duma

See also: Appendix:Variations of "duma"

English

Alternative forms

• Duma

Etymology

From Russian ду́ма (dúma, “elective legislative assembly”, originally: “thought”), Origin of the Slavic term is disputed. Either of Germanic origin. Doublet of doom. Or from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke”), akin to Proto-Slavic *duti (“to blow"), *dymъ (“smoke”). The drink is named after the legislative assembly.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdumə/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Homophone: doomer
• Hyphenation: du‧ma

Noun

duma (plural dumas)

1. A Russian legislative assembly such as the historical duma of the Russian Empire or the modern lower house of the Federal Assembly (the Russian national parliament).
   • 1905, “Russian Duma” in The Outlook Volume 80, 989:

     Hence, while preserving his autocratic power, the Czar decrees a “Gosudarstvennaia Duma,” or State Council. The elections for this Duma will cover the whole territory of the Empire, ...

2. A drink mixing wine and vodka.

Derived terms

• dumaist

 

Translations

lower house of Russian national parliament

• Arabic: دُومَا (ar) f (dūmā)
• Armenian: դումա (hy) (duma)
• Azerbaijani: duma
• Bashkir: дума (duma)
• Belarusian: ду́ма (be) f (dúma)
• Bengali: দুমা (duma)
• Bulgarian: ду́ма (bg) f (dúma)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 俄羅斯國家杜馬／俄罗斯国家杜马 (Éluōsī guójiā dùmǎ), 杜馬／杜马 (zh) (dùmǎ)

• Czech: duma (cs) f
• Danish: duma c
• Dutch: doema f
• Esperanto: dumao
• Estonian: riigiduuma, duuma
• Faroese: duma f
• Finnish: duuma (fi)
• French: douma (fr) f
• Georgian: დუმა (duma)
• German: Duma (de) f
• Greek: Δούμα (el) f (Doúma)
• Hebrew: דּוּמָה f (dúma)
• Hindi: ड्यूमा (ḍyūmā), दूमा (hi) (dūmā)
• Hungarian: duma (hu)
• Indonesian: duma
• Italian: duma (it)
• Japanese: ドゥーマ (dūma), 国家院 (こっかいん, kokkain)
• Kazakh: дума (duma)
• Korean: 두마 (duma)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: dûma (ku)

• Kyrgyz: дума (ky) (duma)
• Latvian: dome f
• Lithuanian: dūma (lt) f
• Macedonian: дума (mk) f (duma)
• Malay: duma
• Mongolian:

  Cyrillic: дум (dum)

• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: duma

• Ossetian: думӕ (dumæ)
• Ottoman Turkish: دوما (duma)
• Persian: دوما (fa) (dumâ)
• Polish: Duma (pl) f
• Portuguese: duma (pt) f
• Romanian: dumă (ro) f
• Russian: ду́ма (ru) f (dúma), Ду́ма (ru) f (Dúma), Госуда́рственная ду́ма (ru) f (Gosudárstvennaja dúma), Госду́ма (ru) f (Gosdúma)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: ду̀ма f

  Roman: dùma (sh) f

• Slovak: duma f
• Slovene: duma f
• Spanish: duma (es) f
• Swedish: duma (sv) c
• Tajik: дума (duma)
• Tatar: дума (duma)
• Turkish: duma
• Turkmen: duma
• Ukrainian: ду́ма f (dúma)
• Uzbek: duma (uz)
• Vietnamese: Viện Đu-ma, Đu-ma

Anagrams

• Damu, Maud, maud, muda

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈduma/ [ˈdʊmʌ]
• Hyphenation: du‧ma

Adverb

dúma

1. once upon a time
2. in the beginning

Postposition

dúma

1. (+ -k form) before

   Anú okmék dúma. ― Before I eat.

Noun

dúma m 

1. precedence
2. former time

Declension

Declension of dúma
absolutive	dúma
predicative	dúma
subjective	dumí
genitive	dumí
Postpositioned forms l-case dúmal k-case dúmak t-case dúmat h-case dúmah

References

• E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “dùma”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2004) Parlons Afar: Langue et Culture, L'Hammartan, →ISBN, page 37
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Bikol Central

Noun

duma

1. tuber

Hausa

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dú.máː/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [dɪ́.máː]

Noun

dumā m (plural dumā̀mē, possessed form duman)

1. calabash, gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dú.màː/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [dɪ́.màː]

Verb

dumā̀ (grade 1)

1. To put one's mouth deeply into something
2. (with an indirect object) To strike a person with something

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdumɒ]
• Hyphenation: du‧ma
• Rhymes: -mɒ

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Russian ду́ма (dúma, “duma”).

Noun

duma (usually uncountable, plural dumák)

1. (historical) duma

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	duma	dumák
accusative	dumát	dumákat
dative	dumának	dumáknak
instrumental	dumával	dumákkal
causal-final	dumáért	dumákért
translative	dumává	dumákká
terminative	dumáig	dumákig
essive-formal	dumaként	dumákként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	dumában	dumákban
superessive	dumán	dumákon
adessive	dumánál	dumáknál
illative	dumába	dumákba
sublative	dumára	dumákra
allative	dumához	dumákhoz
elative	dumából	dumákból
delative	dumáról	dumákról
ablative	dumától	dumáktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	dumáé	dumáké
non-attributive possessive - plural	dumáéi	dumákéi

Possessive forms of duma
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	dumám	dumáim
2nd person sing.	dumád	dumáid
3rd person sing.	dumája	dumái
1st person plural	dumánk	dumáink
2nd person plural	dumátok	dumáitok
3rd person plural	dumájuk	dumáik

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Romani dùma (“speech”), from a Slavic language, from Proto-Slavic *duma.

Noun

duma (countable and uncountable, plural dumák)

1. (colloquial) talk, chat
2. (colloquial) bullshit, lie

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	duma	dumák
accusative	dumát	dumákat
dative	dumának	dumáknak
instrumental	dumával	dumákkal
causal-final	dumáért	dumákért
translative	dumává	dumákká
terminative	dumáig	dumákig
essive-formal	dumaként	dumákként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	dumában	dumákban
superessive	dumán	dumákon
adessive	dumánál	dumáknál
illative	dumába	dumákba
sublative	dumára	dumákra
allative	dumához	dumákhoz
elative	dumából	dumákból
delative	dumáról	dumákról
ablative	dumától	dumáktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	dumáé	dumáké
non-attributive possessive - plural	dumáéi	dumákéi

Possessive forms of duma
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	dumám	dumáim
2nd person sing.	dumád	dumáid
3rd person sing.	dumája	dumái
1st person plural	dumánk	dumáink
2nd person plural	dumátok	dumáitok
3rd person plural	dumájuk	dumáik

Derived terms

• dumál
• dumás

 

Compound words

• dumafranci
• dumagép
• dumaparti

 

Further reading

• (duma): duma in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
• (talk, chat): duma in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
• duma in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

Kituba

Verb

duma

1. to thunder

Latvian

Adjective

duma

1. (dialectal form) genitive singular masculine of dums
2. (dialectal form) nominative singular feminine of dums

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dùma.

Verb

-duma

1. to thunder, to rumble

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Northern Sotho

Etymology 1

Verb

duma

1. to want
2. to wish

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *-dùma.

Verb

duma

1. to thunder

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀤𑀼𑀫 (Brahmi script)
• दुम (Devanagari script)
• দুম (Bengali script)
• දුම (Sinhalese script)
• ဒုမ or ၻုမ (Burmese script)
• ทุม or ทุมะ (Thai script)
• ᨴᩩᨾ (Tai Tham script)
• ທຸມ or ທຸມະ (Lao script)
• ទុម (Khmer script)
• 𑄘𑄪𑄟 (Chakma script)

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit द्रुम (druma, “tree”).

Noun

duma m

1. tree

Declension

Declension table of "duma" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	dumo	dumā
Accusative (second)	dumaṃ	dume
Instrumental (third)	dumena	dumehi or dumebhi
Dative (fourth)	dumassa or dumāya or dumatthaṃ	dumānaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	dumasmā or dumamhā or dumā	dumehi or dumebhi
Genitive (sixth)	dumassa	dumānaṃ
Locative (seventh)	dumasmiṃ or dumamhi or dume	dumesu
Vocative (calling)	duma	dumā

References

• Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “duma”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead
• Maung Tin (1920), The Student's Pali-English Dictionary, Rangoon: British Burma Press.

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdu.ma/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uma
• Syllabification: du‧ma
• Homophone: Duma

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duma. Doublet of Duma.

Noun

duma f

1. pride (sense of one's own worth, and abhorrence of what is beneath or unworthy of one)

Declension

Declension of duma

	singular
nominative	duma
genitive	dumy
dative	dumie
accusative	dumę
instrumental	dumą
locative	dumie
vocative	dumo

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ukrainian ду́ма (dúma).

Noun

duma f

1. dumka (individual composition in the genre of instrumental folk music from Ukraine)

   Synonym: dumka

2. dumka (literary work based on such a composition)

   Synonym: dumka

Declension

Declension of duma

	singular	plural
nominative	duma	dumy
genitive	dumy	dum
dative	dumie	dumom
accusative	dumę	dumy
instrumental	dumą	dumami
locative	dumie	dumach
vocative	dumo	dumy

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

duma

1. third-person singular present of dumać

Further reading

• duma in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• duma in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• duma in PWN's encyclopedia

Portuguese

Alternative forms

• d'uma (dated)

Etymology

From earlier d'uma, de (“of”) + uma (“feminine singular indefinite article”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈdũ.mɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈdũ.mɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈdu.ma/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈdu.mɐ/

Contraction

duma f sg

1. Contraction of de uma (“of/from a (feminine)”): feminine singular of dum
   • 1877, Unknown, A boneca, compiled in Contos para a Infância, Guerra Junqueiro:

     Deixe-me agora, leitor, contar-lhe uma história — a história duma boneca!

     Now let me, reader, tell you a story - the story of a doll!

Southern Ndebele

Relative

-dúma

1. tasteless, flavourless

Inflection

Relative concord
	Modifier	Copulative
1st singular	engiduma	ngiduma
2nd singular	oduma	uduma
1st plural	esiduma	siduma
2nd plural	eniduma	niduma
Class 1	oduma	uduma
Class 2	abaduma	baduma
Class 3	oduma	uduma
Class 4	eduma	iduma
Class 5	eliduma	liduma
Class 6	aduma	aduma
Class 7	esiduma	siduma
Class 8	eziduma	ziduma
Class 9	eduma	iduma
Class 10	eziduma	ziduma
Class 14	obuduma	buduma
Class 15	okuduma	kuduma
Class 17	okuduma	kuduma

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

• Hyphenation: du‧ma

Noun

duma (n class, plural duma)

1. cheetah

Zulu

FWOTD – 6 November 2019

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dúːma/

Relative

-dúma

1. tasteless, flavourless

Inflection

Relative concord
	Modifier		Copulative
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st singular	engiduma	engingeduma	ngiduma	angiduma
2nd singular	oduma	ongeduma	uduma	awuduma
1st plural	esiduma	esingeduma	siduma	asiduma
2nd plural	eniduma	eningeduma	niduma	aniduma
Class 1	oduma	ongeduma	uduma	akaduma
Class 2	abaduma	abangeduma	baduma	abaduma
Class 3	oduma	ongeduma	uduma	awuduma
Class 4	eduma	engeduma	iduma	ayiduma
Class 5	eliduma	elingeduma	liduma	aliduma
Class 6	aduma	angeduma	aduma	awaduma
Class 7	esiduma	esingeduma	siduma	asiduma
Class 8	eziduma	ezingeduma	ziduma	aziduma
Class 9	eduma	engeduma	iduma	ayiduma
Class 10	eziduma	ezingeduma	ziduma	aziduma
Class 11	oluduma	olungeduma	luduma	aluduma
Class 14	obuduma	obungeduma	buduma	abuduma
Class 15	okuduma	okungeduma	kuduma	akuduma
Class 17	okuduma	okungeduma	kuduma	akuduma

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *-dùma.

The expected reflex would be -vuma. It is likely that this is a back formation from indumo, from Proto-Bantu *-dʊ̀ma, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-dùma.

Verb

-duma

1. (intransitive) to be noisy
2. (intransitive) to roar, to thunder
3. (intransitive) to be famous, to be renowned

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukuduma
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuduma	ukungadumi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	duma	-dume
Plural	dumani	-dumeni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyaduma, ngiduma	engidumayo, engiduma	ngiduma	angidumi	engingadumi	ngingadumi
2nd singular	uyaduma, uduma	odumayo, oduma	uduma	awudumi	ongadumi	ungadumi
1st plural	siyaduma, siduma	esidumayo, esiduma	siduma	asidumi	esingadumi	singadumi
2nd plural	niyaduma, niduma	enidumayo, eniduma	niduma	anidumi	eningadumi	ningadumi
Class 1	uyaduma, uduma	odumayo, oduma	eduma	akadumi	ongadumi	engadumi
Class 2	bayaduma, baduma	abadumayo, abaduma	beduma	abadumi	abangadumi	bengadumi
Class 3	uyaduma, uduma	odumayo, oduma	uduma	awudumi	ongadumi	ungadumi
Class 4	iyaduma, iduma	edumayo, eduma	iduma	ayidumi	engadumi	ingadumi
Class 5	liyaduma, liduma	elidumayo, eliduma	liduma	alidumi	elingadumi	lingadumi
Class 6	ayaduma, aduma	adumayo, aduma	eduma	awadumi	angadumi	engadumi
Class 7	siyaduma, siduma	esidumayo, esiduma	siduma	asidumi	esingadumi	singadumi
Class 8	ziyaduma, ziduma	ezidumayo, eziduma	ziduma	azidumi	ezingadumi	zingadumi
Class 9	iyaduma, iduma	edumayo, eduma	iduma	ayidumi	engadumi	ingadumi
Class 10	ziyaduma, ziduma	ezidumayo, eziduma	ziduma	azidumi	ezingadumi	zingadumi
Class 11	luyaduma, luduma	oludumayo, oluduma	luduma	aludumi	olungadumi	lungadumi
Class 14	buyaduma, buduma	obudumayo, obuduma	buduma	abudumi	obungadumi	bungadumi
Class 15	kuyaduma, kuduma	okudumayo, okuduma	kuduma	akudumi	okungadumi	kungadumi
Class 17	kuyaduma, kuduma	okudumayo, okuduma	kuduma	akudumi	okungadumi	kungadumi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngidumile, ngidumē	engidumile, engidumē	ngidumile, ngidumē	angidumanga	engingadumanga	ngingadumanga
2nd singular	udumile, udumē	odumile, odumē	udumile, udumē	awudumanga	ongadumanga	ungadumanga
1st plural	sidumile, sidumē	esidumile, esidumē	sidumile, sidumē	asidumanga	esingadumanga	singadumanga
2nd plural	nidumile, nidumē	enidumile, enidumē	nidumile, nidumē	anidumanga	eningadumanga	ningadumanga
Class 1	udumile, udumē	odumile, odumē	edumile, edumē	akadumanga	ongadumanga	engadumanga
Class 2	badumile, badumē	abadumile, abadumē	bedumile, bedumē	abadumanga	abangadumanga	bengadumanga
Class 3	udumile, udumē	odumile, odumē	udumile, udumē	awudumanga	ongadumanga	ungadumanga
Class 4	idumile, idumē	edumile, edumē	idumile, idumē	ayidumanga	engadumanga	ingadumanga
Class 5	lidumile, lidumē	elidumile, elidumē	lidumile, lidumē	alidumanga	elingadumanga	lingadumanga
Class 6	adumile, adumē	adumile, adumē	edumile, edumē	awadumanga	angadumanga	engadumanga
Class 7	sidumile, sidumē	esidumile, esidumē	sidumile, sidumē	asidumanga	esingadumanga	singadumanga
Class 8	zidumile, zidumē	ezidumile, ezidumē	zidumile, zidumē	azidumanga	ezingadumanga	zingadumanga
Class 9	idumile, idumē	edumile, edumē	idumile, idumē	ayidumanga	engadumanga	ingadumanga
Class 10	zidumile, zidumē	ezidumile, ezidumē	zidumile, zidumē	azidumanga	ezingadumanga	zingadumanga
Class 11	ludumile, ludumē	oludumile, oludumē	ludumile, ludumē	aludumanga	olungadumanga	lungadumanga
Class 14	budumile, budumē	obudumile, obudumē	budumile, budumē	abudumanga	obungadumanga	bungadumanga
Class 15	kudumile, kudumē	okudumile, okudumē	kudumile, kudumē	akudumanga	okungadumanga	kungadumanga
Class 17	kudumile, kudumē	okudumile, okudumē	kudumile, kudumē	akudumanga	okungadumanga	kungadumanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāduma	engāduma	ngāduma	angidumanga	engingadumanga	ngingadumanga
2nd singular	wāduma	owāduma	wāduma	awudumanga	ongadumanga	ungadumanga
1st plural	sāduma	esāduma	sāduma	asidumanga	esingadumanga	singadumanga
2nd plural	nāduma	enāduma	nāduma	anidumanga	eningadumanga	ningadumanga
Class 1	wāduma	owāduma	āduma	akadumanga	ongadumanga	engadumanga
Class 2	bāduma	abāduma	bāduma	abadumanga	abangadumanga	bengadumanga
Class 3	wāduma	owāduma	wāduma	awudumanga	ongadumanga	ungadumanga
Class 4	yāduma	eyāduma	yāduma	ayidumanga	engadumanga	ingadumanga
Class 5	lāduma	elāduma	lāduma	alidumanga	elingadumanga	lingadumanga
Class 6	āduma	āduma	āduma	awadumanga	angadumanga	engadumanga
Class 7	sāduma	esāduma	sāduma	asidumanga	esingadumanga	singadumanga
Class 8	zāduma	ezāduma	zāduma	azidumanga	ezingadumanga	zingadumanga
Class 9	yāduma	eyāduma	yāduma	ayidumanga	engadumanga	ingadumanga
Class 10	zāduma	ezāduma	zāduma	azidumanga	ezingadumanga	zingadumanga
Class 11	lwāduma	olwāduma	lwāduma	aludumanga	olungadumanga	lungadumanga
Class 14	bāduma	obāduma	bāduma	abudumanga	obungadumanga	bungadumanga
Class 15	kwāduma	okwāduma	kwāduma	akudumanga	okungadumanga	kungadumanga
Class 17	kwāduma	okwāduma	kwāduma	akudumanga	okungadumanga	kungadumanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingaduma	—	ngingaduma	ngingedume	—	ngingedume
2nd singular	ungaduma	—	ungaduma	ungedume	—	ungedume
1st plural	singaduma	—	singaduma	singedume	—	singedume
2nd plural	ningaduma	—	ningaduma	ningedume	—	ningedume
Class 1	angaduma	—	engaduma	angedume	—	engedume
Class 2	bangaduma	—	bengaduma	bangedume	—	bengedume
Class 3	ungaduma	—	ungaduma	ungedume	—	ungedume
Class 4	ingaduma	—	ingaduma	ingedume	—	ingedume
Class 5	lingaduma	—	lingaduma	lingedume	—	lingedume
Class 6	angaduma	—	engaduma	angedume	—	engedume
Class 7	singaduma	—	singaduma	singedume	—	singedume
Class 8	zingaduma	—	zingaduma	zingedume	—	zingedume
Class 9	ingaduma	—	ingaduma	ingedume	—	ingedume
Class 10	zingaduma	—	zingaduma	zingedume	—	zingedume
Class 11	lungaduma	—	lungaduma	lungedume	—	lungedume
Class 14	bungaduma	—	bungaduma	bungedume	—	bungedume
Class 15	kungaduma	—	kungaduma	kungedume	—	kungedume
Class 17	kungaduma	—	kungaduma	kungedume	—	kungedume
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizoduma	engizoduma	ngizoduma	angizuduma	engingezuduma	ngingezuduma
2nd singular	uzoduma	ozoduma	uzoduma	awuzuduma	ongezuduma	ungezuduma
1st plural	sizoduma	esizoduma	sizoduma	asizuduma	esingezuduma	singezuduma
2nd plural	nizoduma	enizoduma	nizoduma	anizuduma	eningezuduma	ningezuduma
Class 1	uzoduma	ozoduma	ezoduma	akazuduma	ongezuduma	engezuduma
Class 2	bazoduma	abazoduma	bezoduma	abazuduma	abangezuduma	bengezuduma
Class 3	uzoduma	ozoduma	uzoduma	awuzuduma	ongezuduma	ungezuduma
Class 4	izoduma	ezoduma	izoduma	ayizuduma	engezuduma	ingezuduma
Class 5	lizoduma	elizoduma	lizoduma	alizuduma	elingezuduma	lingezuduma
Class 6	azoduma	azoduma	ezoduma	awazuduma	angezuduma	engezuduma
Class 7	sizoduma	esizoduma	sizoduma	asizuduma	esingezuduma	singezuduma
Class 8	zizoduma	ezizoduma	zizoduma	azizuduma	ezingezuduma	zingezuduma
Class 9	izoduma	ezoduma	izoduma	ayizuduma	engezuduma	ingezuduma
Class 10	zizoduma	ezizoduma	zizoduma	azizuduma	ezingezuduma	zingezuduma
Class 11	luzoduma	oluzoduma	luzoduma	aluzuduma	olungezuduma	lungezuduma
Class 14	buzoduma	obuzoduma	buzoduma	abuzuduma	obungezuduma	bungezuduma
Class 15	kuzoduma	okuzoduma	kuzoduma	akuzuduma	okungezuduma	kungezuduma
Class 17	kuzoduma	okuzoduma	kuzoduma	akuzuduma	okungezuduma	kungezuduma
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyoduma	engiyoduma	ngiyoduma	angiyuduma	engingeyuduma	ngingeyuduma
2nd singular	uyoduma	oyoduma	uyoduma	awuyuduma	ongeyuduma	ungeyuduma
1st plural	siyoduma	esiyoduma	siyoduma	asiyuduma	esingeyuduma	singeyuduma
2nd plural	niyoduma	eniyoduma	niyoduma	aniyuduma	eningeyuduma	ningeyuduma
Class 1	uyoduma	oyoduma	eyoduma	akayuduma	ongeyuduma	engeyuduma
Class 2	bayoduma	abayoduma	beyoduma	abayuduma	abangeyuduma	bengeyuduma
Class 3	uyoduma	oyoduma	uyoduma	awuyuduma	ongeyuduma	ungeyuduma
Class 4	iyoduma	eyoduma	iyoduma	ayiyuduma	engeyuduma	ingeyuduma
Class 5	liyoduma	eliyoduma	liyoduma	aliyuduma	elingeyuduma	lingeyuduma
Class 6	ayoduma	ayoduma	eyoduma	awayuduma	angeyuduma	engeyuduma
Class 7	siyoduma	esiyoduma	siyoduma	asiyuduma	esingeyuduma	singeyuduma
Class 8	ziyoduma	eziyoduma	ziyoduma	aziyuduma	ezingeyuduma	zingeyuduma
Class 9	iyoduma	eyoduma	iyoduma	ayiyuduma	engeyuduma	ingeyuduma
Class 10	ziyoduma	eziyoduma	ziyoduma	aziyuduma	ezingeyuduma	zingeyuduma
Class 11	luyoduma	oluyoduma	luyoduma	aluyuduma	olungeyuduma	lungeyuduma
Class 14	buyoduma	obuyoduma	buyoduma	abuyuduma	obungeyuduma	bungeyuduma
Class 15	kuyoduma	okuyoduma	kuyoduma	akuyuduma	okungeyuduma	kungeyuduma
Class 17	kuyoduma	okuyoduma	kuyoduma	akuyuduma	okungeyuduma	kungeyuduma
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngidume	ngingadumi
2nd singular	udume	ungadumi
1st plural	sidume	singadumi
2nd plural	nidume	ningadumi
Class 1	adume	angadumi
Class 2	badume	bangadumi
Class 3	udume	ungadumi
Class 4	idume	ingadumi
Class 5	lidume	lingadumi
Class 6	adume	angadumi
Class 7	sidume	singadumi
Class 8	zidume	zingadumi
Class 9	idume	ingadumi
Class 10	zidume	zingadumi
Class 11	ludume	lungadumi
Class 14	budume	bungadumi
Class 15	kudume	kungadumi
Class 17	kudume	kungadumi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngaduma	ngangaduma, angaduma, angangaduma
2nd singular	waduma	wangaduma, awaduma, awangaduma
1st plural	saduma	sangaduma, asaduma, asangaduma
2nd plural	naduma	nangaduma, anaduma, anangaduma
Class 1	waduma	wangaduma, akaduma, akangaduma
Class 2	baduma	bangaduma, abaduma, abangaduma
Class 3	waduma	wangaduma, awaduma, awangaduma
Class 4	yaduma	yangaduma, ayaduma, ayangaduma
Class 5	laduma	langaduma, aladuma, alangaduma
Class 6	aduma	angaduma, awaduma, awangaduma
Class 7	saduma	sangaduma, asaduma, asangaduma
Class 8	zaduma	zangaduma, azaduma, azangaduma
Class 9	yaduma	yangaduma, ayaduma, ayangaduma
Class 10	zaduma	zangaduma, azaduma, azangaduma
Class 11	lwaduma	lwangaduma, alwaduma, alwangaduma
Class 14	baduma	bangaduma, abaduma, abangaduma
Class 15	kwaduma	kwangaduma, akwaduma, akwangaduma
Class 17	kwaduma	kwangaduma, akwaduma, akwangaduma

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-duma”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-duma”
• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “duma”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “duma (8.3)”