millstone round one's neck.

Adj. hindering &c. v.; obstructive, obstruent^†; impeditive^†, impedient^†; intercipient|; prophylactic &c. (remedial) 662; impedimentary.

in the way of, unfavorable; onerous, burdensome; cumbrous, cumbersome; obtrusive.

hindered &c v.; windbound^†, waterlogged, heavy laden; hard pressed.

unassisted &c. (see assist &c. 707); single-handed, alone; deserted &c. 624.

Phr. occurrent nubes[Lat].

707. Aid

N. aid, aidance^†; assistance, help, opitulation|, succor; support, lift, advance, furtherance, promotion; coadjuvancy &c. (cooperation) 709^†.

patronage, championship, countenance, favor, interest, advocacy.

sustentation, subvention, alimentation, nutrition, nourishment; eutrophy; manna in the wilderness; food &c. 298; means &c. 632.

ministry, ministration; subministration^†; accommodation.

relief, rescue; help at a dead lift; supernatural aid; deus ex machina[Lat].

supplies, reinforcements, reenforcements^†, succors, contingents, recruits; support &c. (physical) 215; adjunct, ally &c. (helper) 711.

V. aid, assist, help, succor, lend one's aid; come to the aid &c. n. of; contribute, subscribe to; bring aid, give aid, furnish aid, afford aid, supply aid &c. n.; give a helping hand, stretch a hand, lend a helping hand, lend a hand, bear a helping hand, hold out a hand, hold out a helping hand; give one a life, give one a cast, give one a turn; take by the hand, take in tow;help a lame dog over a stile, lend wings to.

relieve, rescue; set up, set agoing^†, set on one's legs; bear through, pull through; give new life to, be the making of; reinforce, reenforce, recruit; set forward, put forward, push forward; give a lift, give a shove, give an impulse to; promote, further, forward, advance

expedite, speed, quicken, hasten.

support, sustain, uphold, prop, hold up, bolster.

cradle, nourish; nurture, nurse, dry nurse, suckle, put out to nurse; manure, cultivate, force; foster, cherish, foment; feed the flame, fan the flame.

serve; do service to, tender to, pander to; administer to, subminister to^†, minister to; tend, attend, wait on; take care of &c. 459; entertain; smooth the bed of death.

oblige, accommodate, consult the wishes of; humor, cheer, encourage.

second, stand by; back, back up; pay the piper, abet; work for, make interest for, stick up for, take up the cudgels for; take up the cause of, espouse the cause of, adopt the cause of; advocate, beat up for recruits, press into the service; squire, give moral support to, keep in countenance, countenance, patronize; lend oneself to, lend one's countenance to; smile upon, shine upon; favor, befriend, take in hand, enlist under the banners of; side with &c. (cooperate) 709.

be of use to; subserve &c. (instrument) 631; benefit &c. 648; render a service &c. (utility) 644; conduce &c. (tend) 176.

Adj. aiding &c. v.; auxiliary, adjuvant, helpful; coadjuvant &c. 709^†; subservient, ministrant, ancillary, accessory, subsidiary.

at one's beck, at one's beck and call; friendly, amicable, favorable, propitious, well-disposed; neighborly; obliging &c. (benevolent) 906.

Adv. with the aid, by the aid &c. of; on behalf of, in behalf of; in aid of, in the service of, in the name of, in favor of, in furtherance of; on account of; for the sake of, on the part of; non obstante[Lat].

Int. help! save us! to the rescue!

Phr. alterum alterius auxilio eget [Lat][Sallust]; "God befriend us as our cause is just" [Henry IV]; at your service.

708. Opposition

N.. opposition, antagonism; oppugnancy^†, oppugnation^†; impugnation|!; contrariety; contravention; counteraction &c. 179; counterplot.

cross fire, undercurrent, head wind.

clashing, collision, conflict.

competition, two of a trade, rivalry, emulation, race.

absence of aid &c. 708; resistance &c. 719; restraint &c. 751; hindrance &c. 706.

V. oppose, counteract, run counter to; withstand &c. (resist) 719; control &c. (restrain) 751; hinder &c. 706; antagonize, oppugn, fly in the face of, go dead against, kick against, fall afoul of, run afoul of; set against, pit against; face, confront, cope with; make a stand, make a dead set against; set oneself against, set one's face against; protest against, vote against, raise one;s voice against; disfavor, turn one's back upon; set at naught, slap in the face, slam the door in one's face.

<a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cross_purposes">be at cross purposes</a>; play at cross purposes; counterwork^†, countermine; <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thwart">thwart</a>, overthwart^†; work against, undermine.

stem, breast, encounter; stem the tide, breast the tide, stem the current, stem the flood; buffet the waves; beat up against, make head against; grapple with; kick against the pricks &c. (resist) 719; contend &c. 720; do battle &c. (warfare) 722 -with, do battle against.

contradict, contravene; belie; go against, run against, beat against, militate against; come in conflict with.

emulate &c. (compete) 720; rival, spoil one's trade.

Adj. opposing, opposed &c.v.; adverse, antagonistic; contrary &c. 14; at variance &c. 24; at issue, at war with.

unfavorable, unfriendly; hostile, inimical, cross, unpropitious.

in hostile array, front to front, with crossed bayonets, at daggers drawn; up in arms; resistant &c. 719.

competitive, emulous.

Adv. against, versus, counter to, in conflict with, at cross purposes.

against the grain, against the current, against the stream, against the wind, against the tide; with a headwind; with the wind ahead, with the wind in one's teeth.

in spite, in despite, in defiance; in the way, in the teeth of, in the face of; across; athwart, overthwart^†; where the shoe pinches; in spite of one's teeth.

though &c. 30; even; quand meme[Fr]; per contra.

Phr. nitor in adversum[Lat].

709. Cooperation

N. cooperation; coadjuvancy^†, coadjutancy^†; coagency^†, coefficiency^†; concert, concurrence, complicity, participation; union &c. 43; additivity, combination &c. 48; collusion.

association, alliance, colleagueship^†,

joint stock, copartnership^†; cartel; confederation &c. (party) 712; coalition, fusion; a long pull a strong pull and a pull all together; logrolling, freemasonry.

unanimity &c. (assent) 488; esprit de corps, party spirit; clanship^†, partisanship; concord &c 714.

synergy, coaction^†.

V. cooperate, concur; coact^†, synergize.

conduce &c. 178; combine, unite one;s efforts; keep together, draw together, pull together, club together, hand together, hold together, league together, band together, be banded together; pool; stand shoulder to shoulder, put shoulder to shoulder; act in concert, join forces, fraternize, cling to one another, conspire, concert, lay one;s heads together; confederate, be in league with; collude, understand one another, play into the hands of, hunt in couples.

side with, take side with, go along with, go hand in hand with, join hands with, make common cause with, strike in with, unite with, join with, mix oneself up with, take part with, cast in one's lot with; join partnership, enter into partnership with; rally round, follow the lead of; come to, pass over to, come into the views of; be in the same boat, row in the same boat; sail in the same boat; sail on the same tack.

be a party to, lend oneself to; chip in; participate; have a hand in, have a finger in the pie; take part in, bear part in; second &c. (aid) 707; take the part of, play the game of; espouse a cause, espouse a quarrel.

Adj. cooperating &c. v.; in cooperation &c.n., in league &c. (party) 712; coadjuvant^†, coadjutant^†; dyed in the wool; cooperative; additive; participative; coactive^†, synergetic, synergistic.

favorable &c. 707 to; unopposed &c. 708.

Adv. as one &c. (unanimously) 488; shoulder to shoulder; synergistically; cooperatively.

Phr. due teste valgono piu che una sola [It].

710. Opponent

N. opponent, antagonist, adversary; adverse party, opposition; enemy &c. 891; the other side; assailant.

oppositionist, obstructive; brawler, wrangler, brangler^†, disputant; filibuster [U.S.], obstructionist.

malcontent; Jacobin, Fenian; demagogue, reactionist^†.

rival, competitor.

bete noir[Fr].

711. Auxiliary

N. auxiliary; recruit; assistant; adjuvant, adjutant; ayudante^†, coaid^†; adjunct; help, helper, help mate, helping hand; midwife; colleague, partner, mate, confrere, cooperator; coadjutor, coadjutrix^†; collaborator.

ally; friend &c. 890, confidant, fidus Achates[Lat]^†, pal, buddy, alter ego.

[criminal law] confederate; accomplice; complice; accessory, accessory after the fact; particeps criminis[Lat]; socius criminis[Lat].

aide-de-camp, secretary, clerk, associate, marshal; right-hand, right- hand man, Friday, girl Friday, man Friday, gopher, gofer; candle-holder, bottle-holder; handmaid; servant &c. 746; puppet, cat's-paw, jackal|!.

tool, dupe, stooge, ame damnee[Fr]; satellite, adherent.

votary; sectarian, secretary; seconder, backer, upholder, abettor, advocate, partisan, champion, patron, friend at court, mediator; angel [theater, entertainment].

friend in need, Jack at a pinch, deus ex machina[Lat], guardian angel, tutelary genius.

712. Party

N. party, faction, side, denomination, communion, set, crew, band. horde, posse, phalanx; family, clan, &c. 166; team; tong.

council &c. 696.

community, body, fellowship, sodality, solidarity; confraternity; familistere^†, familistery^†; brotherhood, sisterhood.

knot, gang, clique, ring, circle, group, crowd, in-crowd; coterie, club, casino|!; machine; Tammany, Tammany Hall [U.S.].

corporation, corporate body, guild; establishment, company; copartnership^†, partnership; firm, house; joint concern, joint-stock company; cahoot, combine [U.S.], trust.

society, association; institute, institution; union; trades union; league, syndicate, alliance, Verein[Ger], Bund[Ger], Zollverein[Ger], combination; Turnverein[Ger]; league offensive and defensive, alliance offensive and defensive; coalition; federation; confederation, confederacy; junto, cabal, camarilla^†, camorra^†, brigue|; freemasonry; party spirit &c. (cooperation) 709.

Confederates, Conservatives, Democrats, Federalists, Federals, Freemason, Knight Templar; Kuklux, Kuklux Klan, KKK; Liberals, Luddites, Republicans, Socialists, Tories, Whigs &c.

staff; dramatis personae[Lat].

V. unite, join; club together &c. (cooperate) 709; cement a party, form a party &c. n.; associate &c. (assemble) 72; enleague^†, federalize, go cahoots .

Adj. in league, in partnership, in alliance &c. n.

bonded together, banded together, linked &c. (joined) 43- together; embattled; confederated, federative, joint.

Adv. hand in hand, side by side, shoulder to shoulder, en masse,in the same boat.

713. Discord

N. disagreement &c. 24; discord, disaccord^†, dissidence, dissonance; jar, clash, shock; jarring, jostling &c. v.; screw loose.

variance, difference, dissension, misunderstanding, cross purposes, odds, brouillerie[Fr]; division, split, rupture, disruption, division in the camp, house divided against itself, disunion, breach; schism &c. (dissent) 489; feud, faction.

quarrel, dispute, tiff, tracasserie^†, squabble, altercation, barney *^†, demel�, snarl, spat, towrow^†, words, high words; wrangling &c. v.; jangle, brabble^†, cross questions and crooked answers, snip-snap; family jars.

polemics; litigation; strife &c. (contention) 720; warfare &c. 722; outbreak, open rupture, declaration of war.

broil, brawl, row, racket, hubbub, rixation|; embroilment, embranglement^†, imbroglio, fracas, breach of the peace, piece of work[Fr], scrimmage, rumpus; breeze, squall; riot, disturbance &c (disorder) 59; commotion &c. (agitation) 315; bear garden, Donnybrook, Donnybrook Fair.

subject of dispute, ground of quarrel, battle ground, disputed point; bone of contention, bone to pick; apple of discord, casus belli[Lat]; question at issue &c. (subject of inquiry) 461; vexed question, vexata quaestio[Lat], brand of discord.

troublous times^†; cat-and-dog life; contentiousness &c. adj.; enmity &c. 889; hate &c. 898; Kilkenny cats; disputant &c. 710; strange bedfellows.

V. be discordant &c. adj.; disagree, come amiss &c. 24; clash, jar, jostle, pull different ways, conflict, have no measures with, misunderstand one another; live like cat and dog; differ; dissent &c. 489; have a bone to pick, have a crow to pluck with.

fall out, quarrel, dispute; litigate; controvert &c. (deny) 536; squabble, wrangle, jangle, brangle^†, bicker, nag; spar &c. (contend) 720; have words &c. n. with; fall foul of.

split; break with, break squares with, part company with; declare war, try conclusions; join issue, put in issue; pick a quarrel, fasten a quarrel on; sow dissension, stir up dissension &c. n.; embroil, entangle, disunite, widen the breach; set at odds, set together by the ears; set against, pit against.

get into hot water, fish in troubled waters, brawl; kick up a row, kick up a dust; turn the house out of window.

Adj. discordant; disagreeing &c. v.; out of tune, ajar, on bad terms, dissentient &c. 489; unreconciled, unpacified; contentious &c. 720.

quarrelsome, unpacific^†; gladiatorial, controversial, polemic, disputatious; factious; litigious, litigant; pettifogging.

at odds, at loggerheads, at daggers drawn, at variance, at issue, at cross purposes, at sixes and sevens, at feud, at high words; up in arms, together by the ears, in hot water, embroiled.

torn, disunited.

Phr. quot homines tot sententiae [Lat][Terence]; no love lost between them, non nostrum tantas componere lites [Lat][Vergil]; Mars gravior sub pace latet [Lat][Claudius].

714. Concord

N. concord, accord, harmony, symphony; homologue; agreement &c. 23; sympathy, empathy &c. (love) 897; response; union, unison, unity; bonds of harmony; peace &c. 721; unanimity &c. (assent) 488; league &c. 712; happy family.

rapprochement; reunion; amity &c. (friendship) 888; alliance, entente cordiale[Fr], good understanding, conciliation, peacemaker; intercessor, mediator.

V. agree &c. 23; accord, harmonize with; fraternize; be -concordant &c. adj.; go hand in hand; run parallel &c. (concur) 178; understand one another, pull together &c. (cooperate) 709; put up one's horses together, sing in chorus.

side with, sympathize with, go with, chime in with, fall in with; come round; be pacified &c. 723; assent &c. 488; empathize with, enter into the ideas of, enter into the feelings of; reciprocate.

hurler avec les loups[Fr]; go with the stream, swim with the stream.

keep in good humor, render accordant, put in tune; come to an understanding, meet halfway; keep the peace, remain at peace.

Adj. concordant, congenial; agreeing &c.v.; in accord &c. n.; harmonious, united, cemented; banded together &c. 712; allied; friendly &c. 888; fraternal; conciliatory; at one with; of one mind &c. (assent) 488.

at peace, in still water; tranquil &c. (pacific) 721.

Adv. with one voice &c. (assent) 488; in concert with, hand in hand; on one's side.

Phr. commune periculum concordiam parit[Lat]^†.

715. Defiance

N. defiance; daring &. v. ; dare; challenge, cartel|!; threat &c. 909; war cry, war whoop.

chest-beating, chest-thumping; saber rattling.

V. defy, dare, beard; brave &c. (courage) 861; bid defiance to; set at defiance, set at naught; hurl defiance at; dance the war dance, beat the war drums; snap the fingers at, laugh to scorn; disobey &c. 742.

show fight, show one's teeth, show a bold front; bluster, look big, stand akimbo, beat one's chest; double the fist, shake the fist; threaten &c. 909.

challenge, call out; throw down the gauntlet, fling down the gauntlet, fling down the gage, fling down the glove, throw down the glove.

Adj. defiant; defying &c. v.;"with arms akimbo".

Adv. in defiance of, in the teeth of; under one's very nose.

Int. do your worst! come if you dare! come on! marry come up! hoity toity|!

Phr. noli me tangere[Lat]; nemo me impune lacessit[Lat]; don't tread on me; don't you dare; don't even think of it; "Go ahead, make my day!" [Dirty Harry].

716. Attack

N. attack; assault, assault and battery; onset, onslaught, charge.

aggression, offense; incursion, inroad, invasion; irruption; outbreak; estrapade^†, ruade^†; coupe de main, sally, sortie, camisade^†, raid, foray; run at, run against; dead set at.

storm, storming; boarding, escalade^†; siege, investment, obsession|!, bombardment, cannonade.

fire, volley; platoon fire, file fire; fusillade; sharpshooting, broadside; raking fire, cross fire; volley of grapeshot, whiff of the grape, feu d'enfer [Fr].

cut, thrust, lunge, pass, passado^†, carte and tierce[Fr]^†, home thrust; coupe de bec[Fr]; kick, punch &c. (impulse) 276.

battue^†, razzia^†, Jacquerie, dragonnade^†; devastation &c. 162; eboulement[Fr].

assailant, aggressor, invader.

base of operations, point of attack; echelon.

V. attack, assault, assail; invade; set upon, fall upon; charge, impugn, break a lance with, enter the lists.

assume the offensive, take the offensive; be the aggressor, become the aggressor; strike the first blow, draw first blood, throw the first stone at; lift a hand against, draw the sword against; take up the cudgels; advance against, march against; march upon, harry; come on, show fight.

strike at, poke at, thrust at; aim a blow at, deal a blow at; give one a blow, fetch one a blow, fetch one a kick, give one a kick; have a cut at, have a shot at, take a cut at, take a shot at, have a fling at, have a shy at; be down upon, pounce upon; fall foul of, pitch into, launch out against; bait, slap on the face; make a thrust at, make a pass at, make a set at, make a dead set at; bear down upon.

close with, come to close quarters;

bring to bay.

ride full tilt against; attack tooth and nail, go at hammer and tongs.

let fly at, dash at, run a tilt at, rush at, tilt at, run at, fly at, hawk at, have at, let out at; make a dash, make a rush at; strike home; drive one hard; press one hard; be hard upon, run down, strike at the root of.

lay about one, run amuck.

aim at, draw a bead on [U.S.].

fire upon, fire at, fire a shot at; shoot at, pop at, level at, let off a gun at; open fire, pepper, bombard, shell, pour a broadside into; fire a volley, fire red-hot shot; spring a mine.

throw a stone, throw stones at; stone, lapidate^†, pelt; hurl at, hurl against, hurl at the head of; rock

beset[U.S.], besiege, beleaguer; lay siege to, invest, open the trenches, plant a battery, sap, mine; storm, board, scale the walls.

cut and thrust, bayonet, butt; kick, strike &c. (impulse) 276; whip &c. (punish) 972.

[attack verbally] assail, impugn; malign (detract) 934.

bomb, rocket, blast.

Adj. attacking &c.v.; aggressive, offensive, obsidional^†.

up in arms.

Adv. on the offensive.

Int. "up and at them!"

Phr. "the din of arms, the yell of savage rage, the shriek of agony, the groan of death" [Southey]; "their fatal hands no second stroke intend" [Paradise Lost]; "thirst for glory quells the love of life" [Addison].

717. Defense

N. defense, protection, guard, ward; shielding &c.v.; propugnation|, preservation &c. 670; guardianship.

area defense; site defense.

self-defense, self-preservation; resistance &c. 719.

safeguard &c. (safety) 664; balistraria^†; bunker, screen &c. (shelter) 666; camouflage &c. (concealment) 530; fortification; munition, muniment^†; trench, foxhole; bulwark, fosse^†, moat, ditch, entrenchment, intrenchment^†; kila^†; dike, dyke; parapet, sunk fence, embankment, mound, mole, bank, sandbag, revetment; earth work, field-work; fence, wall dead wall, contravallation^†; paling &c. (inclosure) 232; palisade, haha, stockade, stoccado^†, laager^†, sangar^†; barrier, barricade; boom; portcullis, chevaux de frise[Fr]; abatis, abattis^†, abbatis^†; vallum^†, circumvallation^†, battlement, rampart, scarp; escarp^†, counter-scarp; glacis, casemate^†; vallation^†, vanfos^†.

buttress, abutment; shore &c. (support) 215.

breastwork, banquette, curtain, mantlet^†, bastion, redan^†, ravelin^†; vauntmure^†; advance work, horn work, outwork; barbacan^†, barbican; redoubt; fort-elage[Fr], fort-alice; lines.

loophole, machicolation^†; sally port.

hold, stronghold, fastness; asylum &c. (refuge) 666; keep, donjon, dungeon, fortress, citadel, capitol, castle; tower of strength, tower of strength; fort, barracoon^†, pah^†, sconce, martello tower^†, peelhouse^†, blockhouse, rath^†; wooden walls.

[body armor] bulletproof vest, armored vest, buffer, corner stone, fender, apron, mask, gauntlet, thimble, carapace, armor, shield, buckler, aegis, breastplate, backplate^†, cowcatcher, face guard, scutum^†, cuirass, habergeon^†, mail, coat of mail, brigandine^†, hauberk, lorication^†, helmet, helm, bassinet, salade^†, heaume^†, morion^†, murrion^†, armet^†, cabaset^†, vizor^†, casquetel^†, siege cap, headpiece, casque, pickelhaube, vambrace^†, shako &c. (dress) 225.

bearskin; panoply; truncheon &c. (weapon) 727.

garrison, picket, piquet; defender, protector; guardian &c. (safety) 664; bodyguard, champion; knight-errant, Paladin; propugner^†.

bulletproof window.

hardened site.

V. defend, forfend, fend; shield, screen, shroud; engarrison^†; fend round &c. (circumscribe) 229; fence, entrench, intrench^†; guard &c. (keep safe) 664; guard against; take care of &c. (vigilance) 459; bear harmless; fend off, keep off, ward off, beat off, beat back; hinder &c. 706.

parry, repel, propugn^†, put to flight; give a warm reception to [ironical]; hold at bay, keep at bay, keep arm's length.

stand on the defensive, act on the defensive; show fight; maintain one;s ground, stand one's ground; stand by; hold one's own; bear the brunt, stand the brunt; fall back upon, hold, stand in the gap.

Adj. defending &c.v.; defensive; mural|!; armed, armed at all points, armed cap-a-pie, armed to the teeth; panoplied^†; iron-plated, ironclad; loopholed, castellated, machicolated^†, casemated^†; defended &c.v.; proof against.

armored, ballproof|!, bulletproof; hardened.

Adv. defensively; on the defense, on the defensive; in defense; at bay, pro aris et focis^†[Lat].

Int. no surrender!

Phr. defense not defiance; Dieu defend le droit [Fr]; fidei defensor [Lat: defender of the faith].

718. Retaliation

N. retaliation, reprisal, retort, payback; counter-stroke, counter-blast, counterplot, counter-project; retribution, lex talionis[Lat]; reciprocation &c. (reciprocity) 12.

tit for tat, give and take, blow for blow, quid pro quo, a Roland for an Oliver, measure for measure, diamond cut diamond, the biter bit, a game at which two can play; reproof valiant, retort courteous.

recrimination &c. (accusation) 938; revenge &c. 919; compensation &c. 30; reaction &c. (recoil) 277.

V. retaliate, retort, turn upon; pay, pay off, pay back; pay in one's own coin, pay in the same coin; cap; reciprocate &c. 148; turn the tables upon, return the compliment; give a quid pro quo &c. n., give as much as one takes, give as good as one gets; give and take, exchange fisticuffs; be quits, be even with; pay off old scores.

serve one right, be hoist on one's own petard, throw a stone in one's own garden, catch a Tartar.

Adj. retaliating &c. v.; retaliatory, retaliative; talionic^†.

Adv. in retaliation; en revanche.

Phr. mutato nomine de te fabula narratur [Lat][Horace]; par pari refero [Lat][Terence]; tu quoque[Lat: you too]; you're another; suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo [Lat]; a beau jeu beau retour[Fr]; litem [Lat]. . . lite resolvit [Lat][Horace].

719. Resistance

N. resistance, stand, front, oppugnation^†; oppugnancy^†; opposition &c. 708; renitence^†, renitency; reluctation^†, recalcitration^†; kicking &c. v.

repulse, rebuff.

insurrection &c. (disobedience) 742; strike; turn out, lock out, barring out; levee en masse[Fr], Jacquerie; riot &c. (disorder) 59.

V. resist; not submit &c. 725; repugn^†, reluct, reluctate^†, withstand; stand up against, strive against, bear up under, bear up against, be proof against, make head against; stand, stand firm, stand one's ground, stand the brunt of, stand out; hold one's grounds, hold one's own, hold out, hold firm.

breast the wave, breast the current; stem the tide, stem the torrent; face, confront, grapple with; show a bold front &c. (courage) 861; present a front; make a stand, take one's stand.

kick, kick against; recalcitrate^†, kick against the pricks; oppose &c. 708; fly in the face of; lift the hand against &c. (attack) 716; rise up in arms &c. (war) 722; strike, turn out; draw up a round robin &c. (remonstrate) 932; revolt &c. (disobey) 742; make a riot.

prendre le mors aux dents [French: take the bit between the teeth]; sell one's life dearly, die hard, keep at bay; repel, repulse.

Adj. resisting &c.v.; resistive, resistant; refractory &c. (disobedient) 742; recalcitrant, renitent; up in arms.

repulsive, repellant.

proof against; unconquerable &c. (strong) 159; stubborn, unconquered; indomitable &c. (persevering) 604a; unyielding &c. (obstinate) 606.

Int. hands off! keep off!

720. Contention

N. contention, strife; contest, contestation^†; struggle; belligerency; opposition &c. 708.

controversy, polemics; debate &c. (discussion) 476; war of words, logomachy^†, litigation; paper war; high words &c. (quarrel) 713; sparring &c. v.

competition, rivalry; corrivalry^†, corrivalship^†, agonism|, concours^†, match, race, horse racing, heat, steeple chase, handicap; regatta; field day; sham fight, Derby day; turf, sporting, bullfight, tauromachy^†, gymkhana^†; boat race, torpids^†.

wrestling, greco-roman wrestling; pugilism, boxing, fisticuffs, the manly art of self-defense; spar, mill, set-to, round, bout, event, prize fighting; quarterstaff, single stick; gladiatorship^†, gymnastics; jiujitsu, jujutsu, kooshti^†, sumo; athletics, athletic sports; games of skill &c. 840.

shindy^†; fracas &c. (discord) 713; clash of arms; tussle, scuffle, broil, fray; affray, affrayment|; velitation|; colluctation|, luctation^†; brabble^†, brigue|, scramble, melee, scrimmage, stramash^†, bushfighting^†.

free fight, stand up fight, hand to hand, running fight.

conflict, skirmish; rencounter^†, encounter; rencontre^†, collision, affair, brush, fight; battle, battle royal; combat, action, engagement, joust, tournament; tilt, tilting [medieval times]; tournay^†, list; pitched battle.

death struggle, struggle for life or death, life or death struggle, Armageddon^†.

hard knocks, sharp contest, tug of war.

naval engagement, naumachia^†, sea fight.

duel, duello[It]; single combat, monomachy^†, satisfaction, passage d'armes[Fr], passage of arms, affair of honor; triangular duel; hostile meeting, digladiation^†; deeds of arms, feats of arms; appeal to arms &c. (warfare) 722.

pugnacity; combativeness &c. adj.; bone of contention &c. 713.

V. contend; contest, strive, struggle, scramble, wrestle; spar, square; exchange blows, exchange fisticuffs; fib|!, justle^†, tussle, tilt, box, stave, fence; skirmish; pickeer^†; fight &c. (war) 722; wrangle &c. (quarrel) 713.

contend &c. with, grapple with, engage with, close with, buckle with, bandy with, try conclusions with, have a brush &c. n. with, tilt with; encounter, fall foul of, pitch into, clapperclaw^†, run a tilt at; oppose &c. 708; reluct.

join issue, come to blows, go to loggerheads, set to, come to the scratch, exchange shots, measure swords, meet hand to hand; take up the cudgels, take up the glove, take up the gauntlet; enter the lists; couch one's lance; give satisfaction; appeal to arms &c. (warfare) 722.

lay about one; break the peace.

compete with, cope with, vie with, race with; outvie^†, emulate, rival; run a race; contend &c. for, stipulate for, stickle for; insist upon, make a point of.

Adj. contending &c. v.; together by the ears, at loggerheads at war at issue.

competitive, rival; belligerent; contentious, combative, bellicose, unpeaceful^†; warlike &c. 722; quarrelsome &c. 901; pugnacious; pugilistic, gladiatorial; palestric^†, palestrical^†.

Phr. a verbis ad verbera[Lat]; a word and a blow; "a very pretty quarrel as it stands" [Sheridan]; commune periculum concordiam parit[Lat]; lis litem generat[Lat].

721. Peace

N. peace; amity &c. (friendship) 888; harmony &c. (concord) 714; tranquility, calm &c. (quiescence) 265; truce, peace treaty, accord &c. (pacification) 723; peace pipe, pipe of peace, calumet of peace.

piping time of peace, quiet life; neutrality.

[symbol of peace] dove of peace, white dove.

[person who favors peace] dove.

pax Romana[Lat]; Pax Americana[Lat]^†.

V. be at peace; keep the peace &c. (concord) 714.

make peace &c. 723.

Adj. pacific; peaceable, peaceful; calm, tranquil, untroubled, halcyon; bloodless; neutral.

dovish

Phr. the storm blown over; the lion lies down with the lamb; "all quiet on the Potomac"; paritur pax bello [Lat][Nepos]; "peace hath her victories no less renowned than war" [Milton]; "they make a desert and they call it peace".

722. Warfare

N. warfare; fighting &c.v.; hostilities; war, arms, the sword; Mars, Bellona, grim visaged war, horrida bella[Lat]; bloodshed.

appeal to arms, appeal to the sword; ordeal of battle; wager of battle; ultima ratio regum[Lat], arbitrament of the sword.

battle array, campaign, crusade, expedition, operations; mobilization; state of siege; battlefield, theater of operations &c. (arena) 728; warpath.

art of war, tactics, strategy, castrametation^†; generalship; soldiership; logistics; military evolutions, ballistics, gunnery; chivalry.

gunpowder, shot.

battle, tug of war &c. (contention) 720; service, campaigning, active service, tented field; kriegspiel[Ger], Kriegsspiel[Ger]; fire cross, trumpet, clarion, bugle, pibroch^†, slogan; war-cry, war-whoop; battle cry, beat of drum, rappel, tom-tom; calumet of war; word of command; password, watchword; passage d-armes[Fr].

war to the death, war to the knife; guerre a mort[Fr], guerre a outrance[Fr]^†; open war, internecine war, civil war.

V. arm; raise troops, mobilize troops; raise up in arms; take up the cudgels &c. 720; take up arms, fly to arms, appeal to arms, fly to the sword; draw the sword, unsheathe the sword; dig up the hatchet, dig up the tomahawk; go to war, wage war, 'let slip the dogs of war' [Julius Caesar]; cry havoc; kindle the torch of war, light the torch of war; raise one's banner, raise the fire cross; hoist the black flag; throw away, fling away the scabbard; enroll, enlist; take the field; take the law into one's own hands; do battle, give battle, join battle, engage in battle, go to battle; flesh one's sword; set to, fall to, engage, measure swords with, draw the trigger, cross swords; come to blows, come to close quarters; fight; combat; contend &c. 720; battle with, break a lance with.

[pirates engage in battle] raise the jolly roger, run up the jolly roger.

serve; see service, be on service, be on active service; campaign; wield the sword, shoulder a musket, smell powder, be under fire; spill blood, imbrue the hands in blood; on the warpath.

carry on war, carry on hostilities; keep the field; fight the good fight; fight it out, fight like devils, fight one's way, fight hand to hand; sell one's life dearly; pay the ferryman's fee.

Adj. contending, contentious &c. 720; armed, armed to the teeth, armed cap-a-pie; sword in hand; in arms, under arms, up in arms; at war with; bristling with arms; in battle array, in open arms, in the field; embattled; battled.

unpacific^†, unpeaceful^†; belligerent, combative, armigerous^†, bellicose, martial, warlike; military, militant; soldier- like, soldierly.

chivalrous; strategical, internecine.

Adv. flagrante bello[Lat], in the thick of the fray, in the cannon's mouth; at the sword's point, at the point of the bayonet.

Int. vae victis[Lat]! to arms! to your tents O Israel!

Phr. the battle rages; a la guerre comme a la guerre[Fr]; bis peccare in bello non licet[Lat]^†; jus gladii[Lat]; "my voice is still for war" [Addison]; "'tis well that war is so terrible, otherwise we might grow fond of it" [Robert E. Lee]; "my sentence is for open war" [Milton]; "pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war" [Othello]; "the cannons have their bowels full of wrath" [King John]; "the cannons . . .spit forth their iron indignation" [King John]; "the fire-eyed maid of smoky war" [Henry IV]; silent leges inter arma [Lat][Cicero]; si vis pacem para bellum[Lat].

723. Pacification

N. pacification, conciliation; reconciliation, reconcilement; shaking of hands, accommodation, arrangement, adjustment; terms, compromise; amnesty, deed of release.

peace offering; olive branch; calumet of peace, preliminaries of peace.

truce, armistice; suspension of arms, suspension of hostilities, stand-down; breathing time; convention; modus vivendi[Lat]; flag of truce, white flag, parlementaire[Fr], cartel|!.

hollow truce, pax in bello[Lat]; drawn battle.

V. pacify, tranquilize, compose; allay &c. (moderate) 174; reconcile, propitiate, placate, conciliate, meet halfway, hold out the olive branch, heal the breach, make peace, restore harmony, bring to terms.

settle matters, arrange matters, accommodate matters, accommodate differences; set straight; make up a quarrel, tantas componere lites[Lat]; come to an understanding, come to terms; bridge over, hush up; make it, make matters up; shake hands; mend one's fences [U.S.].

raise a siege, lift a siege; put up the sword, sheathe the sword; bury the hatchet, lay down one's arms, turn swords into plowshares; smoke the calumet of peace, close the temple of Janus; keep the peace &c. (concord) 714; be pacified &c.; come round.

Adj. conciliatory; composing &c.v.; pacified &c.v.

Phr. requiescat in pace[Lat].

724. Mediation

N. mediation, mediatorship^†, mediatization^†; intervention, interposition, interference, intermeddling, intercession; arbitration; flag of truce &c. 723; good offices, peace offering; .

parley, negotiation; diplomatics^†, diplomacy; compromise &c. 774.

[person who mediates] mediator, arbitrator, intercessor, peacemaker, makepeace^†, negotiator, go-between; diplomatist &c. (consignee) 758; moderator; propitiator; umpire.

V. mediate, mediatize^†; intercede, interpose, interfere, intervene; step in, negotiate; meet halfway; arbitrate; magnas componere lites[Lat].

bargain &c. 794

Adj. mediatory.

725. Submission

N. submission, yielding; nonresistance; obedience &c. 743.

surrender, cession, capitulation, resignation; backdown^†.

obeisance, homage, kneeling, genuflexion^†, courtesy, curtsy, kowtow, prostration.

V. succumb, submit, yeild, bend, resign, defer to.

lay down one's arms, deliver up one's arms; lower colors, haul down colors, strike one's flag, strike colors.

surrender, surrender at discretion; cede, capitulate, come to terms, retreat, beat a retreat; draw in one's horns &c. (humility) 879; give way, give round, give in, give up; cave in; suffer judgment by default; bend, bend to one's yoke, bend before the storm; reel back; bend down, knuckle down, knuckle to, knuckle under; knock under.

eat dirt, eat the leek, eat humble pie; bite the dust, lick the dust; be at one's feet, fall at one's feet; craven; crouch before, throw oneself at the feet of; swallow the leek, swallow the pill; kiss the rod; turn the other cheek; avaler les couleuvres[Fr], gulp down.

obey &c. 743; kneel to, bow to, pay homage to, cringe to, truckle to; bend the neck, bend the knee; kneel, fall on one's knees, bow submission, courtesy, curtsy, kowtow.

pocket the affront; make the best of, make a virtue of necessity; grin and abide, grin and bear it, shrug the shoulders, resign oneself; submit with a good grace &c. (bear with) 826.

Adj. surrendering &c. v.; submissive, resigned, crouching; downtrodden; down on one's marrow bones; on one's bended knee; unresistant, unresisting, nonresisting; pliant &c. (soft) 324; undefended.

untenable, indefensible; humble &c. 879.

Phr. have it your own way; it can't be helped; amen &c. (assent) 488; da locum melioribus[Lat]; tempori parendum[Lat].

726. Combatant

N. combatant; disputant, controversialist, polemic, litigant, belligerent; competitor, rival, corrival^†; fighter, assailant; champion, Paladin; mosstrooper^†, swashbuckler fire eater, duelist, bully, bludgeon man, rough.

prize fighter, pugilist, boxer, bruiser, the fancy, gladiator, athlete, wrestler; fighting-cock, game-cock; .

warrior, soldier, fighting man, Amazon, man at arms, armigerent^†; campaigner, veteran; swordsman, sabreur^†, redcoat, military man, Rajput.

armed force, troops, soldiery, military forces, sabaoth^†, the army, standing army, regulars, the line, troops of the line, militia, yeomanry, volunteers, trainband, fencible^†; auxiliary, bersagliere^†, brave; garde-nationale, garde-royale[Fr]; minuteman [Am. Hist.]; auxiliary forces, reserve forces; reserves, posse comitatus[Lat], national guard, gendarme, beefeater; guards, guardsman; yeomen of the guard, life guards, household troops.

janissary; myrmidon; Mama, Mameluke; spahee^†, spahi^†, Cossack, Croat, Pandoz.

irregular, guerilla, partisan, condottiere^†; franctireur[Fr], tirailleur^†, bashi-bazouk; vietminh[guerilla organization names: list], vietcong; shining path; contras; huk, hukbalahap.

mercenary, soldier of fortune; hired gun, gunfighter, gunslinger; bushwhacker, free lance, companion; Hessian.

hit man[criminals specializing in violence: see bad man], torpedo, soldier.

levy, draught; Landwehr[Ger], Landsturm[Ger]; conscript, recruit, cadet, raw levies.

infantry, infantryman, private, private soldier, foot soldier; Tommy Atkins^†, rank and file, peon, trooper, sepoy^†, legionnaire, legionary, cannon fodder, food for powder; officer &c. (commander) 745; subaltern, ensign, standard bearer; spearman, pikeman^†; spear bearer; halberdier^†, lancer; musketeer, carabineer^†, rifleman, jager[Ger], sharpshooter, yager^†, skirmisher; grenadier, fusileer^†; archer, bowman.

horse and foot; horse soldier; cavalry, horse, artillery, horse artillery, light horse, voltigeur[Fr], uhlan,mounted rifles, dragoon, hussar; light dragoon, heavy dragoon; heavy; cuirassier[Fr]; Foot Guards, Horse Guards.

gunner, cannoneer, bombardier, artilleryman^†, matross^†; sapper, sapper and miner; engineer; light infantry, rifles,chasseur[Fr], zouave; military train, coolie.

army, corps d'armee[Fr], host, division, battalia^†, column, wing, detachment, garrison, flying column, brigade, regiment, corps, battalion, sotnia^†, squadron, company, platoon, battery, subdivision, section, squad; piquet, picket, guard, rank, file; legion, phalanx, cohort; cloud of skirmishers.

war horse, charger, destrier.

marine, man-of-war's man &c. (sailor) 269; navy, wooden walls, naval forces, fleet, flotilla, armada, squadron.

[ships of war] man-of-war; destroyer; submarine; minesweeper; torpedo- boat, torpedo-destroyer; patrol torpedo boat, PT boat; torpedo-catcher, war castle, H.M.S.; battleship, battle wagon, dreadnought, line of battle ship, ship of the line; aircraft carrier, carrier. flattop[coll.]; helicopter carrier; missile platform, missile boat; ironclad, turret ship, ram, monitor, floating battery; first-rate, frigate, sloop of war, corvette, gunboat, bomb vessel; flagship, guard ship, cruiser; armored cruiser, protected cruiser; privateer.

[supporting ships] tender; store ship, troop ship; transport, catamaran; merchant marine.

727. Arms

N. arm, arms; weapon, deadly weapon; armament, armaments, armature; panoply, stand of arms; armor &c. (defense) 717; armory &c. (store) 636; apparatus belli[Lat].

ammunition; powder, powder and shot; cartridge; ball cartridge, cartouche, fireball; "villainous saltpeter" [Hen. IV]; dumdum bullet.

explosive; gunpowder, guncotton; mercury fulminate; picrates; pentaerythritol tetranitrate[ISA:chemsub][Chemsub], PETN.

high explosive; trinitrotoluene, TNT; dynamite, melinite^†, cordite, lyddite, plastic explosive, plastique; pyroxyline^†.

[knives and swords: list] sword, saber, broadsword, cutlass, falchion^†, scimitar, cimeter^†, brand, whinyard, bilbo, glaive^†, glave^†, rapier, skean, Toledo, Ferrara, tuck, claymore, adaga^†, baselard^†, Lochaber ax, skean dhu^†, creese^†, kris, dagger, dirk, banger^†, poniard, stiletto, stylet^†, dudgeon, bayonet; sword-bayonet, sword-stick; side arms, foil, blade, steel; ax, bill; pole-ax, battle-ax; gisarme^†, halberd, partisan, tomahawk, bowie knife^†; ataghan^†, attaghan^†, yataghan^†; yatacban^†; assagai, assegai^†; good sword, trusty sword, naked sword; cold steel.

club, mace, truncheon, staff, bludgeon, cudgel, life preserver, shillelah, sprig; hand staff, quarter staff; bat, cane, stick, knuckle duster; billy, blackjack, sandbag, waddy^†.

gun, piece[Fr]; firearms; artillery, ordnance; siege train, battering train; park, battery; cannon, gun of position, heavy gun, field piece[Fr], mortar, howitzer, carronade^†, culverin^†, basilisk; falconet, jingal^†, swivel, pederero^†, bouche a feu[Fr]; petard, torpedo; mitrailleur[Fr], mitrailleuse[Fr]; infernal machine; smooth bore, rifled cannon, Armstrong gun^†, Lancaster gun, Paixhan gun, Whitworth gun, Parrott gun, Krupp gun, Gatling gun, Maxim gun, machine gun; pompom^†; ten pounder.

small arms; musket, musketry, firelock^†, fowling piece[Fr], rifle, fusil^†, caliver^†, carbine, blunderbuss, musketoon^†, Brown Bess, matchlock, harquebuss^†, arquebus, haguebut^†; pistol, postolet^†; petronel; small bore; breach-loader, muzzle-loader; revolver, repeater; Minis rifle, Enfield rifle, Flobert rifle, Westley Richards rifle, Snider rifle, Martini-Henry rifle, Lee-Metford rifle, Lee- Enfield rifle, Mauser rifle, magazine rifle; needle gun, chassepot^†; wind gun, air gun; automatic gun, automatic pistol; escopet^†, escopette^†, gunflint, gun-lock; hackbut^†, shooter, shooting iron * [U.S.], six-shooter [U.S.], shotgun; Uzzi, assault rifle, Kalashnikov.

bow, crossbow, balister^†, catapult, sling; battering ram &c. (impulse) 276; gunnery; ballistics &c. (propulsion) 284.

missile, bolt, projectile, shot, ball; grape; grape shot, canister shot, bar shot, cannon shot, langrel shot^†, langrage shot^†, round shot, chain shot; balista^†, ballista^†, slung shot, trebucbet^†, trebucket^†; bullet, slug, stone, brickbat, grenade, shell, bomb, carcass, rocket; congreve^†, congreve rocket^†; shrapnel, mitraille[Fr]; levin bolt^†, levin brand^†; thunderbolt.

pike, lance, spear, spontoon^†, javelin, dart, jereed^†, jerid^†, arrow, reed, shaft, bolt, boomerang, harpoon, gaff; eelspear^†, oxgoad^†, weet-weet, wommerah^†; cattle prod; chemical mace.

Phr. en flute; nervos belli pecuniam infinitam[Lat].

728. Arena

N. arena, field, platform; scene of action, theater; walk, course; hustings; stare, boards &c. (playhouse) 599; amphitheater; Coliseum, Colosseum; Flavian amphitheater, hippodrome, circus, race course, corso[Sp], turf, cockpit, bear garden, playground, gymnasium, palestra, ring, lists; tiltyard^†, tilting ground; Campus Martins, Champ de Allars^†; campus [U.S.].

boxing ring, canvas.

theater of war, seat of war; battle-field, battle-ground; field of battle, field of slaughter; Aceldama^†, camp; the enemy's camp; trusting place &c. (place of meeting) 74.

Section V. Results of Voluntary Action

729. Completion

N. completion, accomplishment, achievement, fulfillment; performance, execution; despatch, dispatch; consummation, culmination; finish, conclusion; close &c. (end) 67; terminus &c. (arrival) 292; winding up; finale, denouement, catastrophe, issue, upshot, result; final touch, last touch, crowning touch, finishing touch, finishing stroke; last finish, coup de grace; crowning of the edifice; coping-stone, keystone; missing link &c. 53; superstructure, ne plus ultra[Lat], work done, fait accompli[Fr].

elaboration; finality; completeness &c. 52.

V. effect[transitive], effectuate; accomplish, achieve, compass, consummate, hammer out; bring to maturity, bring to perfection; perfect, complete; elaborate.

do, execute, make; go through, get through; work out, enact; bring about, bring to bear, bring to pass, bring through, bring to a head.

despatch, dispatch; knock off, finish off, polish off; make short work of; dispose of, set at rest; perform, discharge, fulfill, realize; put in practice, put in force; carry out, carry into effect, carry into execution; make good; be as good as one's word.

do thoroughly, not do by halves,go the whole hog; drive home; be in at the death &c. (persevere) 604a; carry through, play out, exhaust; fill the bill [U.S.].

finish, bring to a close &c. (end) 67; wind up, stamp, clinch, seal, set the seal on, put the seal; give the final touch &c.n. to; put the last, put the finishing hand to, put the finishing touches on; crown, crown all; cap.

[intransitive] ripen, culminate; come to a head, come to a crisis; come to its end; die a natural death, die of old age; run its course, run one's race; touch the goal, reach the goal, attain the goal; reach &c. (arrive) 292; get in the harvest.

Adj. completing, final; concluding, conclusive; crowning &c. v.; exhaustive.

done, completed &c. v.; done for, sped, wrought out; highly wrought &c. (preparation) 673; thorough &c. 52; ripe &c. (ready) 673.

Adv. completely &c.(thoroughly) 52; to crown all, out of hand.

Phr. the race is run; actum est[Lat]; finis coronat opus[Lat]; consummatum est[Lat]; c'en est fait[Fr]; it is all over; the game is played out, the bubble has burst; aussitot dit aussitot fait[Fr]; aut non tentaris aut perfice [Lat][Ovid].

730. Noncompletion

N. noncompletion, nonfulfillment; shortcoming &c. 304; incompleteness &c. 53; drawn battle, drawn game; work of Penelope.

nonperformance, inexecution^†; neglect &c. 460.

V. not complete &c. 729; leave unfinished &c. adj., leave undone, drop, put down; neglect &c. 460; let alone, let slip; lose sight of (forget) 506.

fall short of &c. 304; do things by halves, parboil, scotch the snake not lull it; hang fire; be slow to; collapse &c. 304.

drop out.

Adj. not completed &c. v.; incomplete &c. 53; uncompleted, unfinished, unaccomplished, unperformed, unexecuted; sketchy, addle.

in progress, in hand; ongoing, going on, proceeding; on one's hands; on the anvil; in the fire, in the oven.

parboiled, half-baked.

Adv. re infecta[Lat].

731. Success

N. success, successfulness; speed; advance &c. (progress) 282.

trump card; hit, stroke, score; lucky hit, fortunate hit, good hit, good stroke; direct hit, bull's eye; goal, point, touchdown; home run, homer, hole-in-one, grand slam; killing[make money], windfall bold stroke, master stroke; ten strike [U.S.]; coup de maitre[Fr], checkmate; half the battle, prize; profit &c. (acquisition) 775.

continued success; good fortune &c. (prosperity) 734; time well spent.

advantage over; upper hand, whip hand; ascendancy, mastery; expugnation|, conquest, victory, subdual^†; subjugation &c. (subjection) 749.

triumph &c. (exultation) 884; proficiency &c. (skill) 698.

conqueror, victor, winner; master of the situation, master of the position, top of the heap, king of the hill; achiever, success, success story.

V. succeed; be successful &c. adj.; gain one's end, gain one's ends; crown with success.

gain a point, attain a point, carry a point, secure a point, win a point, win an object; get there *[U.S.]; manage to, contrive to; accomplish &c. (effect, complete) 729; do wonders, work wonders; make a go of it.

come off well, come off successful, come off with flying colors; make short work of; take by storm, carry by storm; bear away the bell; win one's wings, win one's spurs, win the battle; win the day, carry the day, gain the day, gain the prize, gain the palm; have the best of it, have it all one's own way, have the game in one's owns hands, have the ball at one's feet, have one on the hop; walk over the course; carry all before one, remain in possession of the field; score a success.

speed; make progress &c. (advance) 282; win one's way, make one's way, work one's way, find one's way; strive to some purpose; prosper &c. 734; drive a roaring trade; make profit &c. (acquire) 775; reap the fruits, gather the fruits, reap the benefit of, reap the harvest; strike oil * [U.S.], gain a windfall; make one's fortune, get in the harvest, turn to good account; turn to account &c. (use) 677.

triumph, be triumphant; gain a victory, obtain a victory, gain an advantage; chain victory to one's car; nail a coonskin to the wall.

surmount a difficulty, overcome a difficulty, get over a difficulty, get over an obstacle &c. 706; se tirer d'affaire[Fr]; make head against; stem the torrent, stem the tide, stem the current; weather the storm, weather a point; turn a corner, keep one's head above water, tide over; master; get the better of, have the better of, gain the better of, gain the best of, gain the upper hand, gain the ascendancy, gain the whip hand, gain the start of; distance; surpass &c. (superiority) 33.

defeat, conquer, vanquish, discomfit; euchre; overcome, overthrow, overpower, overmaster, overmatch, overset^†, override, overreach; outwit, outdo, outflank, outmaneuver, outgeneral, outvote; take the wind out of one's adversary's sails; beat, beat hollow; rout, lick, drub, floor, worst; put down, put to flight, put to the rout, put hors de combat[Fr], put out of court.

silence, quell, nonsuit^†, checkmate, upset, confound, nonplus, stalemate, trump; baffle &c. (hinder) 706; circumvent, elude; trip up, trip up the heels of; drive into a corner, drive to the wall; run hard, put one's nose out of joint.

settle, do for; break the neck of, break the back of; capsize, sink, shipwreck, drown, swamp; subdue; subjugate &c. (subject) 749; reduce; make the enemy bite the dust; victimize, roll in the dust, trample under foot, put an extinguisher upon.

answer, answer the purpose; avail, prevail, take effect, do, turn out well, work well, take, tell, bear fruit; hit it, hit the mark, hit the right nail on the head; nick it; turn up trumps, make a hit; find one's account in.

Adj. succeeding &c. v.; successful; prosperous &c. 734; triumphant; flushed with success, crowned with success; victorious, on top; set up; in the ascendant; unbeaten &c. (see beat &c. v.); well-spent; felicitous, effective, in full swing.

Adv. successfully &c. adj.; well flying colors, in triumph, swimmingly; a merveille[Fr], beyond all hope; to some purpose, to good purpose; to one's heart's content.

Phr. veni vidi vici[Lat], the day being one;s own, one's star in the ascendant; omne tulit punctum[Lat].

bis vincit qui se vincit in victoria^†[Lat]; cede repugnanti cedendo victor abibis [Lat][Ovid]; chacun est l'artisan de sa fortune[Fr]; dies faustus[Lat]; l'art de vaincre est celui de mepriser la mort[Fr]; omnia vincit amor [Lat: love conquers all]; "peace hath her victories no less renowned than war" [Milton]; "the race by vigor not by vaunts is won" [Pope]; vincit qui patitur[Lat]; vincit qui se vincit[Lat]; "The race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, but that's the way to bet" [Mark Twain].

732. Failure

N. failure; nonsuccess^†, nonfulfillment; dead failure, successlessness^†; abortion, miscarriage; brutum fulmen &c. 158[Lat]; labor in vain &c. (inutility) 645; no go; inefficacy^†; inefficaciousness &c. adj.; vain attempt, ineffectual attempt, abortive attempt, abortive efforts; flash in the pan, "lame and impotent conclusion" [Othello]; frustration; slip 'twixt cup and lip &c. (disappointment) 509.

blunder &c. (mistake) 495; fault, omission, miss, oversight, slip, trip, stumble, claudication|, footfall; false step, wrong step; faux pas[Fr], titubation^†, b�vue[Fr], faute[Fr], lurch; botchery &c. (want of skill) 699^†; scrape, mess, fiasco, breakdown; flunk [U.S.].

mishap &c. (misfortune) 735; split, collapse, smash, blow, explosion.

repulse, rebuff, defeat, rout, overthrow, discomfiture; beating, drubbing; quietus, nonsuit^†, subjugation; checkmate, stalemate, fool's mate.

fall, downfall, ruin, perdition; wreck &c. (destruction) 162; deathblow; bankruptcy &c. (nonpayment) 808.

losing game, affaire flamb�e.

victim; bankrupt; flunker^†, flunky [U.S.].

V. fail; be unsuccessful &c. adj.; not succeed &c. 731; make vain efforts &c.n.; do in vain, labor in vain, toil in vain; flunk [U.S.]; lose one's labor, take nothing by one's motion; bring to naught, make nothing of; wash a blackamoor white &c. (impossible) 471; roll the stones of Sisyphus &c. (useless) 645; do by halves &c. (not complete) 730; lose ground &c. (recede) 282; fall short of &c. 304.

miss, miss one's aim, miss the mark, miss one's footing, miss stays; slip, trip, stumble; make a slip &c., n. blunder &c. 495, make a mess of, make a botch of; bitch it|, miscarry, abort, go up like a rocket and come down like the stick, come down in flames, get shot down, reckon without one's host; get the wrong pig by the tail, get the wrong sow by the ear &c. (blunder, mismanage) 699.

limp, halt, hobble, titubate^†; fall, tumble; lose one's balance; fall to the ground, fall between two stools; flounder, falter, stick in the mud, run aground, split upon a rock; beat one's head against a stone wall, run one's head against a stone wall, knock one's head against a stone wall, dash one's head against a stone wall; break one's back; break down, sink, drown, founder, have the ground cut from under one; get into trouble, get into a mess, get into a scrape; come to grief &c. (adversity) 735; go to the wall, go to the dogs, go to pot; lick the dust, bite the dust; be defeated &c. 731; have the worst of it, lose the day, come off second best, lose; fall a prey to; succumb &c. (submit) 725; not have a leg to stand on.

come to nothing, end in smoke; flat out |; fall to the ground, fall through, fall dead, fall stillborn, fall flat; slip through one's fingers; hang fire, miss fire; flash in the pan, collapse; topple down &c. (descent) 305; go to wrack and ruin &c. (destruction) 162.

go amiss, go wrong, go cross, go hard with, go on a wrong tack; go on ill, come off ill, turn out ill, work ill; take a wrong term, take an ugly term; take an ugly turn, take a turn for the worse.

be all over with, be all up with; explode; dash one's hopes &c. (disappoint) 509; defeat the purpose; sow the wind and reap the whirlwind, jump out of the frying pan into the fire, go from the frying pan into the fire.

Adj. unsuccessful, successless^†; failing, tripping &c.v.; at fault; unfortunate &c. 735.

abortive, addle, stillborn; fruitless, bootless; ineffectual, ineffective, inconsequential, trifling, nugatory; inefficient &c. (impotent) 158; insufficient &c. 640; unavailing &c. (useless) 645; of no effect.

aground, grounded, swamped, stranded, cast away, wrecked, foundered, capsized, shipwrecked, nonsuited^†; foiled; defeated &c. 731; struck down, borne down, broken down; downtrodden; overborne, overwhelmed; all up with; ploughed, plowed, plucked.

lost, undone, ruined, broken; bankrupt &c. (not paying) 808; played out; done up, done for; dead beat, ruined root and branch, flambe^†, knocked on the head; destroyed &c. 162.

frustrated, crossed, unhinged, disconcerted dashed; thrown off one's balance, thrown on one's back, thrown on one's beam ends|; unhorsed, in a sorry plight; hard hit.

stultified, befooled^†, dished, hoist on one's own petard; victimized, sacrificed.

wide of the mark &c. (error) 495; out of one's reckoning &c. (inexpectation) 508^†; left in the lurch; thrown away &c. (wasted) 638; unattained; uncompleted &c. 730.

Adv. unsuccessfully &c. adj.; to little or no purpose, in vain, re infecta[Lat].

Phr. the bubble has burst, , "the jig is up", "the game is up" [Cymbeline]; all is lost; the devil to pay; parturiunt montes &c. (disappointment) 509[Lat]; dies infaustus[Lat]; tout est perdu hors l'honneur[Fr].

733. Trophy

N. trophy; medal, prize, palm, award; laurel, laurels; bays, crown, chaplet, wreath, civic crown; insignia &c. 550; feather in one's cap &c. (honor) 873; decoration &c. 877; garland, triumphal arch, Victoria Cross, Iron Cross.

triumph &c. (celebration) 883; flying colors &c. (show) 882.

monumentum aere perennius [Lat]^†[Hor.].

Phr. "for valor."

734. Prosperity

N. prosperity, welfare, well-being; affluence &c. (wealth) 803; success &c. 731; thrift, roaring trade; good fortune, smiles of fortune; blessings, godsend.

luck; good luck, run of luck; sunshine; fair weather, fair wind; palmy days, bright days, halcyon days; piping times, tide, flood, high tide.

Saturnia regna[Lat], Saturnian age; golden time, golden age; bed of roses, fat city [coll.]; fat of the land, milk and honey, loaves and fishes.

made man, lucky dog, enfant gate[Fr], spoiled child of fortune.

upstart, parvenu, skipjack^†, mushroom.

V. prosper, thrive, flourish; be prosperous &c adj.; drive a roaring trade, do a booming business; go on well, go on smoothly, go on swimmingly; sail before the wind, swim with the tide; run smooth, run smoothly, run on all fours.

rise in the world, get on in the world; work one's way, make one's way; look up; lift one's head, raise one's head, make one's fortune, feather one's nest, make one's pile.

flower, blow, blossom, bloom, fructify, bear fruit, fatten.

keep oneself afloat; keep one's head above water, hold one's head above water; land on one's feet, light on one's feet, light on one's legs, fall on one's legs, fall on one's feet; drop into a good thing; bear a charmed life; bask in the sunshine; have a good time of it, have a fine time of it; have a run of luck; have the good fortune &c. n. to; take a favorable turn; live on the fat of the land, live off the fat of the land, live in clover.

Adj. prosperous; thriving &c. v.; in a fair way, buoyant; well off, well to do, well to do in the world; set up, at one's ease; rich &c. 803; in good case; in full, in high feather; fortunate, lucky, in luck; born with a silver spoon in one's mouth, born under a lucky star; on the sunny side of the hedge.

auspicious, propitious, providential.

palmy, halcyon; agreeable &c. 829; couleur de rose[Fr].

Adv. prosperously &c. adj.; swimmingly; as good luck would have it; beyond all hope.

Phr. one's star in the ascendant, all for the best, one's course runs smooth.

chacun est l'artisan de sa fortune[Fr]; donec eris felix multos numerabis amicos [Lat][Ovid]; felicitas multos habet amicos[Lat]; felix se nescit amari [Lat][Lucan]; 'good luck go with thee' [Henry V]; nulli est homini perpetuum bonum [Lat][Plautus].

735. Adversity

N. adversity, evil &c. 619; failure &c. 732; bad luck, ill luck, evil luck, adverse luck, hard fortune, hard hap, hard luck, hard lot; frowns of fortune; evil dispensation, evil star, evil genius|; vicissitudes of life, ups and downs of life, broken fortunes; hard case, hard lines, hard life; sea of troubles; peck of troubles; hell upon earth; slough of despond.

trouble, hardship, curse, blight, blast, load, pressure.

pressure of the times, iron age, evil day, time out of joint; hard times, bad times, sad times; rainy day, cloud, dark cloud, gathering clouds, ill wind; visitation, infliction; affliction &c. (painfulness) 830; bitter pill; care, trial; the sport of fortune.

mishap, mischance, misadventure, misfortune; disaster, calamity, catastrophe; accident, casualty, cross, reverse, check, contretemps, rub; backset^†, comedown, setback [U.S.].

losing game; falling &c. v.; fall, downfall; ruination, ruinousness; undoing; extremity; ruin &c. (destruction) 162.

V. be ill off &c. adj.; go hard with; fall on evil, fall on evil days; go on ill; not prosper &c. 734.

go downhill, go to rack and ruin &c. (destruction) 162, go to the dogs; fall, fall from one's high estate; decay, sink, decline, go down in the world; have seen better days; bring down one's gray hairs with sorrow to the grave; come to grief; be all over, be up with; bring a wasp's nest about one's ears, bring a hornet's nest about one's ears.

Adj. unfortunate, unblest^†, unhappy, unlucky; improsperous^†, unprosperous; hoodooed [U.S.]; luckless, hapless; out of luck; in trouble, in a bad way, in an evil plight; under a cloud; clouded; ill off, badly off; in adverse circumstances; poor &c. 804; behindhand, down in the world, decayed, undone; on the road to ruin, on its last legs, on the wane; in one's utmost need.

planet-struck, devoted; born under an evil star, born with a wooden ladle in one's mouth; ill-fated, ill-starred, ill-omened.

adverse, untoward; disastrous, calamitous, ruinous, dire, deplorable.

736. Mediocrity

N. moderate circumstances, average circumstances; respectability; middle classes; mediocrity; golden mean &c. (mid-course) 628, (moderation) 174. V. jog on; go fairly, go quietly, go peaceably, go tolerably, go respectably, get on fairly, get on quietly, get on peaceably, get on tolerably, get on respectably.

Division II. Intersocial Volition

Section I. General Intersocial Volition

737. Authority

N. authority; influence, patronage, power, preponderance, credit, prestige, prerogative, jurisdiction; right &c. (title) 924; direction &c. 693; government &c. 737a.

divine right, dynastic rights, authoritativeness; absoluteness, absolutism; despotism; jus nocendi[Lat]; jus divinum[Lat].

mastery, mastership, masterdom^†; dictation, control.

hold, grasp; grip, gripe; reach; iron sway &c. (severity) 739; fangs, clutches, talons; rod of empire &c. (scepter) 747.

[Vicarious authority] commission &c. 755; deputy &c.759; permission &c. 760.

V. authorize &c. (permit) 760; warrant &c. (right) 924; dictate &c. (order) 741.

be at the head of &c. adj.; hold office, be in office, fill an office; hold master, occupy master, a post master, be master &c. 745.

have the upper hand, get the upper hand, have the whip, get the whip; gain a hold upon, preponderate, dominate, rule the roost; boss [U.S.]; override, overrule, overawe; lord it over, hold in hand, keep under, make a puppet of, lead by the nose, turn round one's little finger, bend to one's will, hold one's own, wear the breeches; have the ball at one's feet, have it all one's own way, have the game in one's own hand, have on the hip, have under one's thumb; be master of the situation; take the lead, play first fiddle, set the fashion; give the law to; carry with a high hand; lay down the law; "ride in the whirlwind and direct the storm" [Addison]; rule with a rod of iron &c. (severity) 739.

Adj. at the head, dominant, paramount, supreme, predominant, preponderant, in the ascendant, influential; arbitrary; compulsory &c. 744: stringent.

at one's command; in one's power, in one's grasp; under control.

Adv. in the name of, by the authority of, de par le Roi[Fr], in virtue of; under the auspices of, in the hands of.

at one's pleasure; by a dash if the pen, by a stroke of the pen; ex mero motu[Lat]; ex cathedra[Lat: from the chair].

Phr. the gray mare the better horse; "every inch a king" [Lear].

737a. Government

N. government, legal authority, soveriegn, sovereign authority; authority &c. 737; master &c. 745; direction &c. 693.

[nations] national government, nation, state, country, nation-state, dominion, republic, empire, union, democratic republic; kingdom, principality.

[subdivisions of nations] state government[U.S terminology], state; shire[England]; province[Canada]; county[Ireland]; canton[Switzerland]; territory [Australia]; duchy, archduchy, archdukedom^†; woiwodshaft; commonwealth; region &c. 181; property &c. 780.

[smaller subdivisions] county, parish[Louisiana]; city, domain, tract, arrondissement[Fr], mofussil^†, commune,; wappentake, hundred, riding, lathe, garth^†, soke^†, tithing; ward, precinct, bailiwick.

command, empire, sway, rule; dominion, domination; sovereignty, supremacy, suzerainty; lordship, headship^†; chiefdom^†; seigniory, seigniority^†.

rule, sway, command, control, administer; govern &c. (direct) 693; lead, preside over, reign, possess the throne, be seated on the throne, occupy the throne; sway the scepter, wield the scepter; wear the crown.

state, realm, body politic, posse comitatus[Lat].

[person in the governing authority] judicature &c. 965; cabinet &c. (council) 696; seat of government, seat of authority; headquarters.

[Acquisition of authority] accession; installation &c. 755; politics &c. 737a.

reign, regime, dynasty; directorship, dictatorship; protectorate, protectorship; caliphate, pashalic^†, electorate; presidency, presidentship^†; administration; proconsul, consulship; prefecture; seneschalship; magistrature^†, magistracy.

monarchy; kinghood^†, kingship; royalty, regality; aristarchy^†, aristocracy; oligarchy, democracy, theocracy, demagogy; commonwealth; dominion; heteronomy; republic, republicanism; socialism; collectivism; mob law, mobocracy^†, ochlocracy^†; vox populi, imperium in imperio[Lat]; bureaucracy; beadledom^†, bumbledom^†; stratocracy; military power, military government, junta; feodality^†, feudal system, feudalism.

thearchy^†, theocracy, dinarchy^†; duarchy^†, triarchy, heterarchy^†; duumvirate; triumvirate; autocracy, autonomy; limited monarchy; constitutional government, constitutional monarchy; home rule; representative government; monocracy^†, pantisocracy^†.

gynarchy^†, gynocracy^†, gynaeocracy^†; petticoat government.

[government functions] legislature, judiciary, administration.

[Government agencies and institutions] office of the president, office of the prime minister, cabinet; senate, house of representatives, parliament; council &c. 696; courts, supreme court; state[U.S. national government departments (list)], interior, labor, health and human services, defense, education, agriculture, justice, commerce, treasury; Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI; Central Intelligence Agency, CIA; National Institutes of Health, NIH; Postal Service, Post Office; Federal Aviation Administration, FAA.

[national government officials] president, vice president, cabinet member, prime minister, minister; senator, representatative, president pro tem[Lat], speaker of the house; department head, section head, section chief; federal judge, justice, justice of the supreme court, chief justice; treasurer, secretary of the treasury; director of the FBI.

[state government officials] governor, state cabinet member; state senator, assemblyman, assemblywoman.

V. govern, rule, have authority, hold authority, possess authority, exercise authority, exert authority, wield authority &c. n.; reign, be sovereign.

[acquire authority] ascend the throne, mount the throne; take the reins, take the reins into one's hand; assume authority &c. n., assume the reins of government; take command, assume command.

[contend for authority] politics &c. 737a.

be governed by, be in the power of, be a subject of, be a citizen of.

Adj. regal, sovereign, governing; royal, royalist; monarchical, kingly; imperial, imperiatorial^†; princely; feudal; aristocratic, autocratic; oligarchic &c. n.; republican, dynastic.

ruling &c. v.; regnant, gubernatorial; imperious; authoritative, executive, administrative, clothed with authority, official, departmental, ex officio, imperative, peremptory, overruling, absolute; hegemonic, hegemonical^†; authorized &c. (due) 924.

[pertaining to property owned by government] government, public; national, federal; his majesty's[Great Britain], her majesty's;.state, county, city, &c. n.

Phr[cf. nations, subdivisions of nations, smaller subdivisions]. "a dog's obeyed in office" [Lear]; cada uno tiene su alguazil^†[Sp]; le Roi le veut[Fr]; regibus esse manus en nescio longas^†[Lat]; regnant populi[Lat]; "the demigod Authority " [Measure for Measure]; "the right divine of kings to govern wrong" [Pope]; "uneasy lies the head that wears a crown" [Henry IV].

737b. Politics

 [contention for governmental authority or influence]

N. politics; political science; candidacy, campaign, campaigning, electioneering; partisanship, ideology, factionalism.

election, poll, ballot, vote, referendum, recall, initiative, voice, suffrage, plumper, cumulative vote, plebiscitum[Lat], plebiscite, vox populi; electioneering; voting &c. v.; elective franchise; straight ticket [U.S.]; opinion poll, popularity poll.

issue; opinion, stand, position; program, platform; party line.

[ideologies] democracy, republicanism; communism, statism, state socialism; socialism; conservatism, toryism; liberalism, whigism; theocracy; constitutional monarchy.

[political parties] party &c. 712; Democratic Party[U.S: list], Republican Party, Socialist Party, Communist Party; Federalist Party[U.S. defunct parties: list], Bull Moose Party, Abolitionist Party; Christian Democratic Party[Germany: list], Social Democratic Party; National Socialist Worker's Party[Germany, 1930-1945], Nazi Party; Liberal Party[Great Britain:list], Labor Party, Conservative Party.

ticket, slate.

[person active in politics] politician[general], activist; candidate[specific politicians: list], aspirant, hopeful, office-seeker, front-runner, dark horse, long shot, shoo-in; supporter, backer, political worker, campaign worker; lobbyist, contributor; party hack, ward heeler; regional candidate, favorite son; running mate, stalking horse; perpetual candidate, political animal.

political contribution, campaign contribution; political action committee, PAC.

political district, electoral division, electoral district, bailiwick.

electorate, constituents.

get-out-the-vote campaign, political education.

negative campaigning, dirty politics, smear campaign.

[unsuccessful candidate] also-ran, loser; has-been.

[successful candidate] office holder, official, occupant of a position; public servant, incumbent; winner.

V. run for office, stand for office; campaign, stump; throw one's hat in the ring; announce one's candidacy.

Adj. political, partisan.

Phr. "Money is the mother's milk of politics " [Tip O'Neill].

738. Laxity

 [Absence of authority]

N. laxity; laxness, looseness, slackness; toleration &c. (lenity) 740; freedom &c. 748.

anarchy, interregnum; relaxation; loosening &c. v.; remission; dead letter, brutum fulmen[Lat], misrule; license, licentiousness; insubordination &c. (disobedience) 742; lynch law &c. (illegality) 964; nihilism, reign of violence.

[Deprivation of power] dethronement, deposition, usurpation, abdication.

V. be -lax &c. adj.; laisser faire[Fr], laisser aller[Fr]; hold a loose rein; give the reins to, give rope enough, give a loose to; tolerate; relax; misrule.

go beyond the length of one's tether; have one's swing, have one's fling; act without instructions, act without authority, act outside of one's authority; act on one's own responsibility, usurp authority.

dethrone, depose; abdicate.

Adj. lax, loose; slack; remiss &c. (careless) 460; weak.

relaxed; licensed; reinless^†, unbridled; anarchical; unauthorized &c. (unwarranted) 925; adespotic^†.

739. Severity

N. severity; strictness, harshness &c. adj.; rigor, stringency, austerity; inclemency &c. (pitilessness) 914a; arrogance &c. 885; precisianism^†.

arbitrary power; absolutism, despotism; dictatorship, autocracy, tyranny, domineering, oppression; assumption, usurpation; inquisition, reign of terror, martial law; iron heel, iron rule, iron hand, iron sway; tight grasp; brute force, brute strength; coercion &c. 744; strong hand, tight hand.

hard lines, hard measure; tender mercies [ironical]; sharp practice; pipe-clay, officialism.

tyrant, disciplinarian, precisian^†, martinet, stickler, bashaw^†, despot, hard master, Draco, oppressor, inquisitor, extortioner, harpy, vulture; accipitres^†, birds of prey, raptorials^†, raptors^†.

V. be -severe &c. adj.

assume, usurp, arrogate, take liberties; domineer, bully &c. 885; tyrannize, inflict, wreak, stretch a point, put on the screw; be hard upon; bear a heavy hand on, lay a heavy hand on; be down upon, come down upon; ill treat; deal hardly with, deal hard measure to; rule with a rod of iron, chastise with scorpions; dye with blood; oppress, override; trample under foot; tread under foot, tread upon, trample upon, tread down upon, trample down upon; crush under an iron heel, ride roughshod over; rivet the yoke; hold a tight hand, keep a tight hand; force down the throat; coerce &c. 744; give no quarter &c. (pitiless) 914a.

Adj. severe; strict, hard, harsh, dour, rigid, stiff, stern, rigorous, uncompromising, exacting, exigent, exigeant^†, inexorable, inflexible, obdurate, austere, hard-headed, hard-nosed, hard-shell [U.S.], relentless, Spartan, Draconian, stringent, strait-laced, searching, unsparing, iron- handed, peremptory, absolute, positive, arbitrary, imperative; coercive &c. 744; tyrannical, extortionate, grinding, withering, oppressive, inquisitorial; inclement &c. (ruthless) 914a; cruel &c. (malevolent) 907; haughty, arrogant &c. 885; precisian^†.

Adv. severely &c. adj.; with a high hand, with a strong hand, with a tight hand, with a heavy hand.

at the point of the sword, at the point of the bayonet.

Phr. Delirant reges plectuntur Achivi[Lat]; manu forti[Lat]; ogni debole ha sempre il suo tiranno[It].

740. Lenity

N. lenity, lenience, leniency; moderation &c. 174; tolerance, toleration; mildness, gentleness; favor, indulgence, indulgency^†; clemency, mercy, forbearance, quarter; compassion &c. 914.

V. be -lenient &c. adj.; tolerate, bear with; parcere subjectis[Lat], give quarter.

indulge, allow one to have his own way, spoil.

Adj. lenient; mild, mild as milk; gentle, soft; tolerant, indulgent, easy-going; clement &c. (compassionate) 914; forbearing; long-suffering.

741. Command

N. command, order, ordinance, act, fiat, hukm^†, bidding, dictum, hest^†, behest, call, beck, nod.

despatch, dispatch; message, direction, injunction, charge, instructions; appointment, fixture.

demand, exaction, imposition, requisition, claim, reclamation, revendication^†; ultimatum &c. (terms) 770; request &c. 765; requirement.

dictation; dictate, mandate; caveat, decree, senatus consultum[Lat]; precept; prescript, rescript; writ, ordination, bull, ex cathedra pronouncement[Lat], edict, decretal^†, dispensation, prescription, brevet, placit^†, ukase, ukaz [Russian], firman, hatti-sherif^†, warrant, passport, mittimus[Law@crim], mandamus, summons, subpoena, nisi prius[Lat], interpellation, citation; word, word of command; mot d'ordre[Fr]; bugle call, trumpet call; beat of drum, tattoo; order of the day; enactment &c. (law) 963; plebiscite &c. (choice) 609.

V. command, order, decree, enact, ordain, dictate, direct, give orders.

prescribe, set, appoint, mark out; set a task, prescribe a task, impose a task; set to work, put in requisition.

bid, enjoin, charge, call upon, instruct; require at the hands of; exact, impose, tax, task; demand; insist on &c. (compel) 744.

claim, lay claim to, revendicate^†, reclaim.

cite, summon; call for, send for; subpoena; beckon.

issue a command; make a requisition, issue a requisition, promulgate a requisition, make a decree, issue a decree, promulgate a decree, make an order, issue an order, promulgate an order &c. n.; give the word of command, give the word, give the signal; call to order; give the law, lay down the law; assume the command &c. (authority) 737; remand.

be -ordered &c.; receive an order &c. n.

Adj. commanding &c. v.; authoritative &c. 737; decretory^†, decretive^†, decretal^†; callable, jussive^†.

Adv. in a commanding tone; by a stroke of the pen, by a dash of the pen; by order, at beat of drum, on the first summons.

Phr. the decree is gone forth; sic volo sic jubeo[Lat]; le Roi le veut[Fr]; boutez en avant[Fr].

742. Disobedience

N. disobedience, insubordination, contumacy; infraction, infringement; violation, noncompliance; nonobservance &c. 773.

revolt, rebellion, mutiny, outbreak, rising, uprising, insurrection, emeute[Fr]; riot, tumult &c. (disorder) 59; strike &c.(resistance) 719; barring out; defiance &c. 715.

mutinousness &c. adj.; mutineering^†; sedition, treason; high treason, petty treason, misprision of treason; premunire[Lat]; lese majeste[Fr]; violation of law &c. 964; defection, secession.

insurgent, mutineer, rebel, revolter, revolutionary, rioter, traitor, quisling, carbonaro^†, sansculottes[Fr], red republican, bonnet rouge, communist, Fenian, frondeur; seceder, secessionist, runagate, renegade, brawler, anarchist, demagogue; Spartacus, Masaniello, Wat Tyler, Jack Cade; ringleader.

V. disobey, violate, infringe; shirk; set at defiance &c. (defy) 715; set authority at naught, run riot, fly in the face of; take the law into one's own hands; kick over the traces.

turn restive, run restive; champ the bit; strike &c. (resist) 719; rise, rise in arms; secede; mutiny, rebel.

Adj. disobedient; uncomplying, uncompliant; unsubmissive^†, unruly, ungovernable; breachy^†, insubordinate, impatient of control, incorrigible; restiff|, restive; refractory, contumacious, recusant &c. (refuse) 764; recalcitrant; resisting &c. 719; lawless, mutinous, seditions, insurgent, riotous.

unobeyed^†; unbidden.

Phr. seditiosissimus quisque ignavus [Lat][Tacitus]; "unthread the rude eye of rebellion" [King John].

743. Obedience

N. obedience; observance &c. 772; compliance; submission &c. 725; subjection &c. 749; nonresistance; passiveness, resignation.

allegiance, loyalty, fealty, homage, deference, devotion; constancy, fidelity.

submissness^†, submissiveness; ductility &c. (softness) 324; obsequiousness &c. (servility) 886.

V. be -obedient &c. adj.; obey, bear obedience to; submit &c. 725; comply, answer the helm, come at one's call; do one's bidding, do what one is told, do suit and service; attend to orders, serve faithfully.

follow the lead of, follow to the world's end; serve &c. 746; play second fiddle.

Adj. obedient; complying, compliant; loyal, faithful, devoted; at one's call, at one's command, at one's orders, at one's beck and call; under beck and call, under control.

restrainable; resigned, passive; submissive &c. 725; henpecked; pliant &c. (soft) 324.

unresisted^†.

Adv. obediently &c. adj.; in compliance with, in obedience to.

Phr. to hear is to obey; as you please, if you please; your wish is my command; as you wish; no sooner said than done.

744. Compulsion

N. compulsion, coercion, coaction^†, constraint, duress, enforcement, press, conscription.

force; brute force, main force, physical force; the sword, ultima ratio[Lat]; club law, lynch law, mob law, arguementum baculinum^†, le droit du plus fort[Fr], martial law.

restraint &c. 751; necessity &c. 601; force majeure[Fr]; Hobson's choice.

V. compel, force, make, drive, coerce, constrain, enforce, necessitate, oblige.

force upon, press; cram down the throat, thrust down the throat, force down the throat; say it must be done, make a point of, insist upon, take no denial; put down, dragoon.

extort, wring from; squeeze, put on the squeeze; put on the screws, turn on the screw; drag into; bind, bind over; pin down, tie down; require, tax, put in force; commandeer; restrain &c. 751.

Adj. compelling &c. v.; coercive, coactive^†; inexorable &c. 739; compulsory, compulsatory^†; obligatory, stringent, peremptory.

forcible, not to be trifled with; irresistible &c. 601; compelled &c. v.; fain to.

Adv. by force &c. n., by force of arms; on compulsion, perforce; vi et armis[Lat], under the lash; at the point of the sword, at the point of the bayonet; forcibly; by a strong arm.

under protest, in spite of one's teeth; against one's will &c. 603; nolens volens &c. (of necessity) 601[Lat]; by stress of circumstances, by stress of weather; under press of; de rigueur.

with a gun to one's head.

Phr. I'll make him an offer he can't refuse.

745. Master

N. master, padrone; lord, lord paramount; commander, commandant; captain; chief, chieftain; sirdar^†, sachem, sheik, head, senior, governor, ruler, dictator; leader &c. (director) 694; boss, cockarouse^†, sagamore[ISA:chief@algonquin], werowance^†.

lord of the ascendant; cock of the walk, cock of the roost; gray mare; mistress.

potentate; liege, liege lord; suzerain, sovereign, monarch, autocrat, despot, tyrant, oligarch.

crowned head, emperor, king, anointed king, majesty, imperator[Lat], protector, president, stadholder^†, judge.

ceasar, kaiser, czar, tsar, sultan, soldan|, grand Turk, caliph, imaum^†, shah, padishah^†, sophi^†, mogul, great mogul, khan, lama, tycoon, mikado, tenno[Jap], inca, cazique^†; voivode^†; landamman^†; seyyid^†; Abuna^†, cacique^†, czarowitz^†, grand seignior.

prince, duke &c. (nobility) 875; archduke, doge, elector; seignior; marland^†, margrave; rajah, emir, wali, sheik nizam^†, nawab.

empress, queen, sultana, czarina, princess, infanta, duchess, margravine^†; czarevna^†, czarita^†; maharani, rani, rectrix^†.

regent, viceroy, exarch^†, palatine, khedive, hospodar^†, beglerbeg^†, three-tailed bashaw^†, pasha, bashaw^†, bey, beg, dey^†, scherif^†, tetrarch, satrap, mandarin, subahdar^†, nabob, maharajah; burgrave^†; laird &c. (proprietor) 779; collector, commissioner, deputy commissioner, woon^†.

the authorities, the powers that be, the government; staff, etat major[Fr], aga^†, official, man in office, person in authority; sircar^†, sirkar^†, Sublime Porte.

[Military authorities] marshal, field marshal, marechal^†; general, generalissimo; commander in chief, seraskier^†, hetman^†; lieutenant general, major general; colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, captain, centurion, skipper, lieutenant, first lieutenant, second lieutenant, sublieutenant, officer, staff officer, aide-de-camp, brigadier, brigade major, adjutant, jemidar^†, ensign, cornet, cadet, subaltern, noncommissioned officer, warrant officer; sergeant, sergeant major; color sergeant; corporal, corporal major; lance corporal, acting corporal; drum major; captain general, dizdar^†, knight marshal, naik^†, pendragon.

[Civil authorities] mayor, mayoralty; prefect, chancellor, archon, provost, magistrate, syndic; alcalde^†, alcaid^†; burgomaster, corregidor^†, seneschal, alderman, councilman, committeeman, councilwoman, warden, constable, portreeve^†; lord mayor; officer &c. (executive) 965; dewan^†, fonctionnaire[Fr].

[Naval authorities] admiral, admiralty; rear admiral, vice admiral, port admiral; commodore, captain, commander, lieutenant, ensign, skipper, mate, master, officer of the day, OD; navarch^†.

Phr. da locum melioribus[Lat]; der Furst ist der erste Diener seines Staats [German: the prince is the first servant of his state]; "lord of thy presence and no land beside" [King John].

746. Servant

N. subject, liegeman^†; servant, retainer, follower, henchman, servitor, domestic, menial, help, lady help, employe, attache; official.

retinue, suite, cortege, staff, court.

attendant, squire, usher, page, donzel^†, footboy^†; train bearer, cup bearer; waiter, lapster^†, butler, livery servant, lackey, footman, flunky, flunkey, valet, valet de chambre[Fr]; equerry, groom; jockey, hostler, ostler^†, tiger, orderly, messenger, cad, gillie^†, herdsman, swineherd; barkeeper, bartender; bell boy, boots, boy, counterjumper^†; khansamah^†, khansaman^†; khitmutgar^†; yardman.

bailiff, castellan^†, seneschal, chamberlain, major-domo^†, groom of the chambers.

secretary; under secretary, assistant secretary; clerk; subsidiary; agent &c. 758; subaltern; underling, understrapper; man.

maid, maidservant; handmaid; confidente[Fr], lady's maid, abigail, soubrette; amah^†, biddy, nurse, bonne[Fr], ayah^†; nursemaid, nursery maid, house maid, parlor maid, waiting maid, chamber maid, kitchen maid, scullery maid; femme de chambre[Fr], femme fille[Fr]; camarista^†; chef de cuisine,cordon bleu[Fr], cook, scullion, Cinderella; potwalloper^†; maid of all work, servant of all work; laundress, bedmaker^†; journeyman, charwoman &c. (worker) 690; bearer, chokra^†, gyp [Cambridge], hamal^†, scout [Oxford].

serf, vassal, slave, negro, helot; bondsman, bondswoman^†; bondslave^†; ame damnee[Fr], odalisque, ryot^†, adscriptus gleboe[Lat]; villian^†, villein; beadsman^†, bedesman^†; sizar^†; pensioner, pensionary^†; client; dependant, dependent; hanger on, satellite; parasite &c. (servility) 886; led captain; protege[Fr], ward, hireling, mercenary, puppet, tool, creature.

badge of slavery; bonds &c. 752.

V. serve; wait upon, attend upon, dance attendance upon, pin oneself upon; squire, tend, hang on the sleeve of; chore [U.S.].

Adj. in the train of; in one's pay, in one's employ; at one's call &c. (obedient) 743; in bonds.

747. Scepter

[Insignia of authority.] 

N. scepter, regalia, caduceus; Mercury's rod, Mercury's staff, Mercury's wand; rod of empire, mace, fasces^†, wand; staff, staff of office; baton, truncheon; flag &c. (insignia) 550; ensign of authority, emblem of authority, badge of authority, insignia of authority.

throne, chair, musnud^†, divan, dais, woolsack^†.

toga, pall, mantle, robes of state, ermine, purple.

crown, coronet, diadem, tiara, cap of maintenance; decoration; title &c. 877; portfolio.

key, signet, seals, talisman; helm; reins &c. (means of restraint) 752.

748. Freedom

N. freedom, liberty, independence; license &c. (permission) 760; facility &c. 705.

scope, range, latitude, play; free play, full play, free scope, full scope; free stage and no favor; swing, full swing, elbowroom, margin, rope, wide berth; Liberty Hall.

franchise, denization^†; free man, freed man, livery man; denizen.

autonomy, self-government, liberalism, free trade; noninterference &c. 706; Monroe Doctrine [U.S.].

immunity, exemption; emancipation &c. (liberation) 750; enfranchisement, affranchisement^†.

free land, freehold; allodium^†; frankalmoigne[Fr], mortmain[Fr].

bushwhacker; freelance, free thinker, free trader; independent.

V. be free &c. adj.; have scope &c. n., have the run of, have one's own way, have a will of one's own, have one's fling; do what one likes, do what one wishes, do what one pleases, do what one chooses; go at large, feel at home, paddle one's own canoe; stand on one's legs, stand on one's rights; shift for oneself.

take a liberty; make free with, make oneself quite at home; use a freedom; take leave, take French leave.

set free &c. (liberate) 750; give a loose to &c. (permit) 760; allow scope &c. n. to, give scope &c. n. to; give a horse his head.

make free of; give the freedom of, give the franchise; enfranchise, affranchise^†.

laisser faire[Fr], laisser aller[Fr]; live and let live; leave to oneself; leave alone, let alone.

Adj. free, free as air; out of harness, independent, at large, loose, scot-free; left alone, left to oneself.

in full swing; uncaught, unconstrained, unbuttoned, unconfined, unrestrained, unchecked, unprevented^†, unhindered, unobstructed, unbound, uncontrolled, untrammeled.

unsubject^†, ungoverned, unenslaved^†, unenthralled^†, unchained, unshackled, unfettered, unreined^†, unbridled, uncurbed, unmuzzled.

unrestricted, unlimited, unmitigated, unconditional; absolute; discretionary &c. (optional) 600.

unassailed, unforced, uncompelled.

unbiassed^†, spontaneous.

free and easy; at ease, at one's ease; degage[Fr], quite at home; wanton, rampant, irrepressible, unvanquished^†.

exempt; freed &c. 750; freeborn; autonomous, freehold, allodial^†; gratis &c. 815; eleutherian^†.

unclaimed, going a begging.

Adv. freely &c. adj.; ad libitum &c. (at will) 600.

Phr. ubi libertas ibi patria[Lat]; free white and twenty-one.

749. Subjection

N. subjection; dependence, dependency; subordination; thrall, thralldom, thraldom, enthrallment, subjugation, bondage, serfdom; feudalism, feudality^†; vassalage, villenage; slavery, enslavement, involuntary servitude; conquest.

service; servitude, servitorship^†; tendence^†, employ, tutelage, clientship^†; liability &c. 177; constraint &c.751; oppression &c. (severity) 739; yoke &c. (means of restraint) 752; submission &c. 725; obedience &c. 743.

V. be subject &c. adj.; be at the mercy of, lie at the mercy of; depend upon, lean upon, hang upon; fall a prey to, fall under; play second fiddle.

be a mere machine, be a puppet, be a football; not dare to say one's soul is his own; drag a chain.

serve &c. 746; obey &c. 743; submit &c. 725.

break in, tame; subject, subjugate; master &c. 731; tread down, tread under foot; weigh down; drag at one's chariot wheels; reduce to subjection, reduce to slavery; enthrall, inthrall^†, bethrall^†; enslave, lead captive; take into custody &c. (restrain) 751; rule &c. 737; drive into a corner, hold at the sword's point; keep under; hold in bondage, hold in leading strings, hold in swaddling clothes.

Adj. subject, dependent, subordinate; feudal, feudatory; in subjection to, under control; in leading strings, in harness; subjected, enslaved &c. v.; constrained &c. 751; downtrodden; overborne, overwhelmed; under the lash, on the hip, led by the nose, henpecked; the puppet of, the sport of, the plaything of; under one's orders, under one's command, under one's thumb; a slave to; at the mercy of; in the power of, in the hands of, in the clutches of; at the feet of; at one's beck and call &c. (obedient) 743; liable &c. 177; parasitical; stipendiary.

Adv. under.

Phr. "slaves - in a land of light and law" [Whittier].

750. Liberation

N. liberation, disengagement, release, enlargement, emancipation; disenthrallment^†, disenthralment^†; affranchisement^†, enfranchisement; manumission; discharge, dismissal.

deliverance &c. 672; redemption, extrication, acquittance, absolution; acquittal &c. 970; escape &c.671.

V. liberate, free; set free, set clear, set at liberty; render free, emancipate, release; enfranchise, affranchise^†; manumit; enlarge; disband, discharge, disenthrall, disenthral, dismiss; let go, let loose, loose, let out, let slip; cast adrift, turn adrift; deliver &c. 672; absolve &c. (acquit) 970.

unfetter &c. 751, untie &c. 43; loose &c. (disjoin) 44; loosen, relax,; unbolt, unbar, unclose, uncork, unclog, unhand, unbind, unchain, unharness, unleash; disengage, disentangle; clear, extricate, unloose.

gain one's liberty, obtain one's liberty, acquire one's liberty &c. 748; get rid of, get clear of; deliver oneself from; shake off the yoke, slip the collar; break loose, break prison; tear asunder one's bonds, cast off trammels; escape &c. 671.

Adj. liberated &c. v.; out of harness &c. (free) 748.

Int. unhand me! let me go!

751. Restraint

N. restraint; hindrance &c. 706; coercion &c. (compulsion) 744; cohibition^†, constraint, repression, suppression; discipline, control.

confinement; durance, duress; imprisonment; incarceration, coarctation|, entombment, mancipation^†, durance vile, limbo, captivity; blockade.

arrest, arrestation^†; custody, keep, care, charge, ward, restringency^†.

curb &c. (means of restraint) 752; lettres de cachet[Fr].

limitation, restriction, protection, monopoly; prohibition &c. 761.

prisoner &c. 754; repressionist^†.

V. restrain, check; put under restraint, lay under restraint; enthral, enthrall, inthral^†, inthrall^†, bethral^†, bethrall^†; restrict; debar &c. (hinder) 706; constrain; coerce &c. (compel) 744; curb, control; hold back, hold from, hold in, hold in check, hold within bounds, keep back, keep from, keep in, keep in check, keep within bounds; hold in leash, hold in leading strings; withhold.

keep under; repress, suppress; smother; pull in, rein in; hold, hold fast; keep a tight hand on; prohibit &c. 761; inhibit, cohibit^†.

enchain; fasten &c. (join) 43; fetter, shackle; entrammel^†; bridle, muzzle, hopple^†, gag, pinion, manacle, handcuff, tie one's hands, hobble, bind hand and foot; swathe, swaddle; pin down, tether; picket; tie down, tie up; secure; forge fetters; disable, hamstring (incapacitate) 158.

confine; shut up, shut in; clap up, lock up, box up, mew up, bottle up, cork up, seal up, button up; hem in, bolt in, wall in, rail in; impound, pen, coop; inclose &c. (circumscribe) 229; cage; incage^†, encage^†; close the door upon, cloister; imprison, immure; incarcerate, entomb; clap under hatches, lay under hatches; put in irons, put in a strait-waistcoat; throw into prison, cast into prison; put into bilboes.

arrest; take up, take charge of, take into custody; take prisoner, take captive, make prisoner, make captive; captivate; lead captive, lead into captivity; send to prison, commit to prison; commit; give in charge, give in custody; subjugate &c. 749.

Adj. restrained, constrained; imprisoned &c.v.; pent up; jammed in, wedged in; under lock and key, under restraint, under hatches; in swaddling clothes; on parole; in custody, doing time &c. (prisoner) 754; cohibitive^†; coactive &c. (compulsory) 744^†.

stiff, restringent^†, strait-laced, hidebound, barkbound^†.

ice bound, wind bound, weather bound; "cabined cribbed confined" [Macbeth]; in Lob's pound, laid by the heels.

752. Prison

[Means of restraint.]

N. prison, prison house; jail, gaol, cage, coop, den, cell; stronghold, fortress, keep, donjon, dungeon, Bastille, oubliette, bridewell^†, house of correction, hulks, tollbooth, panopticon^†, penitentiary, guardroom, lockup, hold; round house, watch house, station house, sponging house; station; house of detention, black hole, pen, fold, pound; inclosure &c. 232; isolation (exclusion) 893; penal settlement, penal colony; bilboes, stocks, limbo, quod*[Lat]; calaboose, chauki^†, choky^†, thana^†; workhouse [U.S.].

Newgate, Fleet, Marshalsea; King's (or Queen's) Bench.

bond; bandage; irons, pinion, gyve, fetter, shackle, trammel, manacle, handcuff, straight jacket, strait jacket, strait-jacket, strait-waistcoat, hopples^†; vice, vise.

yoke, collar, halter, harness; muzzle, gag, bit, brake, curb, snaffle, bridle; rein, reins; bearing rein; martingale; leading string; tether, picket, band, guy, chain; cord &c. (fastening) 45; cavesson^†, hackamore ^†[U.S.], headstall, jaquima ^†[U.S.], lines, ribbons.

bolt, deadbolt, bar, lock, police lock, combination lock, padlock, rail, wall, stone wall; paling, palisade; fence, picket fence, barbed wire fence, Cyclone fence, stockade fence, chain-link fence; barrier, barricade.

drag &c. (hindrance) 706.

753. Keeper

N. keeper, custodian, custos[Lat], ranger, warder, jailer, gaoler, turnkey, castellan^†, guard; watchdog, watchman; Charley; chokidar^†, durwan^†, hayward^†; sentry, sentinel; watch and ward; concierge, coast guard, guarda costa[Sp], game keeper.

escort, bodyguard.

protector, governor, duenna[Sp]; guardian; governess &c. (teacher) 540; nurse, nanny, babysitter, catsitter, dogsitter, bonne[Fr], ayah^†.

754. Prisoner

N. prisoner, prisoner of war, POW, captive, inmate, detainee, hostage, abductee^†, detenu[Fr], close prisoner.

jail bird, ticket of leave man, chevronne[Fr].

V. stand committed; be imprisoned &c. 751.

take prisoner, take hostage (capture) 789.

Adj. imprisoned &c. 751; in prison, in quod*[Lat], in durance vile, in limbo, in custody, doing time, in charge, in chains; under lock and key, under hatches; on parole.

755. Commission

[Vicarious authority.]

N. commission, delegation; consignment, assignment; procuration^†; deputation, legation, mission, embassy; agency, agentship^†; power of attorney; clerkship; surrogacy.

errand, charge, brevet, diploma, exequatur[Lat], permit &c. (permission) 760.

appointment, nomination, designation, return; charter; ordination; installation, inauguration, investiture, swearing-in; accession, coronation, enthronement.

vicegerency; regency, regentship.

viceroy &c. 745; consignee &c. 758; deputy &c. 759.

[person who receives a commission] agent, delegate, consignee &c. 758.

V. commission, delegate, depute; consign, assign; charge; intrust, entrust; commit, commit to the hands of; authorize &c. (permit) 760.

put in commission, accredit, engage, hire, bespeak, appoint, name, nominate, return, ordain; install, induct, inaugurate, swear in, invest, crown; enroll, enlist; give power of attorney to.

employ, empower; set over, place over; send out.

be commissioned, be accredited; represent, stand for; stand in the stead of, stand in the place of, stand in the shoes of.

Adj. commissioned &c. v.

Adv. per procurationem[Lat].

756. Abrogation

N. abrogation, annulment, nullification, recision; vacatur[Lat]; canceling &c. v.; cancel; revocation, revokement^†; repeal, rescission, defeasance.

dismissal, conge[Fr], demission|; bounce* [U.S.]; deposal, deposition; dethronement; disestablishment, disendowment^†; deconsecration; sack*, walking papers, pink slip, walking ticket; yellow cover*.

abolition, abolishment; dissolution.

counter order, countermand; repudiation, retraction, retractation^†; recantation &c. (tergiversation) 607; abolitionist.

V. abrogate, annul, cancel; destroy &c. 162; abolish; revoke, repeal, rescind, reverse, retract, recall; abolitionize^†; overrule, override; set aside; disannul, dissolve, quash, nullify, declare null and void; disestablish, disendow^†; deconsecrate.

disclaim &c. (deny) 536; ignore, repudiate; recant &c. 607; divest oneself, break off.

countermand, counter order; do away with; sweep away, brush away; throw overboard, throw to the dogs; scatter to the winds, cast behind.

dismiss, discard; cast off, turn off, cast out, cast adrift, cast out of doors, cast aside, cast away; send off, send away, send packing, send about one's business; discharge, get rid of &c. (eject) 297; bounce* [U.S.]; fire*, fire out*; sack*.

cashier; break; oust; unseat, unsaddle; unthrone^†, dethrone, disenthrone^†; depose, uncrown^†; unfrock, strike off the roll; disbar, disbench^†.

be abrogated &c.; receive its quietus; walk the plank.

Adj. abrogated &c. v.; functus officio[Lat].

Int. get along with you! begone! go about your business! away with!

757. Resignation

N. resignation, retirement, abdication, renunciation, abjuration; abandonment, relinquishment.

V. resign; give up, throw up; lay down, throw up the cards, wash one's hands of, abjure, renounce, forego, disclaim, retract; deny &c. 536.

abrogate &c. 756; desert &c. (relinquish) 624; get rid of &c. 782.

abdicate; vacate, vacate one's seat; accept the stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds; retire; tender one's resignation.

Adj. abdicant^†.

Phr. "Othello's occupation's gone" [Othello].

758. Consignee

N. consignee, trustee, nominee, committee.

agent, delegate; commissary, commissioner; emissary, envoy, commissionaire[Fr],; messenger &c. 534.

diplomatist, diplomat(e), corps diplomatique[Fr], embassy; ambassador, embassador^†; representative, resident, consul, legate, nuncio, internuncio^†, charge d'affaires[Fr], attache.

vicegerent &c. (deputy) 759; plenipotentiary.

functionary, placeman^†, curator; treasurer &c. 801; factor, bailiff, clerk, secretary, attorney, advocate, solicitor, proctor, broker, underwriter, commission agent, auctioneer, one's man of business; factotum &c. (director) 694; caretaker; dalal^†, dubash^†, garnishee, gomashta^†.

negotiator, go-between; middleman; under agent, employe; servant &c. 746; referee, arbitrator &c.. (judge) 967.

traveler, bagman, commis-voyageur[Fr], touter^†, commercial traveler, drummer [U.S.], traveling man.

newspaper correspondent, own correspondent, special correspondent.

759. Deputy

N. deputy, substitute, vice, proxy, locum tenens, badli^†, delegate, representative, next friend, surrogate, secondary.

regent, viceregent^†, vizier, minister, vicar; premier &c. (director) 694; chancellor, prefect, provost, warden, lieutenant, archon, consul, proconsul; viceroy &c. (governor) 745; commissioner &c. 758; Tsung- li Yamen, Wai Wu Pu; plenipotentiary, alter ego.

team, eight, eleven; champion.

V. be deputy &c. n.; stand for, appear for, hold a brief for, answer for; represent; stand in the shoes of, walk in the shoes of; stand in the stead of.

ablegate^†, accredit.

Adj. acting, vice, vice regal; accredited to.

Adv. in behalf of.

Section II. Special Intersocial Volition

760. Permission

N. permission, leave; allowance, sufferance; tolerance, toleration; liberty, law, license, concession, grace; indulgence &c. (lenity) 740; favor, dispensation, exemption, release; connivance; vouchsafement^†.

authorization, warranty, accordance, admission.

permit, warrant, brevet, precept, sanction, authority, firman; hukm^†; pass, passport; furlough, license, carte blanche[Fr], ticket of leave; grant, charter; patent, letters patent.

V. permit; give permission &c. n., give power; let, allow, admit; suffer, bear with, tolerate, recognize; concede &c. 762; accord, vouchsafe, favor, humor, gratify, indulge, stretch a point; wink at, connive at; shut one's eyes to.

grant, empower, charter, enfranchise, privilege, confer a privilege, license, authorize, warrant; sanction; intrust &c. (commission) 755.

give carte blanche[Fr], give the reins to, give scope to &c. (freedom) 748; leave alone, leave it to one, leave the door open; open the door to, open the flood gates; give a loose to.

let off; absolve &c. (acquit) 970; release, exonerate, dispense with.

ask permission, beg permission, request permission, ask leave, beg leave, request leave.

Adj. permitting &c. v.; permissive, indulgent; permitted &c. v.; patent, chartered, permissible, allowable, lawful, legitimate, legal; legalized &c. (law) 963; licit; unforbid^†, unforbidden^†; unconditional.

Adv. by leave, with leave, on leave &c. n.; speciali gratia[It]; under favor of; pace; ad libitum &c. (freely) 748, (at will) 600; by all means &c. (willingly) 602; yes &c. (assent) 488.

Phr. avec permissin[Fr]; brevet d'invention [Fr].

761. Prohibition

N. prohibition, inhibition; veto, disallowance; interdict, interdiction; injunction, estoppel[Law]; embargo, ban, taboo, proscription; index expurgatorius[Lat]; restriction &c. (restraint) 751; hindrance &c.706; forbidden fruit; Maine law [U.S.].

V. prohibit, inhibit; forbid, put one's veto upon, disallow, enjoin, ban, outlaw, taboo, proscribe, estop[Law]; bar; debar &c. (hinder) 706, forefend.

keep in, keep within bounds; restrain &c. 751; cohibit^†, withhold, limit, circumscribe, clip the wings of, restrict; interdict, taboo; put under an interdiction, place under an interdiction; put under the ban, place under the ban; proscribe; exclude, shut out; shut the door, bolt the door, show the door; warn off; dash the cup from one's lips; forbid the banns.

Adj. prohibitive, prohibitory; proscriptive; restrictive, exclusive; forbidding &c. v.

prohibited &c. v.; not permitted &c. 760; unlicensed, contraband, impermissible, under the ban of; illegal &c. 964; unauthorized, not to be thought of, uncountenanced, unthinkable, beyond the pale.

Adv. on no account &c. (no) 536.

Int. forbid it heaven! &c. (deprecation) 766.

hands off! keep off! hold! stop! desist! cease and desist! avast!

Phr. that will never do; don't you dare; forget it; don't even think about doing it;"go ahead; make my day [ironical, threatening]" [Dirty Harry].

762. Consent

N. consent; assent &c. 488; acquiescence; approval &c. 931; compliance, agreement, concession; yieldance|, yieldingness^†; accession, acknowledgment, acceptance, agnition|.

settlement, ratification, confirmation, adjustment.

permit &c. (permission) 760; promise &c. 768.

V. consent; assent &c. 488; yield assent, admit, allow, concede, grant, yield; come round, come over; give into, acknowledge, agnize^†, give consent, comply with, acquiesce, agree to, fall in with, accede, accept, embrace an offer, close with, take at one's word, have no objection.

satisfy, meet one's wishes, settle, come to terms &c. 488; not refuse &c. 764; turn a willing ear &c. (willingness) 602; jump at; deign, vouchsafe; promise &c. 768.

Adj. consenting &c. v.; squeezable; agreed &c. (assent) 488; unconditional.

Adv. OK, yes &c. (assent) 488; by all means &c. (willingly) 602; no problem; if you please, as you please; be it so, so be it, well and good, of course; please do; don't hesitate.

Phr. chi tace accousente[It]^†.

763. Offer

N. offer, proffer, presentation, tender, bid, overture; proposal, proposition; motion, invitation; candidature; offering &c. (gift) 784.

V. offer, proffer, present, tender; bid; propose, move; make a motion, make advances; start; invite, hold out, place in one's way, put forward.

hawk about; offer for sale &c. 796; press &c. (request) 765; lay at one's feet.

offer oneself, present oneself; volunteer, come forward, be a candidate; stand for, bid for; seek; be at one's service; go a begging; bribe &c. (give) 784.

Adj. offering, offered &c. v.; in the market, for sale, to let, disengaged, on hire.

764. Refusal

N. refusal, rejection; noncompliance, incompliance^†; denial; declining &c. v.; declension; declinature^†; peremptory refusal, flat refusal, point blank refusal; repulse, rebuff; discountenance.

recusancy, abnegation, protest, disclaimer; dissent &c. 489; revocation &c. 756.

V. refuse, reject, deny, decline, turn down; nill, negative; refuse one's assent, withhold one's assent; shake the head; close the hand, close the purse; grudge, begrudge, be slow to, hang fire; pass [at cards].

be deaf to; dismiss, turn a deaf ear to, turn one's back upon; set one's face against, discountenance, not hear of, have nothing to do with, wash one's hands of, stand aloof, forswear, set aside, cast behind one; not yield an inch &c. (obstinacy) 606.

resist, cross; not grant &c. 762; repel, repulse, shut the door in one's face, slam the door in one's face; rebuff; send back, send to the right about, send away with a flea in the ear; deny oneself, not be at home to; discard, spurn, &c. (repudiate) 610; rescind &c. (revoke) 756; disclaim, protest; dissent &c. 489.

Adj. refusing &c. v.; restive, restiff|; recusant; uncomplying, unconsenting; not willing to hear of, deaf to.

refused &c. v.; ungranted, out of the question, not to be thought of, impossible.

Adv. no &c. 536; on no account, not for the world; no thank you, thanks but no thanks.

Phr. non possumus[Lat]; your humble servant[ironically]; bien oblige[Fr]; not on your life [U.S.]; no way; not even if you beg on your knees.

765. Request

N. request, requisition; claim &c. (demand) 741; petition, suit, prayer; begging letter, round robin.

motion, overture, application, canvass, address, appeal, apostrophe; imprecation; rogation; proposal, proposition.

orison &c. (worship) 990; incantation &c. (spell) 993.

mendicancy; asking, begging &c. v.; postulation, solicitation, invitation, entreaty, importunity, supplication, instance, impetration^†, imploration^†, obsecration^†, obtestation^†, invocation, interpellation.

V. request, ask; beg, crave, sue, pray, petition, solicit, invite, pop the question, make bold to ask; beg leave, beg a boon; apply to, call to, put to; call upon, call for; make a request, address a request, prefer a request, put up a request, make a prayer, address a prayer, prefer a prayer, put up a prayer, make a petition, address a petition, prefer a petition, put up a petition; make application, make a requisition; ask trouble, ask one for; claim &c. (demand) 741; offer up prayers &c. (worship) 990; whistle for.

beg hard, entreat, beseech, plead, supplicate, implore; conjure, adjure; obtest^†; cry to, kneel to, appeal to; invoke, evoke; impetrate^†, imprecate, ply, press, urge, beset, importune, dun, tax, clamor for; cry aloud, cry for help; fall on one's knees; throw oneself at the feet of; come down on one's marrowbones.

beg from door to door, send the hat round, go a begging; mendicate^†, mump^†, cadge, beg one's bread.

dance attendance on, besiege, knock at the door.

bespeak, canvass, tout, make interest, court; seek, bid for &c. (offer) 763; publish the banns.

Adj. requesting &c. v.; precatory^†; suppliant, supplicant, supplicatory; postulant; obsecratory^†.

importunate, clamorous, urgent; cap in hand; on one's knees, on one's bended knees, on one's marrowbones.

Adv. prithee, do, please, pray; be so good as, be good enough; have the goodness, vouchsafe, will you, I pray thee, if you please.

Int. for God's sake! for heaven's sake! for goodness' sake! for mercy's sake!

Phr. Dieu vous garde[Fr]; dirigenos Domine[Lat]; would you be so kind as to.

766. Deprecation

[Negative request.]

N. deprecation, expostulation; intercession, mediation, protest, remonstrance.

V. deprecate, protest, expostulate, enter a protest, intercede for; remonstrate.

Adj. deprecatory, expostulatory^†, intercessory, mediatorial^†.

deprecated, protested.

unsought, unbesought^†; unasked &c. (see ask &c. 765).

Int. cry you mercy! God forbid! forbid it Heaven! Heaven forefend, Heaven forbid! far be it from! hands off! &c. (prohibition) 761; please don't.

767. Petitioner

N. petitioner, solicitor, applicant; suppliant, supplicant; suitor, candidate, claimant, postulant, aspirant, competitor, bidder; place hunter, pot hunter; prizer^†; seeker.

beggar, mendicant, moocher, panhandler, freeloader, sponger, mumper^†, sturdy beggar, cadger; hotel runner, runner, steerer [U.S.], tout, touter^†.

[poor person] pauper, homeless person, hobo, bum, tramp, bindle stiff, bo, knight of the road (poverty) 804; hippie, flower child; hard core unemployed; welfare client, welfare case.

canvasser, bagman &c.758; salesman.

Section III. Conditional Intersocial Volition

768. Promise

N. promise, undertaking, word, troth, plight, pledge, parole, word of honor, vow; oath &c. (affirmation) 535; profession, assurance, warranty, guarantee, insurance, obligation; contract &c. 769; stipulation.

engagement, preengagement; affiance; betroth, betrothal, betrothment.

V. promise; give a promise &c. n.; undertake, engage; make an engagement, form an engagement; enter into an engagement, enter on an engagement; bind oneself, tie oneself, pledge oneself, commit oneself, take upon oneself; vow; swear &c. (affirm) 535, give one's word, pass one's word, pledge one's word, plight one's word, give one's honor, pass one's honor, pledge one's honor, plight one's honor, give credit, pass credit, pledge credit, plight credit, give troth, pass troth, pledge troth, plight troth; betroth, plight faith.

assure, warrant, guarantee; covenant &c. 769; attest &c. (bear witness) 467.

hold out an expectation; contract an obligation; become bound to, become sponsor for; answer for, be answerable for; secure; give security &c. 771; underwrite.

adjure, administer an oath, put to one's oath, swear a witness.

Adj. promising &c. v.; promissory; votive; under hand and seal, upon oath.

promised &c. v.; affianced, pledged, bound; committed, compromised; in for it.

Adv. as one's head shall answer for.

Phr. in for a penny in for a pound; ex voto[Lat]; gage d'amour.

768a. Release from engagement

N. release &c. (liberation) 750.

Adj. absolute; unconditional &c. (free) 748.

769. Compact

N. compact, contract, agreement, bargain; affidation^†; pact, paction^†; bond, covenant, indenture; bundobast^†, deal.

stipulation, settlement, convention; compromise, cartel.

Protocol, treaty, concordat, Zollverein[Ger], Sonderbund[Ger], charter, Magna Charta[Lat], Progmatic Sanction, customs union, free trade region; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT; most favored nation status.

negotiation &c. (bargaining) 794; diplomacy &c. (mediation) 724; negotiator &c. (agent) 758.

ratification, completion, signature, seal, sigil[Lat], signet.

V. contract, covenant, agree for; engage &c. (promise) 768.

treat, negotiate, stipulate, make terms; bargain &c. (barter) 794.

make a bargain, strike a bargain; come to terms, come to an understanding; compromise &c. 774; set at rest; close, close with; conclude, complete, settle; confirm, ratify, clench, subscribe, underwrite; endorse, indorse; put the seal to; sign, seal &c. (attest) 467; indent.

take one at one's word, bargain by inch of candle.

Adj. agreed &c. v.; conventional; under hand and seal.

Phr. caveat emptor.

770. Conditions

N. conditions, terms; articles, articles of agreement; memorandum.

clauses, provisions; proviso &c. (qualification) 469; covenant, stipulation, obligation, ultimatum, sine qua non; casus foederris[Lat].

V. make terms, come to terms &c. (contract) 769; make it a condition, stipulate, insist upon, make a point of; bind, tie up.

Adj. conditional, provisional, guarded, fenced, hedged in.

Adv. conditionally &c. (with qualification) 469; provisionally, pro re nata[Lat]; on condition; with a string to it.

771. Security

N. security; guaranty, guarantee; gage, warranty, bond, tie, pledge, plight, mortgage, collateral, debenture, hypothecation, bill of sale, lien, pawn, pignoration^†; real security; vadium^†.

stake, deposit, earnest, handsel, caution.

promissory note; bill, bill of exchange; I.O.U.; personal security, covenant, specialty; parole &c. (promise) 768.

acceptance, indorsement^†, signature, execution, stamp, seal.

sponsor, cosponsor, sponsion^†, sponsorship; surety, bail; mainpernor^†, hostage; godchild, godfather, godmother.

recognizance; deed of indemnity, covenant of indemnity.

authentication, verification, warrant, certificate, voucher, docket, doquet^†; record &c. 551; probate, attested copy.

receipt; acquittance, quittance; discharge, release.

muniment^†, title deed, instrument; deed, deed poll; assurance, indenture; charter &c. (compact) 769; charter poll; paper, parchment, settlement, will, testament, last will and testament, codicil.

V. give security, give bail, give substantial bail; go bail; pawn, impawn^†, spout, mortgage, hypothecate, impignorate^†.

guarantee, warrant, warrantee, assure; accept, indorse, underwrite, insure;cosign, countersign, sponsor, cosponsor.

execute, stamp; sign, seal &c. (evidence) 467.

let, sett^†; grant a lease, take a lease, hold a lease; hold in pledge; lend on security &c. 787.

Phr. bonis avibus[Lat]; "gone where the woodbine twineth".

772. Observance

N. observance, performance, compliance, acquiescence, concurrence; obedience &c. 743; fulfillment, satisfaction, discharge; acquittance, acquittal.

adhesion, acknowledgment; fidelity &c. (probity) 939; exact &c. 494 - observance.

V. observe, comply with, respect, acknowledge, abide by; cling to, adhere to, be faithful to, act up to; meet, fulfill; carry out, carry into execution; execute, perform, keep, satisfy, discharge; do one's office.

perform an obligation, fulfill an obligation, discharge an obligation, acquit oneself of an obligation; make good; make good one's word, make good one's promise, keep one's word, keep one's promise; redeem one's pledge; keep faith with, stand to one's engagement.

Adj. observant, faithful, true, loyal; honorable &c. 939; true as the dial to the sun, true as the needle to the pole; punctual, punctilious; literal &c. (exact) 494; as good as one's word.

Adv. faithfully &c. adj.

Phr. ignoscito saepe alteri nunquam tibi[Lat]; tempori parendum[Lat]; "to God, thy country, and thy friend be true" [Vaughan].

773. Nonobservance

N. nonobservance &c. 772; evasion, inobservance, failure, omission, neglect, laches[Law], laxity, informality.

infringement, infraction; violation, transgression; piracy.

retraction, retractation^†, repudiation, nullification; protest; forfeiture.

lawlessness; disobedience &c. 742; bad faith &c. 940.

V. fail, neglect, omit, elude, evade, give the go-by to, set aside, ignore; shut one's eyes to, close one's eyes to.

infringe, transgress, violate, pirate, break, trample under foot, do violence to, drive a coach and six through.

discard, protest, repudiate, fling to the winds, set at naught, nullify, declare null and void; cancel &c. (wipe off) 552.

retract, go back from, be off, forfeit, go from one's word, palter; stretch a point, strain a point.

Adj. violating &c. v.; lawless, transgressive; elusive, evasive.

unfulfilled &c. (see fulfill &c. 772).

774. Compromise

N. compromise, commutation, composition; middle term, mezzo termine[It]; compensation &c. 30; abatement of differences, adjustment, mutual concession. V. compromise, commute, compound; take the mean; split the difference, meet one halfway, give and take; come to terms &c. (contract) 769; submit to arbitration, abide by arbitration; patch up, bridge over, arrange; straighten out, adjust, differences, agree; make the best of, make a virtue of necessity; take the will for the deed.

Section IV. Possessive Relations

1. Property In General

775. Acquisition

N. acquisition; gaining &c. v.; obtainment; procuration^†, procurement; purchase, descent, inheritance; gift &c. 784.

recovery, retrieval, revendication^†, replevin[Law], restitution &c. 790; redemption, salvage, trover[Law].

find, trouvaille^†, foundling.

gain, thrift; money-making, money grubbing; lucre, filthy lucre, pelf; loaves and fishes, the main chance; emolument &c. (remuneration) 973.

profit, earnings, winnings, innings, pickings, net profit; avails; income &c. (receipt) 810; proceeds, produce, product; outcome, output; return, fruit, crop, harvest; second crop, aftermath; benefit &c. (good) 618.

sweepstakes, trick, prize, pool; pot; wealth &c. 803.

subreption^†[Fraudulent acquisition]; obreption^†; stealing &c. 791.

V. acquire, get, gain, win, earn, obtain, procure, gather; collect &c. (assemble) 72; pick, pickup; glean.

find; come upon, pitch upon, light upon; scrape up, scrape together; get in, reap and carry, net, bag, sack, bring home, secure; derive, draw, get in the harvest.

profit; make profit, draw profit, turn a quick profit; turn to profit, turn to account; make capital out of, make money by; obtain a return, reap the fruits of; reap an advantage, gain an advantage; turn a penny, turn an honest penny; make the pot boil, bring grist to the mill; make money, coin money, raise money; raise funds, raise the wind; fill one's pocket &c. (wealth) 803.

treasure up &c. (store) 636; realize, clear; produce &c. 161; take &c. 789.

get back, recover, regain, retrieve, revendicate^†, replevy[Law], redeem, come by one's own.

come by, come in for; receive &c. 785; inherit; step into a fortune, step into the shoes of; succeed to.

get hold of, get between one's finger and thumb, get into one's hand, get at; take possession, come into possession, enter into possession.

be profitable &c. adj.; pay, answer.

accrue &c. (be received) 785.

Adj. acquiring, acquired &c. v.; profitable, advantageous, gainful, remunerative, paying, lucrative.

Phr. lucri causa[Lat].

776. Loss

N. loss; deperdition^†, perdition; forfeiture, lapse.

privation, bereavement; deprivation &c. (dispossession) 789; riddance; damage, squandering, waste.

V. lose; incur a loss, experience a loss, meet with a loss; miss; mislay, let slip, allow to slip through the fingers; be without &c. (exempt) 777a; forfeit.

get rid of &c. 782; waste &c. 638.

be lost; lapse.

Adj. losing &c. v.; not having &c. 777a.

shorn of, deprived of; denuded, bereaved, bereft, minus, cut off; dispossessed &c. 789; rid of, quit of; out of pocket.

lost &c. v.; long lost; irretrievable &c. (hopeless) 859; off one's hands.

Int. farewell to! adieu to.

777. Possession

N. possession, seizin[Law], seisin[Law]; ownership &c. 780; occupancy; hold, holding; tenure, tenancy, feodality^†, dependency; villenage, villeinage^†; socage^†, chivalry, knight service.

exclusive possession, impropriation^†, monopoly, retention &c.781; prepossession, preoccupancy^†; nine points of the law; corner, usucaption^†.

future possession, heritage, inheritance, heirship, reversion, fee, seigniority^†; primogeniture, ultimogeniture^†.

futures contract[right of future possession; financial instruments], warrant, put, call, option; right of first refusal.

bird in hand, uti possidetis[Lat], chose in possession.

V. possess, have, hold, occupy, enjoy; be possessed of &c. adj.; have in hand &c. adj.; own &c. 780; command.

inherit; come to, come in for.

engross, monopolize, forestall, regrate^†, impropriate^†, have all to oneself; corner; have a firmhold of &c. (retain) 781^†; get into one's hand &c. (acquire) 775.

belong to, appertain to, pertain to; be in one's possession &c. adj.; vest in.

Adj. possessing &c. v.; worth; possessed of, seized of, master of, in possession of; usucapient^†; endowed with, blest with, instinct with, fraught with, laden with, charged with.

possessed &c. v.; on hand, by one; in hand, in store, in stock; in one's hands, in one's grasp, in one's possession; at one's command, at one's disposal; one's own &c. (property) 780.

unsold, unshared.

Phr. entbehre gern was du nicht hast[Ger]; meum et tuum[Lat]; tuum est[Lat].

777a. Exemption

N. exemption; absence &c. 187; exception, immunity, privilege, release.

V. not have &c. 777; be without &c. adj.; excuse.

Adj. exempt from, devoid of, without, unpossessed of^†, unblest with^†; immune from.

not having &c. 777; unpossessed^†; untenanted &c. (vacant) 187; without an owner.

unobtained^†, unacquired.

778. Participation

[Joint possession.]

N. participation; cotenancy^†, joint tenancy; occupancy in common, possession in common, tenancy in common; joint stock, common stock; co-partnership, partnership; communion; community of possessions, community of goods; communism, socialism; cooperation &c. 709.

snacks, coportion|, picnic, hotchpot^†; co-heirship, co- parceny^†, co-parcenary; gavelkind^†.

participator, sharer; co-partner, partner; shareholder; co-tenant, joint tenant; tenants in common; co-heir, co-parcener^†.

communist, socialist.

V. participate, partake; share, share in; come in for a share; go shares, go snacks, go halves; share and share alike.

have in common, possess in common, be seized in common, have as joint tenants, possess as joint tenants, be seized as joint tenants &c. n.

join in; have a hand in &c. (cooperate) 709.

Adj. partaking &c. v.; communistic.

Adv. share and share alike.

779. Possessor

N. possessor, holder; occupant, occupier; tenant; person in possession, man in possession &c.777; renter, lodger, lessee, underlessee^†; zemindar^†, ryot^†; tenant on sufferance, tenant at will, tenant from year to year, tenant for years, tenant for life.

owner; proprietor, proprietress, proprietary; impropriator^†, master, mistress, lord.

land holder, land owner, landlord, land lady, slumlord; lord of the manor, lord paramount; heritor, laird, vavasour^†, landed gentry, mesne lord^†; planter.

cestui-que-trust[Fr], beneficiary, mortgagor.

grantee, feoffee^†, releasee[Law], relessee^†, devisee; legatee, legatary^†.

trustee; holder &c. of the legal estate; mortgagee.

right owner, rightful owner.

[Future possessor] heir presumptive, heir apparent; heiress; inheritor, inheritress, inheritrix; reversioner^†, remainderman^†.

780. Property

N. property, possession, suum cuique[Lat], meum et tuum[Lat].

ownership, proprietorship, lordship; seignority^†; empire &c. (dominion) 737.

interest, stake, estate, right, title, claim, demand, holding; tenure &c. (possession) 777; vested interest, contingent interest, beneficial interest, equitable interest; use, trust, benefit; legal estate, equitable estate; seizin[Law], seisin[Law].

absolute interest, paramount estate, freehold; fee tail, fee simple; estate in fee, estate in tail, estate tail; estate in tail male, estate in tail female, estate in tail general.

limitation, term, lease, settlement, strict settlement, particular estate; estate for life, estate for years, estate pur autre vie[Fr]; remainder, reversion, expectancy, possibility.

dower, dowry, jointure^†, appanage, inheritance, heritage, patrimony, alimony; legacy &c. (gift) 784; Falcidian law, paternal estate, thirds.

assets, belongings, means, resources, circumstances; wealth &c. 803; money &c. 800; what one is worth, what one will cut up for; estate and effects.

landed property, landed real estate property; realty; land, lands; tenements; hereditaments; corporeal hereditaments, incorporeal hereditaments; acres; ground &c. (earth) 342; acquest^†, messuage, toft^†.

territory, state, kingdom, principality, realm, empire, protectorate, sphere of influence.

manor, honor, domain, demesne; farm, plantation, hacienda; allodium &c. (free) 748^†; fief, fieff^†, feoff^†, feud, zemindary^†, dependency; arado^†, merestead^†, ranch.

free lease-holds, copy lease-holds; folkland^†; chattels real; fixtures, plant, heirloom; easement; right of common, right of user.

personal property, personal estate, personal effects; personalty, chattels, goods, effects, movables; stock, stock in trade; things, traps, rattletraps, paraphernalia; equipage &c. 633.

parcels, appurtenances.

impedimenta; luggage, baggage; bag and baggage; pelf; cargo, lading.

rent roll; income &c. (receipts) 810; maul and wedges [U.S.].

patent, copyright; chose in action; credit &c. 805; debt &c.806.

V. possess &c. 777; be the possessor &c. 779 of; own; have for one's own, have for one's very own; come in for, inherit.

savor of the realty.

be one's property &c. n.; belong to; appertain to, pertain to.

Adj. one's own; landed, predial^†, manorial, allodial^†; free lease-hold, copy lease-hold; feudal, feodal^†.

Adv. to one's credit, to one's account; to the good.

to one and his heirs for ever, to one and the heirs of his body, to one and his heirs and assigns, to one and his executors administrators and assigns.

781. Retention

N. retention; retaining &c. v.; keep, detention, custody; tenacity, firm hold, grasp, gripe, grip, iron grip.

fangs, teeth, claws, talons, nail, unguis, hook, tentacle, tenaculum; bond &c. (vinculum) 45.

clutches, tongs, forceps, pincers, nippers, pliers, vice.

paw, hand, finger, wrist, fist, neaf^†, neif^†.

bird in hand; captive &c.754.

V. retain, keep; hold fast one's own, hold tight one's own, hold fast one's ground, hold tight one's ground; clinch, clench, clutch, grasp, gripe, hug, have a firm hold of.

secure, withhold, detain; hold back, keep back; keep close; husband &c. (store) 636; reserve; have in stock, have on hand, keep in stock &c. (possess) 777; entail, tie up, settle.

Adj. retaining &c. v.; retentive, tenacious.

unforfeited^†, undeprived, undisposed, uncommunicated.

incommunicable, inalienable; in mortmain[Fr]; in strict settlement.

Phr. uti possidetis[Lat].

782. Relinquishment

N. relinquishment, abandonment; desertion, defection, secession, withdrawal; cave of Adullam^†; nolle prosequi[Lat].

discontinuance &c. (cessation) 142; renunciation &c. (recantation) 607; abrogation &c. 756; resignation &c. (retirement) 757; desuetude &c. 614; cession &c. (of property) 782.

V. relinquish, give up, abandon, desert, forsake, leave in the lurch; go back on; depart from, secede from, withdraw from; back out of; leave, quit, take leave of, bid a long farewell; vacate &c. (resign) 757.

renounce &c (abjure) 607; forego, have done with, drop; disuse &c. 678; discard &c. 782; wash one's hands of; drop all idea of.

break off, leave off; desist; stop &c. (cease) 142; hold one's hand, stay one's hand; quit one's hold; give over, shut up shop.

throw up the game, throw up the cards; give up the point, give up the argument; pass to the order of the day, move to the previous question.

Adj. unpursued^†; relinquished &c. v.; relinquishing &c. v.

Int. avast! &c. (stop) 142.

Phr. aufgeschoben ist nicht aufgehoben[Ger]; entbehre gern was du nicht hast[Ger].

2. Transfer of Property

783. Transfer

N. transfer, conveyance, assignment, alienation, abalienation^†; demise, limitation; conveyancing^†; transmission &c. (transference) 270; enfeoffment^†, bargain and sale, lease and release; exchange &c. (interchange) 148; barter &c. 794; substitution &c. 147.

succession, reversion; shifting use, shifting trust; devolution.

V. transfer, convey; alienate, alien; assign; grant &c. (confer) 784; consign; make over, hand over; pass, hand, transmit, negotiate; hand down; exchange &c.(interchange) 148.

change hands, change hands from one to another; devolve, succeed; come into possession &c. (acquire) 775.

abalienate^†; disinherit; dispossess &c. 789; substitute &c. 147.

Adj. alienable, negotiable.

Phr. estate coming into possession.

784. Giving

N. giving &c. v.; bestowal, bestowment^†, donation; presentation, presentment; accordance; concession; delivery, consignment, dispensation, communication, endowment; investment, investiture; award.

almsgiving^†, charity, liberality, generosity.

[Thing given] gift, donation, present, cadeau^†; fairing; free gift, boon, favor, benefaction, grant, offering, oblation, sacrifice, immolation; lagniappe [U.S.], pilon ^†[U.S.].

grace, act of grace, bonus.

allowance, contribution, subscription, subsidy, tribute, subvention.

bequest, legacy, devise, will, dotation^†, dot, appanage; voluntary settlement, voluntary conveyance &c. 783; amortization.

alms, largess, bounty, dole, sportule|, donative^†, help, oblation, offertory, honorarium, gratuity, Peter pence, sportula^†, Christmas box, Easter offering, vail^†, douceur[Fr], drink money, pourboire, trinkgeld[Ger], bakshish^†; fee &c. (recompense) 973; consideration.

bribe, bait, ground bait; peace offering, handsel; boodle*, graft, grease*;blat[Russian].

giver, grantor &c. v.; donor, feoffer^†, settlor.

V. deliver, hand, pass, put into the hands of; hand over, make over, deliver over, pass over, turn over; assign dower.

present, give away, dispense, dispose of; give out, deal out, dole out, mete out, fork out, squeeze out.

pay &c. 807; render, impart, communicate.

concede, cede, yield, part with, shed, cast; spend &c. 809.

give, bestow, confer, grant, accord, award, assign.

intrust, consign, vest in.

make a present; allow, contribute, subscribe, furnish its quota.

invest, endow, settle upon; bequeath, leave, devise.

furnish, supply, help; administer to; afford, spare; accommodate with, indulge with, favor with; shower down upon; lavish, pour on, thrust upon.

tip, bribe; tickle the palm, grease the palm; offer &c. 763; sacrifice, immolate.

Adj. giving &c. v.; given &c. v.; allowed, allowable; concessional^†; communicable; charitable, eleemosynary, sportulary|, tributary; gratis &c. 815; donative^†.

Phr. auctor pretiosa facit[Lat]; ex dono[Lat]; res est ingeniosa dare [Lat][Ovid].

785. Receiving

N. receiving &c. v.; acquisition &c. 775; reception &c. (introduction) 296; suscipiency|!, acceptance, admission.

recipient, accipient^†; assignee, devisee; legatee, legatary^†; grantee, feoffee^†, donee[Fr], releasee[Law], relessee^†, lessee; receiver.

sportulary|, stipendiary; beneficiary; pensioner, pensionary^†; almsman^†.

income &c. (receipt) 810.

V. receive; take &c. 789; acquire &c. 775; admit.

take in, catch, touch; pocket; put into one's pocket, put into one's purse; accept; take off one's hands.

be received; come in, come to hand; pass into one's hand, fall into one's hand; go into one's pocket; fall to one's lot, fall to one's share; come to one, fall to one; accrue; have given &c. 784 to one.

Adj. receiving &c. v.; recipient, suscipient|!.

received &c. v.; given &c. 784; secondhand.

not given, unbestowed &c. (see give, bestow &c. 784).

786. Apportionment

N. apportionment, allotment, consignment, assignment, appointment; appropriation; dispensation, distribution; division, deal; repartition, partition; administration.

dividend, portion, contingent, share, allotment, fair share, allocation, lot, measure, dose; dole, meed, pittance; quantum, ration; ratio, proportion, quota, modicum, mess, allowance; suerte^†.

V. apportion, divide; distribute, administer, dispense; billet, allot, detail, cast, share, mete; portion out, parcel out, dole out; deal, carve.

allocate, ration, ration out; assign; separate &c. 44.

partition, assign, appropriate, appoint.

come in for one's share &c. (participate) 778.

Adj. apportioning &c. v.; respective.

Adv. respectively, each to each.

787. Lending

N. lending &c. v.; loan, advance, accommodation, feneration|; mortgage, second mortgage, home loan &c. (security) 771; investment; note, bond, commercial paper.

mont de piete[Fr], pawnshop, my uncle's.

lender, pawnbroker, money lender; usurer, loan shark.

loaner

V[item loaned][coll.]. lend, advance, accommodate with; lend on security; loan; pawn &c. (security) 771.

intrust, invest; place out to interest, put out to interest.

let, demise, lease, sett^†, underlet.

Adj. lending &c. v.; lent &c. v.; unborrowed &c. (see borrowed &c. 788)^†.

Adv. in advance; on loan, on security.

788. Borrowing

N. borrowing, pledging.

borrowed plumes; plagiarism &c. (thieving) 791.

replevin[Law].

V. borrow, desume|.

hire, rent, farm; take a lease, take a demise; take by the hour, take by the mile, take by the year &c., hire by the hour, hire by the mile, hire by the year &c.; adopt, apply, appropriate, imitate, make use of, take.

raise money, take up money; raise the wind; fly a kite, borrow from Peter to pay Paul; run into debt &c. (debt) 806.

replevy[Law].

789. Taking

N. taking &c. v.; reception &c. (taking in) 296; deglutition &c. (taking food) 298; appropriation, prehension, prensation|; capture, caption; apprehension, deprehension|; abreption|, seizure, expropriation, abduction, ablation; subtraction, withdrawal &c. 38; abstraction, ademption^†; adrolepsy|!.

dispossession; deprivation, deprivement^†; bereavement; divestment; disherison^†; distraint, distress; sequestration, confiscation; eviction &c. 297.

rapacity, rapaciousness, extortion, vampirism; theft &c.791.

resumption; reprise, reprisal; recovery &c. 775.

clutch, swoop, wrench; grip &c. (retention) 781; haul, take, catch; scramble.

taker, captor.

[Geol: descent of one of the earth's crustal plates under another plate] subduction.

V. take, catch, hook, nab, bag, sack, pocket, put into one's pocket; receive; accept.

reap, crop, cull, pluck; gather &c. (get) 775; draw.

appropriate, expropriate, impropriate^†; assume, possess oneself of; take possession of; commandeer; lay one's hands on, clap one's hands on; help oneself to; make free with, dip one's hands into, lay under contribution; intercept; scramble for; deprive of.

take away, carry away, bear away, take off, carry off, bear off; adeem|!; abstract; hurry off with, run away with; abduct; steal &c. 791; ravish; seize; pounce upon, spring upon; swoop to, swoop down upon; take by storm, take by assault; snatch, reave^†.

snap up, nip up, whip up, catch up; kidnap, crimp, capture, lay violent hands on.

get hold of, lay hold of, take hold of, catch hold of, lay fast hold of, take firm hold of; lay by the heels, take prisoner; fasten upon, grip, grapple, embrace, gripe, clasp, grab, clutch, collar, throttle, take by the throat, claw, clinch, clench, make sure of.

catch at, jump at, make a grab at, snap at, snatch at; reach, make a long arm, stretch forth one's hand.

take from, take away from; disseize^†; deduct &c. 38; retrench &c. (curtail) 201; dispossess, ease one of, snatch from one's grasp; tear from, tear away from, wrench from, wrest from, wring from; extort; deprive of, bereave; disinherit, cut off with a shilling.

oust &c. (eject) 297; divest; levy, distrain, confiscate; sequester, sequestrate; accroach^†; usurp; despoil, strip, fleece, shear, displume^†, impoverish, eat out of house and home; drain, drain to the dregs; gut, dry, exhaust, swallow up; absorb &c. (suck in) 296; draw off; suck the blood of, suck like a leech.

retake, resume; recover &c. 775.

Adj. taking &c.v.; privative^†, prehensile; predaceous, predal^†, predatory, predatorial^†; lupine, rapacious, raptorial; ravenous; parasitic.

bereft &c. 776.

Adv. at one fell swoop.

Phr. give an inch and take an ell.

790. Restitution

N. restitution, return; rendition, reddition^†; restoration; reinvestment, recuperation; rehabilitation &c. (reconstruction) 660; reparation, atonement; compensation, indemnification.

release, replevin[Law], redemption; recovery &c. (getting back) 775; remitter, reversion.

V. return, restore; give back, carry back, bring back; render, render up; give up; let go, unclutch; disgorge, regorge^†; regurgitate; recoup, reimburse, compensate, indemnify; remit, rehabilitate; repair &c. (make good) 660.

[transitive] reinvest, revest, reinstate.

redeem, recover &c. (get back) 775; take back again.

[intransitive] revest, revert.

Adj. restoring &c. v.; recuperative &c. 660.

Phr. suum cuique[Lat].

791. Stealing

N. stealing &c. v.; theft, thievery, latrociny|, direption^†; abstraction, appropriation; plagiary, plagiarism; autoplagiarism^†; latrocinium^†.

spoliation, plunder, pillage; sack, sackage^†; rapine, brigandage, foray, razzia^†, rape, depredation, raid; blackmail.

piracy, privateering, buccaneering; license to plunder, letters of marque, letters of mark and reprisal.

filibustering, filibusterism^†; burglary; housebreaking; badger game*.

robbery, highway robbery, hold-up* [U.S.], mugging.

peculation, embezzlement; fraud &c. 545; larceny, petty larceny, grand larceny, shoplifting.

thievishness, rapacity, kleptomania, Alsatia^†, den of Cacus, den of thieves.

blackmail, extortion, shakedown, Black Hand [U.S.].

[person who commits theft] thief &c. 792.

V. steal, thieve, rob, mug, purloin, pilfer, filch, prig, bag, nim|, crib, cabbage, palm; abstract; appropriate, plagiarize.

convey away, carry off, abduct, kidnap, crimp; make off with, walk off with, run off with; run away with; spirit away, seize &c. (lay violent hands on) 789.

plunder, pillage, rifle, sack, loot, ransack, spoil, spoliate^†, despoil, strip, sweep, gut, forage, levy blackmail, pirate, pickeer|, maraud, lift cattle, poach; smuggle, run; badger*; bail up, hold up, stick up; bunco, bunko, filibuster.

swindle, peculate, embezzle; sponge, mulct, rook, bilk, pluck, pigeon, fleece; defraud &c.545; obtain under false pretenses; live by one's wits.

rob Peter to pay Paul, borrow of Peter to pay Paul; set a thief to catch a thief.

disregard the distinction between meum and tuum[Lat].

[receive stolen goods] fence, launder, launder money.

Adj. thieving &c. v.; thievish, light-fingered; furacious^†, furtive; piratical; predaceous, predal^†, predatory, predatorial^†; raptorial &c. (rapacious) 789.

stolen &c. v.

Phr. sic vos non vobis[Lat].

792. Thief

N. thief, robber, homo triumliterarum^†[Lat], pilferer, rifler, filcher^†, plagiarist.

spoiler, depredator, pillager, marauder; harpy, shark*, land shark, falcon, mosstrooper^†, bushranger^†, Bedouin|!, brigand, freebooter, bandit, thug, dacoit^†; pirate, corsair, viking, Paul Jones|!, buccaneer, buccanier|!; piqueerer|, pickeerer|; rover, ranger, privateer, filibuster; rapparee^†, wrecker, picaroon^†; smuggler, poacher; abductor, badger*, bunko man, cattle thief, chor^†, contrabandist^†, crook, hawk, holdup man, hold-up* [U.S.], jackleg* ^†[U.S.], kidnaper, rustler , cattle rustler, sandbagger, sea king, skin*, sneak thief, spieler^†, strong-arm man [U.S.].

highwayman, Dick Turpin, Claude Duval, Macheath, footpad, sturdy beggar.

cut purse, pick purse; pickpocket, light-fingered gentry; sharper; card sharper, skittle sharper; thimblerigger; rook*, Greek, blackleg, leg, welsher*; defaulter; Autolycus^†, Jeremy Diddler^†, Robert Macaire, artful dodger, trickster; swell mob*, chevalier d'industrie [Fr]; shoplifter.

swindler, peculator; forger, coiner; fence, receiver of stolen goods, duffer; smasher.

burglar, housebreaker; cracksman^†, magsman*^†; Bill Sikes, Jack Sheppard, Jonathan Wild.

gang[group of thieves], gang of thieves, theft ring; organized crime, mafia, the Sicilian Mafia, the mob, la cosa nostra [Italian].

Dillinger[famous thieves], Al Capone; Robin Hood.

793. Booty

N. booty, spoil, plunder, prize, loot, swag*, pickings; spolia opima[Lat], prey; blackmail; stolen goods. Adj. manubial|.

3. Interchange of Property

794. Barter

N. barter, exchange, scorse|, truck system; interchange &c. 148.

a Roland for an Oliver; quid pro quo; commutation, composition; Indian gift [U.S.].

trade, commerce, mercature|, buying and selling, bargain and sale; traffic, business, nundination|, custom, shopping; commercial enterprise, speculation, jobbing, stockjobbing^†, agiotage^†, brokery^†.

deal, dealing, transaction, negotiation, bargain.

free trade.

V. barter, exchange, swap, swop^†, truck, scorse|; interchange &c. 148; commutate &c.(substitute) 147; compound for.

trade, traffic, buy and sell, give and take, nundinate|; carry on a trade, ply a trade, drive a trade; be in business, be in the city; keep a shop, deal in, employ one's capital in.

trade with, deal with, have dealings with; transact business with, do business with; open an account with, keep an account with.

bargain; drive a bargain, make a bargain; negotiate, bid for; haggle, higgle^†; dicker [U.S.]; chaffer, huckster, cheapen, beat down; stickle, stickle for; out bid, under bid; ask, charge; strike a bargain &c. (contract) 769.

speculate, give a sprat to catch a herring; buy in the cheapest and sell in the dearest market, buy low and sell high; corner the market; rig the market, stag the market.

Adj. commercial, mercantile, trading; interchangeable, marketable, staple, in the market, for sale.

wholesale, retail.

Adv. across the counter.

Phr. cambio non e furto[It].

795. Purchase

N. purchase, emption^†; buying, purchasing, shopping; preemption, refusal.

coemption^†, bribery; slave trade.

buyer, purchaser, emptor, vendee; patron, employer, client, customer, clientele.

V. buy, purchase, invest in, procure; rent &c. (hire) 788; repurchase, buy in.

keep in one's pay, bribe, suborn; pay &c.807; spend &c.809.

make a purchase, complete a purchase; buy over the counter.

shop, market, go shopping.

Adj. purchased &c. v.

Phr. caveat emptor; the customer is always right.

796. Sale

N. sale, vent, disposal; auction, roup, Dutch auction; outcry, vendue^†; custom &c. (traffic) 794.

vendibility, vendibleness^†.

seller; vender, vendor; merchant &c. 797; auctioneer.

V. sell, vend, dispose of, effect a sale; sell over the counter, sell by auction &c. n.; dispense, retail; deal in &c. 794; sell off, sell out; turn into money, realize; bring to the hammer, bring under the hammer, put up to auction, put up for auction; offer for sale, put up for sale; hawk, bring to market; offer &c. 763; undersell.

let; mortgage &c.(security) 771.

Adj. under the hammer, on the market, for sale.

salable, marketable, vendible; unsalable &c., unpurchased^†, unbought; on one's hands.

Phr. chose qui plait est a demi vendue^†[Fr].

797. Merchant

N. merchant, trader, dealer, monger, chandler, salesman; changer; regrater^†; shopkeeper, shopman^†; tradesman, tradespeople, tradesfolk.

retailer; chapman, hawker, huckster, higgler^†; pedlar, colporteur, cadger, Autolycus^†; sutler^†, vivandiere^†; costerman^†, costermonger^†; tallyman; camelot; faker; vintner.

money broker, money changer, money lender; cambist^†, usurer, moneyer^†, banker.

jobber; broker &c. (agent) 758; buyer &c. 795; seller &c.796; bear, bull.

concern; firm &c. (partnership) 712.

798. Merchandise

N. merchandise, ware, commodity, effects, goods, article, stock, product, produce, staple commodity; stock in trade &c. (store) 636; cargo &c. (contents) 190.

799. Mart

N. mart; market, marketplace; fair, bazaar, staple, exchange, change, bourse, hall, guildhall; tollbooth, customhouse; Tattersall's.

stall, booth, stand, newsstand; cart, wagon.

wharf; office, chambers, countinghouse, bureau; counter, compter[Fr].

shop, emporium, establishment; store &c.636; department store, general store, five and ten, variety store, co-op, finding store [U.S.], grindery warehouse^†.

[food stores: list] grocery, supermarket, candy store, sweet shop, confectionery, bakery, greengrocer, delicatessen, bakeshop, butcher shop, fish store, farmers' market, mom and pop store, dairy, health food store.

[specialized stores: list] tobacco shop, tobacco store, tobacconists, cigar store, hardware store, jewelry shop, bookstore, liquor store, gun shop, rod and reel shop, furniture store, drugstore, chemist's [British], florist, flower shop, shoe store, stationer, stationer's, electronics shop, telephone store, music store, record shop, fur store, sporting goods store, video store, video rental store; lumber store, lumber yard, home improvements store, home improvement center; gas station, auto repair shop, auto dealer, used car dealer.

mall, suburban mall, commons, pedestrian mall; shopping street.

surplus store, army-navy surplus store.

[locations where used articles are sold] auction; flea market; yard sale, garage sale; pawn shop; antiques store; second-hand store, second time around shop, thrift shop.

warehouse, wareroom^†; depot, interposit^†, entrepot[Fr].

market-overt.

real-estate broker.

vending machine.

799a. Stock market

[specialized markets for financial instruments]

N. stock market, stock exchange, securities exchange; bourse, board; the big board, the New York Stock Exchange; the market, the open market; over- the-counter market; privately traded issues.

commodities exchange, futures exchange, futures market.

the pit, the floor.

ticker, stock ticker, quotation; stock index, market index, the Dow Jones Index, the Dow Industrials, the transportation index, utilities, the utilities index; the New York Stock Exchange index, the Nikkei index [Japan]; the Financial Times index, the FTI [England], the over-the-counter index, NASDAQ index.

[person or firm trading securities] broker, stockbroker, jobber, stock dealer, odd-lot dealer; specialist.

[person who buys or sells stocks] investor, speculator, operator; bull, buyer; bear, short seller; scalper, arbitrager^†, arbitrageur^†; stockholder, share-holder, stockholder of record; bond holder, coupon-clipper [derogatory].

investment; speculation.

V. speculate, invest, trade, trade stocks, play the market; buy long, sell short, take a position, straddle; take a plunge, plunge in, take a flier [coll.].

799b. Securities

N. securities, stocks, common stock, preferred stock, bonds, puts, calls, options, option contract, warrants, commercial paper, bearer bond, tax-exempt bond, callable bond, convertable bond^†.

share, stock certificate; coupon, bond coupon.

liquid assets.

4. Monetary Relations

800. Money

N. money, legal tender; money matters, money market; finance; accounts &c. 811; funds, treasure; capital, stock; assets &c.(property) 780; wealth &c. 803; supplies, ways and means, wherewithal, sinews of war, almighty dollar, needful, cash; mammon.

[colloquial terms for money] dough, cabbage.

money-like instruments, M1, M2.

sum, amount; balance, balance sheet; sum total; proceeds &c.(receipts) 810.

currency, circulating medium, specie, coin, piece[Fr], hard cash, cold cash; dollar, sterling coin; pounds shillings and pence; Ls.d.; pocket, breeches pocket, purse; money in hand, cash at hand; ready money, ready cash; ; slug [U.S.], wad* wad of bills[U.S.], wad of money, thick wad of bills, roll of dough[coll]; rhino|!, blunt|!, dust|!, mopus|!, tin|!, salt|!, chink|!; argent comptant[Lat]; bottom dollar, buzzard dollar|!; checks, dibs*^†.

[specific types of currency] double eagle, eagle; Federal currency, fractional currency, postal currency; Federal Reserve Note, United States Note, silver certificate [obsolete], gold certificate [obsolete]; long bit, short bit [U.S.]; moss, nickel, pile*, pin money, quarter [U.S.], red cent, roanoke^†, rock*; seawan^†, seawant^†; thousand dollars, grand[coll.].

[types of paper currency, U.S.] single, one-dollar bill; two-dollar bill; five-dollar bill, fiver[coll.], fin [coll.], Lincoln; ten-dollar bill, sawbuck; twenty-dollar bill, Jackson, double sawbuck; fifty-dollar bill; hundred-dollar bill, C-note.

[types of U.S. coins: list] penny, cent, Lincoln cent, indian head penny, copper[1700 -1900]; two-cent piece three-cent piece [Fr][obsolete][obsolete], half-dime[obsolete], nickel, buffalo nickel, V nickel [obsolete], dime, disme|!, mercury dime[obsolete], quarter, two bits, half dollar, dollar, silver dollar, Eisenhower dollar, Susan B. Anthony dollar^†.

precious metals, gold, silver, copper, bullion, ingot, nugget.

petty cash, pocket money, change, small change, small coin, doit^†, stiver^†, rap, mite, farthing, sou, penny, shilling, tester, groat, guinea; rouleau^†; wampum; good sum, round sum, lump sum; power of money, plum, lac of rupees.

major coin, crown; minor coin.

monetarist, monetary theory.

[Science of coins] numismatics, chrysology^†.

[coin scholar or collector] numismatist.

paper money, greenback; major denomination, minor denomination; money order, postal money order, Post Office order; bank note; bond; bill, bill of exchange; order, warrant, coupon, debenture, exchequer bill, assignat^†; blueback ^†[U.S.], hundi^†, shinplaster* [U.S.].

note, note of hand; promissory note, I O U; draft, check, cheque, back-dated check; negotiable order of withdrawal, NOW.

remittance &c.(payment) 807; credit &c.805; liability &c.806.

drawer, drawee^†; obligor^†, obligee^†; moneyer^†, coiner.

false money, bad money; base coin, flash note, slip|, kite*; fancy stocks; Bank of Elegance.

argumentum ad crumenam[Lat].

letter of credit.

circulation, multiplier effect.

[variation in the value of currency] inflation, double-digit inflation, hyperinflation, erosion of the currency, debasement of the currency; deflation; stagflation.

[relative value of two currencies] exchange rate, rate of exchange, floating exchange rates, fixed rates.

[place to exchange currencies] currency counter, currency exchange, bureau de change [French].

gold-backed currency, gold standard, silver standard.

bank account, savings account, checking account, money market account, NOW account, time deposit, deposit, demand deposit, super NOW account; certificate of deposit, CD.

[money symbols] $, U.S. $, A$.

[authorities controlling currency, U.S] Federal Reserve Bank, central bank; Federal Reserve Board, board of governors of the Federal Reserve; Treasury Department; Secret Service.

[place where money is manufactured] mint, bureau of engraving.

[government profit in manufacturing money] seigniorage.

[false money] counterfeit, funny money, bogus money, (see falsehood) 545.

[cost of money] interest, interest rate, discount rate.

V. amount to, come to, mount up to; touch the pocket; draw, draw upon; indorse &c. (security) 771; issue, utter; discount &c. 813; back; demonetize, remonetize; fiscalize^†, monetize.

circulate, be in circulation; be out of circulation.

[manufacture currency] mint[coins], coin; print[paper currency].

[vary the value of money] inflate, deflate; debase; devalue, revalue.

[vary the amount of money] circulate, put in circulation; withdraw from circulation.

[change the type of currency] exchange currencies, change money.

charge interest; pay interest; lose interest.

Adj. monetary, pecuniary, crumenal|, fiscal, financial, sumptuary, numismatic, numismatical^†; sterling; nummary^†.

Phr. barbarus ipse placet dummodo sit dives [Lat][Ovid]; "but the jingling of the guinea helps the hurt that honor feels" [Tennyson]; Gelt regiert die Welt [German: money rules the world], money makes the world go round; nervos belli pecuniam infinitam [Lat][Cicero]; redet Geld so schweigt die Welt [German]; " money is the mother's milk of politics" [Tip O'Neill]; money is the root of all evil; money isn't everything; "as phony as a three-dollar bill"; "don't take any wooden nickels".

801. Treasurer

N. treasurer; bursar, bursary; purser, purse bearer; cash keeper, banker; depositary; questor^†, receiver, steward, trustee, accountant, Accountant General, almoner, liquidator, paymaster, cashier, teller; cambist^†; money changer &c. (merchant) 797.

financier.

Secretary of the Treasury; Chancellor of the Exchequer, minister of finance.

802. Treasury

N. treasury, bank, exchequer, fisc, hanaper^†; cash register, kutcherry^†, bursary; strong box, strong hold, strong room; coffer; chest &c.(receptacle) 191; safe; bank vault; depository &c. 636; till, tiller; purse; money bag, money box; porte-monnaie[Fr].

purse strings; pocket, breeches pocket.

sinking fund; stocks; public stocks, public funds, public securities, parliamentary stocks, parliamentary funds, parliamentary securities; Consols, credit mobilier[Fr]; bonds. hope &c. 858.

803. Wealth

N. wealth, riches, fortune, handsome fortune, opulence, affluence; good circumstances, easy circumstances; independence; competence &c. (sufficiency) 639; solvency.

provision, livelihood, maintenance; alimony, dowry; means, resources, substance; property &c. 780; command of money.

income &c. 810; capital, money; round sum &c. (treasure) 800; mint of money, mine of wealth, El Dorado[Sp], bonanza, Pacatolus, Golconda, Potosi.

long purse, full purse, well lined purse, heavy purse, deep pockets; purse of Fortunatus[Lat]; embarras de richesses[Fr].

pelf, Mammon, lucre, filthy lucre; loaves and fishes|!.

rich man, moneyed man, warm man; man of substance; capitalist, millionaire, tippybob*^†, Nabob, Croesus, idas, Plutus, Dives, Timon of Athens^†; Timocracy, Plutocracy; Danae.

V. be rich &c. adj.; roll in wealth, roll in riches, wallow in wealth, wallow in riches.

afford, well afford; command money, command a sum; make both ends meet, hold one's head above water.

become rich &c. adj.; strike it rich; come into a sum of money, receive a windfall, receive an inheritance, hit the jackpot, win the lottery; fill one's pocket &c. (treasury) 802; feather one's nest, make a fortune; make money &c. (acquire) 775.

[transitive] enrich, imburse^†.

worship the golden calf, worship Mammon.

Adj. wealthy, rich, affluent, opulent, moneyed, monied, worth much; well to do, well off; warm; comfortable, well, well provided for.

made of money; rich as Croesus, filthy rich, rich as a Jew|!; rolling in riches, rolling in wealth.

flush, flush of cash, flush of money, flush of tin*; in funds, in cash, in full feather; solvent, pecunious^†, out of debt, in the black, all straight.

Phr. one's ship coming in.

amour fait beaucoup mais argent fait tout [French: love does much but money does everything]; aurea rumpunt tecta quietem [Lat][Seneca]; magna servitus ist magna fortuna[Latin]; "mammon, the least erected spirit that fell from Heaven" [Paradise Lost]; opum furiata cupido [Lat][Ovid]; vera prosperita e non aver necessita [It]; wie gewonnen so zerronnen [German].

804. Poverty

N. poverty, indigence, penury, pauperism, destitution, want; need, neediness; lack, necessity, privation, distress, difficulties, wolf at the door.

bad circumstances, poor circumstances, need circumstances, embarrassed circumstances, reduced circumstances, straightened circumstances; slender means, narrow means; straits; hand to mouth existence, res angusta domi^†[Lat], low water, impecuniosity.

beggary; mendicancy, mendicity^†; broken fortune, loss of fortune; insolvency &c. (nonpayment) 808.

empty pocket, empty purse; light purse; beggarly account of empty boxes.

[poor people] poor man, pauper, mendicant, mumper^†, beggar, starveling; pauvre diable[Fr]; fakir|!, schnorrer|!; homeless person.

V. be poor &c. adj.; want, lack, starve, live from hand to mouth, have seen better days, go down in the world, come upon the parish; go to the dogs, go to wrack and ruin; not have a penny &c. (money) 800, not have a shot in one's locker; beg one's bread; tirer le diable par la queue[Fr]; run into debt &c. (debt) 806.

render poor &c. adj.; impoverish; reduce, reduce to poverty; pauperize, fleece, ruin, bring to the parish. hope &c. 858.

Adj. poor, indigent; poverty-stricken; badly off, poorly off, ill off; poor as a rat, poor as a church mouse, poor as a Job; fortuneless^†, dowerless^†, moneyless^†, penniless; unportioned^†, unmoneyed^†; impecunious; out of money, out of cash, short of money, short of cash; without a rap, not worth a rap &c.(money) 800; qui n'a pas le sou[Fr], out of pocket, hard up; out at elbows, out at heels; seedy, bare-footed; beggarly, beggared; destitute; fleeced, stripped; bereft, bereaved; reduced; homeless.

in want &c. n.; needy, necessitous, distressed, pinched, straitened; put to one's shifts, put to one's last shifts; unable to keep the wolf from the door, unable to make both ends meet; embarrassed, under hatches; involved &c. (in debt) 806; insolvent &c. (not paying) 808.

Adv. in forma pauperis[Lat].

Phr. zonam perdidit[Lat]; "a penniless lass wi' a lang pedigree" [Lady Nairne]; a pobreza no hay verguenza[Sp]; "he that is down can fall no lower" [Butler]; poca roba poco pensiero[It]; "steeped . . . in poverty to the very lips" [Othello]; "the short and simple annals of the poor" [Gray].

805. Credit

N. credit, trust, tick, score, tally, account.

letter of credit, circular note; duplicate; mortgage, lien, debenture, paper credit, floating capital; draft, lettre de creance[Fr]^†, securities.

creditor, lender, lessor, mortgagee; dun; usurer.

credit account, line of credit, open line of credit.

credit card.

V. keep an account with, run up an account with; intrust, credit, accredit.

place to one's credit, credit to one's account, place to one's account|!; give credit, take credit; fly a kite|!.

Adj. crediting, credited; accredited.

Adv. on credit &c. n.; on account; to the account of, to the credit of; a compte[Fr].

806. Debt

N. debt, obligation, liability, indebtment^†, debit, score.

bill; check; account (credit) 805.

arrears, deferred payment, deficit, default, insolvency &c. (nonpayment) 808; bad debt.

interest; premium; usance^†, usury; floating debt, floating capital.

debtor, debitor^†; mortgagor; defaulter &c. 808; borrower.

V. be in debt &c. adj.; owe; incur a debt, contract a debt &c. n.; run up a bill, run up a score, run up an account; go on tick; borrow &c. 788; run into debt, get into debt, outrun the constable; run up debts, run up bills (spend) 809..

answer for, go bail for.

[notify a person of his indebtedness: ISA:written_communication] bill, charge.

Adj. indebted; liable, chargeable, answerable for.

in debt, in embarrassed circumstances, in difficulties; incumbered, involved; involved in debt, plunged in debt, deep in debt, over one's head in debt, over head and ears in debt; deeply involved; fast tied up; insolvent &c. (not paying) 808; minus, out of pocket.

unpaid; unrequited, unrewarded; owing, due, in arrear^†, outstanding; past due.

Phr. aes alienum debitorem leve gravius inimicum facit ^†[Latin]; "neither a borrower nor a lender be" [Hamlet]. hope &c. 858.

807. Payment

N. payment, defrayment^†; discharge; acquittance, quittance; settlement, clearance, liquidation, satisfaction, reckoning, arrangement.

acknowledgment, release; receipt, receipt in full, receipt in full of all demands; voucher.

salary, compensation, remuneration (reward) 973.

repayment, reimbursement, retribution; pay &c.(reward) 973; money paid &c. (expenditure) 809.

ready money &c. (cash) 800; stake, remittance, installment.

payer, liquidator &c. 801.

pay cash, pay cash on the barrelhead.

V. pay, defray, make payment; paydown, pay on the nail, pay ready money, pay at sight, pay in advance; cash, honor a bill, acknowledge; redeem; pay in kind.

pay one's way, pay one's shot, pay one's footing; pay the piper, pay sauce for all, pay costs; do the needful; shell out, fork out ; cough up [coll.], fork over; come down with, come down with the dust; tickle the palm, grease the palm; expend &c. 809; put down, lay down.

discharge, settle, quit, acquit oneself of; foot the bill; account with, reckon with, settle with, be even with, be quits with; strike a balance; settle accounts with, balance accounts with, square accounts with; quit scores; wipe off old scores, clear off old scores; satisfy; pay in full; satisfy all demands, pay in full of all demands; clear, liquidate; pay up, pay old debts.

disgorge, make repayment; repay, refund, reimburse, retribute^†; make compensation &c.30.

pay by credit card, put it on the plastic.

Adj. paying &c. paid &c. v.; owing nothing, out of debt, all straight; unowed^†, never indebted.

Adv. to the tune of; on the nail, money down.

808. Nonpayment

N. nonpayment; default, defalcation; protest, repudiation; application of the sponge|!; whitewashing.

insolvency, bankruptcy, failure; insufficiency &c. 640; run upon a bank; overdrawn account.

waste paper bonds; dishonored bills, protested bills; bogus check, bogus cheque, rubber check.

bankrupt, insolvent, debtor, lame duck, man of straw, welsher, stag, defaulter, levanter|!.

V. not pay &c. 807; fail, break, stop payment; become insolvent, become bankrupt; be gazetted.

protest, dishonor, repudiate, nullify, refuse payment.

pay under protest; button up one's pockets, draw the purse strings; apply the sponge; pay over the left shoulder, get whitewashed; swindle &c. 791; run up bills, fly kites.

Adj. not paying, non-paying, non-performing; in debt &c. 806; behindhand, in arrear^†, behind in payments, in arrears; beggared &c. (poor) 804; unable to make both ends meet, minus; worse than nothing; worthless.

insolvent, bankrupt, in the gazette, gazetted.

unpaid &c. (outstanding) 806; gratis &c. 815; unremunerated.

809. Expenditure

N. expenditure, money going out; out goings, out lay; expenses, disbursement; prime cost &c. (price) 812; circulation; run upon a bank.

payment &c.807[Money paid]; pay &c. (remuneration) 973; bribe &c. 973; fee, footing, garnish; subsidy; tribute; contingent, quota; donation &c.784. hope &c. 858.

pay in advance, earnest, handsel, deposit, installment.

investment; purchase &c. 795.

V. expend, spend; run through, get through; pay, disburse; ante, ante up; pony up* [U.S.]; open the purse strings, loose the purse strings, untie the purse strings; lay out, shell out*, fork out*, fork over; bleed; make up a sum, invest, sink money.

run up debts, run up bills (debt) 806.

fee &c. (reward) 973; pay one's way &c. (pay) 807; subscribe &c. (give) 784; subsidize.

Adj. expending, expended &c. v.; sumptuary.

Phr. vectigalia nervos esse reipublicae [Lat][Cicero].

810. Receipt

N. receipt, value received, money coming in; income, incomings, innings, revenue, return, proceeds; gross receipts, net profit; earnings &c. (gain) 775; accepta^†, avails.

rent, rent roll; rental, rentage^†; rack-rent.

premium, bonus; sweepstakes, tontine.

pension, annuity; jointure &c.(property) 780^†; alimony, palimony [coll.], pittance; emolument &c. (remuneration) 973.

V. receive &c. 785; take money; draw from, derive from; acquire &c. 775; take &c. 789.

bring in, yield, afford, pay, return; accrue &c. (be received from) 785.

Adj. receiving, received &c. v.; profitable &c. (gainful) 775.

811. Accounts

N. accounts, accompts|!; commercial arithmetic, monetary arithmetic; statistics &c. (numeration) 85; money matters, finance, budget, bill, score, reckoning, account.

books, account book, ledger; day book, cash book, pass book; journal; debtor and creditor account, cash account, running account; account current; balance, balance sheet; compte rendu[Fr], account settled, acquit, assets, expenditure, liabilities, outstanding accounts; profit and loss account, profit and loss statement, receipts.

bookkeeping, accounting, double entry bookkeeping, reckoning.

audit.

[person who keeps accounts] accountant, auditor, actuary, bookkeeper, bean counter [derogatory]; financier &c. 801; accounting party; chartered accountant, certified accountant; accounting firm, auditing firm.

V. keep accounts, enter, post, book, credit, debit, carry over; take stock; balance accounts, make up accounts, square accounts, settle accounts, wind up accounts, cast up accounts; make accounts square, square accounts.

bring to book, tax, surcharge and falsify.

audit, field audit; check the books, verify accounts.

falsify an account, garble an account, cook an account, cook the books, doctor an account.

Adj. monetary &c.800; accountable, accounting.

812. Price

N. price, amount, cost, expense, prime cost, charge, figure; demand, damage; fare, hire, wages &c. (remuneration) 973; value &c. 812a.

dues, duty, toll, tax, impost, cess^†, sess^†, tallage^†, levy; abkari^†; capitation tax, poll tax; doomage ^†[U.S.], likin^†; gabel^†, gabelle^†; gavel, octroi^†, custom, excise, assessment, benevolence, tithe, tenths, exactment^†, ransom, salvage, tariff; brokerage, wharfage, freightage.

bill &c. (account) 811; shot. hope &c. 858.

V. bear a price, set a price, fix a price; appraise, assess, doom [U.S.], price, charge, demand, ask, require, exact, run up; distrain; run up a bill &c. (debt) 806; have one's price; liquidate.

amount to, come to, mount up to; stand one in.

fetch, sell for, cost, bring in, yield, afford.

Adj. priced &c. v.; to the tune of, ad valorem; dutiable; mercenary, venal.

Phr. no penny no paternoster[Lat]; point d'argent point de Suisse[Fr], no longer pipe no longer dance, no song no supper, if you dance you have to pay the piper, you get what you pay for, there's no such thing as a free lunch.

one may have it for; a bon marche[Fr].

812a. Value

[intrinsic worth] 

N. {ant. to 812b} worth, rate, value, intrinsic value, quality; par value.

[estimated value] valuation, appraisal, assessment, appraisement.

[value as estimated in a market] price current, market price, quotation; fair price, going price; what it will fetch &c. v.; what the market will bear.

money's worth; penny &c. worth.

cost (price) 812.

V. value[transitive], esteem; appreciate.

[estimate value] appraise, evaluate, assess.

Adj. valuable, estimable; worthwhile; worthy, full of worth.

precious (expensive) 814.

Phr. worth the price; worth a king's ransom; accountants who know the price of everything and the value of nothing.

812b. Worthlessness

N. {ant. to 812a} worthlessness, valuelessness^†; lack of value; uselessness.

[low value] cheapness, shoddiness; low quality, poor quality.

[worthless item] trash, garbage.

Adj. worthless, valueless; useless.

[of low value] cheap, shoddy; slapdash.

inexpensive &c. 815.

Phr. not worth the paper it's printed on, not worth a sou.

813. Discount

N. discount, abatement, concession, reduction, depreciation, allowance; qualification, set-off, drawback, poundage, agio^†, percentage; rebate, rebatement^†; backwardation, contango^†; salvage; tare and tret^†.

sale, bargain; half price; price war.

wholesale, wholesale price; dealer's price; trade price.

coupon, discount coupon, cents-off coupon; store coupon, manufacturer's coupon; double coupon discount, triple coupon discount.

V. discount, bate; abate, rebate; reduce, price down, mark down take off, allow, give, make allowance; tax.

Adj. discounting &c. v.

Adv. at a discount, below par; at wholesale; have a friend in the business.

814. Dearness

N. dearness &c. adj.; high price, famine price, fancy price; overcharge; extravagance; exorbitance, extortion; heavy pull upon the purse.

V. be dear &c. adj.; cost much, cost a pretty penny; rise in price, look up.

[demand a price in excess of value] overcharge, bleed, fleece, extort.

[pay a price in excess of value] pay too much, pay through the nose, pay too dear for one's whistle, pay top dollar. hope &c. 858.

Adj. dear; high, high priced; of great price, expensive, costly, precious; worth a Jew's eye|!, dear bought.

at a premium.

not to be had, not to be had for love or money; beyond price, above price, priceless, of priceless value.

[priced in excess of value] unreasonable, extravagant, exorbitant, extortionate; overpriced, more than it's woth.

Adv. dear, dearly; at great cost, heavy cost; a grands frais[Fr].

Phr. prices looking up; le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle[French]; le cout en ote le gout[Fr]; vel prece vel pretio[Lat]^†; too high a price to pay, not worth it.

815. Cheapness

N. cheapness, low price; depreciation; bargain; good penny &c. worth; snap [U.S.].

[Absence of charge] gratuity; free quarters, free seats, free admission, pass, free pass, free warren, give-away, freebee [coll.]; run of one's teeth; nominal price, peppercorn rent; labor of love.

drug in the market; deadhead^†.

V. be cheap &c. adj.; cost little; come down in price, fall in price.

buy for a mere nothing, buy for an old song; have one's money's worth.

Adj. cheap; low, low priced; moderate, reasonable; inexpensive, unexpensive^†; well worth the money, worth the money; magnifique et pas cher[French]; good at the price, cheap at the price; dirt cheap, dog cheap; cheap, cheap as dirt, cheap and nasty; catchpenny ;discounted &c. 813.

half-price, depreciated, unsalable.

gratuitous, gratis, free, for nothing; costless, expenseless^†; without charge, not charged, untaxed; scotfree, shotfree^†, rent-free; free of cost, free of expense; honorary, unbought, unpaid.

Adv. for a mere song, for a song; at cost, at cost price, at prime cost, at a reduction; a bon marche[Fr].

816. Liberality

N. liberality, generosity, munificence; bounty, bounteousness, bountifulness; hospitality; charity &c. (beneficence) 906.

V. be liberal &c.adj.; spend freely, bleed freely; shower down upon; open one's purse strings &c. (disburse) 809; spare no expense, give carte blanche[Fr].

Adj. liberal, free, generous; charitable &c. (beneficent) 906; hospitable; bountiful, bounteous; handsome; unsparing, ungrudging; unselfish; open handed, free handed, full handed; open hearted, large hearted, free hearted; munificent, princely.

overpaid.

Phr. "handsome is that handsome does" [Goldsmith].

817. Economy

N. economy, frugality; thrift, thriftiness; care, husbandry, good housewifery, savingness^†, retrenchment.

savings; prevention of waste, save-all; cheese parings and candle ends; parsimony &c. 819.

cost-cutting, cost control.

V. be economical &c. adj.; practice economy; economize, save; retrench, cut back expenses, cut expenses; cut one's coat according to one's cloth, make both ends meet, keep within compass, meet one's expenses, pay one's way, pay as you go; husband &c. (lay by) 636.

save money, invest money; put out to interest; provide for a rainy day, save for a rainy day, provide against a rainy day, save against a rainy day; feather one's nest; look after the main chance.

cut costs.

Adj. economical, frugal, careful, thrifty, saving, chary, spare, sparing; parsimonious &c.819. hope &c. 858.

underpaid.

Adv. sparingly &c. adj.; ne quid nimis[Lat].

Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit[Latin]; magnum est vectigal parsimonia [Latin][Cicero].

817a. Greed

[excessive desire] 

N. covetousness, ravenousness &c. adj.; venality, avidity, cupidity; acquisitiveness (acquisition) 775; desire &c. 865.

[greed for money or material things] greed, greediness, avarice, avidity, rapacity, extortion.

selfishness &c.943; auri sacra fames[Lat].

grasping, craving, canine appetite, rapacity.

V. covet, crave (desire) 865; grasp; exact, extort.

Adj. greedy, avaricious, covetous, acquisitive, grasping; rapacious; lickerish^†.

greedy as a hog; overeager; voracious; ravenous, ravenous as a wolf; openmouthed, extortionate, exacting, sordid|!, alieni appetens[Lat]; insatiable, insatiate; unquenchable, quenchless; omnivorous.

818. Prodigality

N. prodigality, prodigence|; unthriftiness^†, waste; profusion, profuseness; extravagance; squandering &c. v.; malversation.

prodigal; spendthrift, waste thrift; losel^†, squanderer^†, locust; high roller* [U.S.].

V. be prodigal &c. adj.; squander, lavish, sow broadcast; pour forth like water; blow, blow in*; pay through the nose &c. (dear) 814; spill, waste, dissipate, exhaust, drain, eat out of house and home, overdraw, outrun the constable; run out, run through; misspend; throw good money after bad, throw the helve after the hatchet^†; burn the candle at both ends; make ducks and drakes of one's money; fool away one's money, potter away one's money, muddle away one's money, fritter away one's money, throw away one's money, run through one's money; pour water into a sieve, kill the goose that lays the golden eggs; manger son ble en herbe[Fr].

Adj. prodigal, profuse, thriftless, unthrifty, improvident, wasteful, losel^†, extravagant, lavish, dissipated, overliberal; full-handed &c. (liberal) 816.

penny wise and pound foolish.

Adv. with an unsparing hand; money burning a hole in one's pocket.

Phr. amor nummi [Latin]; facile largiri de alieno[Lat]; wie gewonnen so zerronnen [German]; les fous font les festins et les sages les mangent [French]; "spendthrift alike of money and of wit" [Cowper]; "squandering wealth was his peculiar art" [Dryden].

819. Parsimony

N. parsimony, parcity|; parsimoniousness^†, stinginess &c. adj.; stint; illiberality, tenacity.

avarice, greed &c. 817a.

miser, niggard, churl, screw, skinflint, crib, codger, muckworm^†, scrimp, lickpenny^†, hunks, curmudgeon, Harpagon, harpy, extortioner, Jew, usurer; Hessian [U.S.]; pinch fist, pinch penny.

V. be parsimonious &c. adj.; grudge, begrudge, stint, pinch, gripe, screw, dole out, hold back, withhold, starve, famish, live upon nothing, skin a flint.

drive a bargain, drive a hard bargain; cheapen, beat down; stop one hole in a sieve; have an itching palm, grasp, grab.

Adj. parsimonious, penurious, stingy, miserly, mean, shabby, peddling, scrubby, penny wise, near, niggardly, close; fast handed, close handed, strait handed; close fisted, hard fisted, tight fisted; tight, sparing; hope &c. 858. chary; grudging, griping &c. v.; illiberal, ungenerous, churlish, hidebound, sordid, mercenary, venal, covetous, usurious, avaricious, greedy, extortionate, rapacious.

Adv. with a sparing hand.

Phr. desunt inopioe multa avaritiae omnia [Latin][Syrus]; "hoards after hoards his rising raptures fill" [Goldsmith]; "the unsunn'd heaps of miser's treasures" [Milton].