-t

See also: Appendix:Variations of "t"

Languages (31)

Afar • Albanian • Azerbaijani • Chickasaw • Danish • Dutch • Egyptian • Emilian • Finnish • Fula • German • Hungarian • Ilocano • Ingrian • Inupiaq • Irish • Lushootseed • Luxembourgish • Manx • Mayo • Middle English • Mohawk • Northern Sami • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old English • Old Norse • Pipil • Scottish Gaelic • Swedish • Turkish

Page categories

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English -te (preterite ending), -t (past participle ending), from Old English -te, -de (first and third person preterite ending), -t, -ed, -od (past participle ending), from Proto-Germanic *-id- (preterite stem ending of class 1 weak verbs) and *-idaz (past participle ending of class 1 weak verbs).

In some verbs, like lose/lost, the -t-/-t was merely an alteration of earlier -d-/-d during the Middle English period. See -ed.

Suffix

-t

Forms the past tense and/or past participle of some verbs (leapt, kept, dreamt, blest, etc.)

Usage notes

Some verbs have both an -ed and a -t form. The -t form has become obsolete for many verbs, e.g. toucht.

Usually for verbs with "eep" or "end" at the end (e.g. kept for keep, slept for sleep, wept for weep, bent for bend, sent for send, went for wend); more rarely for nasals and “l” (e.g. burnt for burn, dreamt for dream, dealt for deal, spelt for spell).

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -t

more terms

Related terms

-ed

Etymology 2

From Middle English -t (e.g. aȝenst vs. aȝens (“against”)), likely resulting from -s + the, or various other words beginning with th-, t-.

Suffix

-t

An excrescent ending appended to words suffixed with -s.
against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst, twicet

Usage notes

As with -st, in many cases when there is a shorter synonymous word (as in among/amongst), the form with -t is considered more formal, old-fashioned, affected, and British.

Derived terms

-st

Etymology 3

From Middle English -t, from Old English -t, variant of -þ (“-th”) following spirant/fricative sounds, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz. More at -th.

Suffix

-t

Used to form nouns from verbs of action; equivalent to -th.
‎arise + ‎-t → ‎arist

‎drive + ‎-t → ‎drift

‎see + ‎-t → ‎sight

‎thieve + ‎-t → ‎theft

‎thrive + ‎-t → ‎thrift

Etymology 4

Suffix from Middle English -ten, from Old English -ettan, from Proto-West Germanic *-attjan, from Proto-Germanic *-atjaną.

Suffix

-t

Verbs formed from nouns or adjectives (compare English -ate, -ize), frequently having a causative force, or modified from an existing verb into a frequentative verb (no longer productive)
yeet, grunt, fidget, haunt (via French), elt (via Old Norse).

Etymology 5

Suffix

-t

(African-American Vernacular, slang) An intensifier added to the end of words ending in <d>, representing a change in pronunciation from /d/ to /t/. (Should we delete⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
‎period + ‎-t → ‎periodt

‎good + ‎-t → ‎goodt
- 2018 May 29, @chave1y, Twitter‎^[1], archived from the original on 19 January 2024:
  I'm at a very weird stage in my life where i feel worthless and like I'm ruining out of time but I'm also really young bUT I'm not doing anything I love or that makes me happy so I'm SADT
- 2021 November 24, @NalediMOfficial, Twitter‎^[2], archived from the original on 19 January 2024:
  Day two of Lemon flavoured coffee 🥲💔 oh my godt
- 2023 April 23, @mingiiki, Twitter‎^[3], archived from the original on 19 January 2024:
  They ate this SO BADT

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -t (intensifier)

Afar

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-t/

Suffix

-t

Marks the instrumental case: using; by means of
Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance
Marks the inessive case: in
Marks the temporal case: in; within
Marks the stative case: while being (in the state of)

References

Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[4], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 364

Albanian

Etymology

See të (“(of) the”).

Suffix

-t

Adverb suffix. -ly, -y
afërsi +‎ -sh +‎ -t

vazhdim +‎ -i +‎ -sh +‎ -t
Nominative/definite/plural suffix.
mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
Accusative/definite/plural suffix.
mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
Genitive/definite/singular suffix.
mal (“mountain”) +‎ -i (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
Genitive/definite/plural suffix.
mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -ve (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
Dative/definite/singular suffix.
mal (“mountain”) +‎ -i (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
Dative/definite/plural suffix.
mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -ve (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
Ablative/definite/singular suffix.
mal (“mountain”) +‎ -i (“out of”) +‎ -t (“the”)
Ablative/definite/plural suffix.
mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -ve (“out of”) +‎ -t (“the”)

Declension

Declension of -

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-	-	-	-t
accusative	-	-	-	-t
dative	-	-t	-	-t
ablative	-	-t	-	-t

Azerbaijani

Suffix

-t

Causative suffix.

Derived terms

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -t

Chickasaw

Suffix

-t

Participle-forming dependent verb suffix.
pisat aya
to go see

impat ishtaya
to begin eating

malit kaniya
to run away (lit. to go away running)

Danish

Suffix

-t

Used to form adverbs from adjectives; -ly.
Used to make neuter forms of adjectives.
Used to form past participles of some verbs, like -et does.
spis, spise, spiser, spiste, spist ― eat!, eat, eats, ate, eaten

Dutch

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch -t, -et from Old Dutch -it, -et, -ot a merger of the following historical inflectional suffixes:

second person singular (originaly second person plural) present tense: Proto-West Germanic *-id, *-iþ, *-ōþ *-ēþ, from Proto-Germanic *-id, *-iþ, *-ōþ, *-aiþ
second person singular (originaly second person plural) past tense forms of gij: Proto-West Germanic *-ud, from Proto-Germanic *-ud
third person singular present tense: Proto-West Germanic *-idi, *-iþi, *-ōþ *-ēþ, from Proto-Germanic *-idi, *-iþi, *-ōþi, *-aiþi
the plural form of the imperative: Proto-West Germanic *-id, *-iþ, *-ōþ *-ēþ, from Proto-Germanic *-id, *-iþ, *-ōþ, *-aiþ

Suffix

-t

forms the second and third person singular of the present tense
redden - jij redt, hij redt
forms the gij - form in both present and past tense
breken - gij breekt - gij braakt
(archaic) forms the plural form of the imperative
staken - staakt!

Etymology 2

Suffix

-t

forms the past participle of weak verbs the root of which ends in a voiceless consonant
bedanken - bedankt

Etymology 3

From Middle Dutch -t a merger of a variety of verbal noun forming suffixes:

Old Dutch -t, -thi, from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz
Old Dutch -t, -thu, Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz
Old Dutch ot, Proto-West Germanic *-ōþu, from Proto-Germanic *-ōþuz

Suffix

-t

forms certain verbal nouns, mostly of strong verbs
geven - gift

Derived terms

Dutch terms suffixed with -t (verbal noun)

Egyptian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Afroasiatic *-t, *-Vt (feminine suffix). See also Arabic ـَة (-a).

Pronunciation

(reconstructed) IPA^(key): /at/, /it/, /ut/ → /aʔ/, /iʔ/, /uʔ/ → /a/, /aʔ/, /eʔ/, /uʔ/ → /ə/, /aʔ/, /eʔ/, /øʔ/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɛt/
- Conventional anglicization: -et

Suffix

Used to form feminine singular forms of nouns.
(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Used to form feminine singular forms of adjectives.
(Late Egyptian) An unpronounced graphical suffix occasionally added to adjectives without regard for gender.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Proto-Afroasiatic *-i (genitive-possessive case ending) + the ancestor of the above suffix -t (feminine ending).

Pronunciation

(reconstructed) IPA^(key): /it/ → /iʔ/ → /a/, /eʔ/ → /ə/, /eʔ/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɛt/
- Conventional anglicization: -et

Suffix

Converts nouns and prepositions into feminine adjectives: the feminine nisba adjective ending.

Etymology 3

Suffix

Forms adverbs from certain adjectives; -ly

Etymology 4

Suffix

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs.
(Late Egyptian) Forms the pronominal state of the infinitive of transitive third-weak verbs, and occasionally also biliteral and triliteral verbs, used when a suffix pronoun is attached to the infinitive.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of -t

-tw

-tj

[Late Egyptian]

Descendants

Egyptian: -j (infinitival ending)

Etymology 5

Suffix

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the complementary infinitive of all verbs.

Usage notes

Weak verbs can alternatively take the endings -wt or -yt to form the complementary infinitive.

Etymology 6

Suffix

Forms the subjunctive of the irregular verb jnj and the anomalous verb jwj.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of -t

-tw

Etymology 7

Suffix

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the terminative of all verbs.

Usage notes

Third-weak verbs can alternatively take the ending -yt to form the terminative, more frequently when passive than when active.

When this ending is attached to a verb ending in d or t, it is occasionally left unwritten.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of -t

-tw

References

Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 314–315, etc..
Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 65, 81

^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 57–58

Emilian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t/

Pronoun

-t (personal)

(enclitic, after a vowel) Alternative form of et
(enclitic, after a vowel) Alternative form of te

Related terms

Emilian personal pronouns (weak forms)

Number	Person	Gender	Proclitic				Enclitic				Aphetic
Number	Person	Gender	N	A	D	R	N	A	D	R	N	A	D	R
Singular	First	—	aj-	m’			-ja	-em			-ja	-m
	Second	—	t-	t’			-et				-t
	Third	Masculine	l-		g’	s’	-el		-eg	-es	-l		-g	-s
	Third	Feminine	l’		g’	s’	-la		-eg	-es	-la		-g	-s
Plural	First	—	aj-	s’			-ja	-es			-ja	-s
	Second	—	aj-	v’			-ev				-v
	Third	Masculine	j-		g’	s’	-i		-eg	-es	-j		-g	-s
	Third	Feminine	elj-		g’	s’	-li		-eg	-es	-li		-g	-s

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-t, from Proto-Uralic *-t.

Suffix

-t

(case suffix) Forms the nominative and accusative plural.
‎kissa (“cat”) + ‎-t → ‎kissat (“cats”)

Usage notes

Suffixed to the genitive singular stem. The accusative plural is identical with the nominative plural and is used for certain direct objects.

Etymology 2

By analogy with the nominative plural forms (note that the accusative plural is identical to the nominative plural for most nominals) of plural pronouns, from which applied to the other personal pronouns as well, first in the eastern dialects. The regular accusative forms like minun (identical to the genitive forms) are used in dialects and in older language.

Suffix

-t

(case suffix) Forms the accusative forms of the personal pronouns and the interrogative pronoun ken.
minut ― me

kenet? ― who(m)?

Usage notes

Suffixed to the genitive singular stem.
The personal pronouns and ken have this ending in the accusative; they are the only words that have different genitive and accusative singular forms.
- See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the accusative case is used.

nominative	accusative
minä	minut
sinä	sinut
hän	hänet
me	meidät
te	teidät
he	heidät
kuka	kenet

Etymology 3

From Proto-Finnic *-t, from Proto-Uralic *-t, probably related to second-person pronouns *tinä, *te.

Suffix

-t

(personal) Forms the second person singular of verbs.

Usage notes

Suffixed to the same stem as the first person singular suffix both in the present and the past tense.

Fula

Alternative forms

-it (varies depending on sound laws)

Affix

-t (Pulaar)

indicates that the verb is repeated
‎joorde (“to pour”) + ‎-t → ‎joortaade (“to pour again”)
indicates that the action of the verb is reversed or undone
‎jókkude (“to sew together, fasten”) + ‎-t → ‎jókkitde (“to break”)

References

M. Niang, Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.

German

Etymology

From Middle High German -et, from a merger of several Old High German conjugational endings, from Proto-Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t/

Suffix

-t

Verb suffix for the third-person singular of the present tense.
‎lachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎er lacht (“he laughs”)

‎spielen (“to play”) + ‎-t → ‎sie spielt (“she plays”)

Usage notes

The suffix becomes -et after d, t: er wartet. However, in strong verbs with a vowel change it is deleted instead: er rät. (Note er lädt with a silent -t.) It is also not used in the seven preterite-presents: er darf, kann, mag, muss, soll, weiß, will.

Suffix

-t

Verb suffix for the second-person plural of the present and past tenses.
‎lachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎ihr lacht (“you [all] laugh”)

‎spielen (“to play”) + ‎-t → ‎ihr spielt (“you [all] play”)

Usage notes

The suffix becomes -et after d, t: ihr wartet. There are no exceptions.
The form ihr seid is exceptionally spelt with a -d (by analogy with sind and in order to distinguish from seit).

Suffix

-t

Verb suffix for the past participle of weak verbs, together with the prefix ge- if the first syllable of the verb stem is stressed. See ge- -t for more.
‎lachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎gelacht (“laughed”)

‎passieren (“to happen”) + ‎-t → ‎passiert (“happened”)

‎verurteilen (“to convict”) + ‎-t → ‎verurteilt (“convicted”)

Usage notes

The suffix becomes -et after d, t: gewartet. However, gesandt and gewandt show a vowel change and silent -t.

Derived terms

German terms suffixed with -t

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t]

Etymology 1

Pronominal adverbs from case suffixes (cf. postpositions)
ed	suffix	who?	what?	this	that	he/she (it)*
case	suffix	who?	what?	this	that	he/she (it)*	v. pr.	c.
nom.	–	ki	mi	ez	az	ő* / -∅ az / -∅	–	–
acc.	-t / -ot / -at / -et / -öt	kit	mit	ezt	azt	őt* / -∅ azt / -∅	–	c₁ c₂
dat.	-nak / -nek	kinek	minek	ennek	annak	neki	neki-	c
ins.	-val / -vel	kivel	mivel	ezzel/ evvel	azzal/ avval	vele		c
c-f.	-ért	kiért	miért	ezért	azért	érte	–	c
tra.	-vá / -vé	kivé	mivé	ezzé	azzá	–	–	c
ter.	-ig	–	meddig	eddig	addig	–	–	c
e-f.	-ként	(kiként)	(miként)	ekként	akként	–	–	c
e-m.	-ul / -ül	–	–	–	–	–	–	c
ine.	-ban / -ben	kiben	miben	ebben	abban	benne	–	c
sup.	-n/-on/-en/-ön	kin	min	ezen	azon	rajta	(rajta-)	c
ade.	-nál / -nél	kinél	minél	ennél	annál	nála	–	c
ill.	-ba / -be	kibe	mibe	ebbe	abba	bele	bele-	c
sub.	-ra / -re	kire	mire	erre	arra	rá	rá-	c
all.	-hoz/-hez/-höz	kihez	mihez	ehhez	ahhoz	hozzá	hozzá-	c
el.	-ból / -ből	kiből	miből	ebből	abból	belőle	–	c
del.	-ról / -ről	kiről	miről	erről	arról	róla	–	c
abl.	-tól / -től	kitől	mitől	ettől	attól	tőle	–	c
: Ő and őt refer to human beings; the forms below them might be construed likewise. – Forms in parentheses are uncommon. All »*

First attested in the end of 12th century. Of debated origin. According to the most accepted theory, it is from a possessive suffix that originated either from a *t-initial demonstrative pronoun or from the Proto-Uralic *tᴕ̈ (“you”) personal pronoun.^[1]

Suffix

-t (accusative case suffix)

Forms the accusative case for nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
külföldi (“foreigner”) → Sok külföldit láttam a városban. ― I saw many foreigners in the city.

óra (“clock, watch, hour”) → Vettem egy órát. ― I bought a watch.

ember (“human”) → Sok embert láttunk. ― We saw many people.

kettő (“two”) → Hány könyvet vettél? ― Kettőt. ― How many books did you buy? ― Two.

Usage notes

(accusative case suffix): It can be added to nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. Whether a suffix-initial vowel (linking vowel) will be used is hard to predict and thus needs to be learned with each word. A rule of thumb, however, is that older and shorter words tend to incorporate a vowel, rather than simply use -t. Variants:
-t is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final -o in foreign words changes to -ó-.

-ot is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-at is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-et is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-öt is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-∅ (zero form), optionally, after possessive suffixes, especially in the singular but sometimes also in the plural (and not infrequently after multiple-possession forms as well), except for the third-person singular (“his/her/its”, -ja/-je) as its omission would not reduce the number of syllables.
Elviszem a kabátom(at/∅), kabátod(at/∅); kabátunk(at/∅), kabátotok(at/∅), kabátjuk(at/∅); kabátjaim(at/∅) etc.
I’ll take my coat, your coat; our coat, [plural] your coat, their coat; my coats etc.

It is also omitted usually from the accusative forms of first- and second-person singular personal pronouns (engem, téged (“me, you”)).

Hungarian case suffixes

Case	Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú	Front vowel
Case	Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú	unrounded e, é, i, í	rounded ö, ő, ü, ű
nominative	—
accusative	-t
accusative	-ot / -at	-et	-öt
dative	-nak	-nek
instrumental	-val	-vel
causal-final	-ért
translative	-vá	-vé
terminative	-ig
essive-formal	-ként
essive-modal	-ul	-ül
inessive	-ban	-ben
superessive	-n
superessive	-on	-en	-ön
adessive	-nál	-nél
illative	-ba	-be
sublative	-ra	-re
allative	-hoz	-hez	-höz
elative	-ból	-ből
delative	-ról	-ről
ablative	-tól	-től
Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except before -ként. alma — almában, but almaként zene ― zenében, but zeneként

Etymology 2

Past-participle suffix: From Proto-Uralic *-tt. First attested in 1055.
Past-tense suffix: From the past-participle suffix. First attested in the end of 12th century. ^[1]

Suffix

-t

past-tense and past-participle suffix (homonymous form in the vast majority of verbs):
1. (past-tense suffix) -ed, -t (forms the past tense of a verb)
  él (“to live”) → Kínában élt 10 évig. ― He lived in China for 10 years.
3. (past-participle suffix) -ed, -t (forms the past participle of a verb)
  zár (“to close”) → Zárt ajtók mögött tanácskoztak. ― They held a discussion behind closed doors.

Usage notes

(past-participle and past-tense suffix) Variants:
-t is added to monosyllabic verbs ending in j, l, ly, n, ny, r (fáj, szel, fon, huny, sír) and to many bisyllabic verbs ending in -ad/-ed (akad, ered)

-tt is added to verbs ending in a vowel (sző, nő, fő, lő, ró, rí)

-ott is added to back-vowel verbs

-ett is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

-ött is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
(past-participle suffix) This form is the only option attributively. Predicatively, however, a construction of the existential verb van (or its negative form nincs) and the adverbial participle (with -va/-ve) is preferable,^[5] especially when speaking of the result achieved,^[6] although the suffix -t/-ott/-ett/-ött occurs predicatively as well, disputed as it may be.^[3]

Etymology 3

First attested in 1055. From Proto-Uralic *-tt.^[1]

Suffix

-t

(noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun.
‎lesz (“to become something”) + ‎-t → ‎lét (“existence, life”)

‎tesz (“to make, do, place”) + ‎-t → ‎tét (“bet”)

Derived terms

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -t

Other terms

-at/-et (noun-forming suffix preceded by a linking vowel)
-ta/-te (noun-forming suffix, supplemented with a fixed possessive suffix)
-tó/-tő (adjective-forming suffix; only in certain fixed forms:) álltó, ültő, dialectally also fektő

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-t

(locative suffix, archaic) in (added to a noun or an adjective to form the locative case)
‎Kaposvár (“Kaposvár, Hungarian town”) + ‎-t → ‎Kaposvárt (“in Kaposvár”)

‎köz (“gap”) + ‎-t → ‎közt (“between, among”)

Usage notes

(locative suffix) It is used only in a few city/town names along with the inessive case or superessive case.^[7] It can also be observed in a few local adverbs and postpositions. It is no longer productive. Variants:
-t
Kaposvárt, Kolozsvárt (also with -ott), (mi)helyt, közt, gyanánt, mint, képest, tájt

-tt is added to words ending in a vowel
itt, ott, hanyatt, alatt, miatt, előtt

-ott is added to back-vowel words
Kaposvárott (also with -t), Vácott, Székesfehérvárott, Fehérvárott, Kapuvárott, (outside present-day Hungary)
Érsekújvárott, Gyulafehérvárott, Kolozsvárott (also with -t), Temesvárott, (in Russia) Szentpétervárott, Pétervárott

-ett is added to unrounded front-vowel words
Pécsett, felett, mellett, végett, helyett

-ött is added to rounded front-vowel words
Győrött, Diósgyőrött, fölött, mögött, között

-utt is added to some back-vowel words
másutt

-ütt is added to some unrounded front-vowel words
mindenütt, együtt, egyebütt, helyütt

Etymology 5

First attested in the end of 12th century. From Proto-Uralic *-tt.^[1]

Suffix

-t

(verb-forming suffix, now improductive, obsolete) A causative (e.g. kelt, teremt) or instantaneous (e.g. ért, tilt) suffix for verbs.
Synonyms: (causative sense) -at/-et, -tat/-tet, -aszt/-eszt/-öszt, -jt/-ajt/-ejt, -ít, -dít

‎terem (“to come into existence”) + ‎-t → ‎teremt (“to create”)

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -t

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 -t in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

Ilocano

Etymology

Clipping of ti or nonstandard spelling of 't.

Suffix

-t

Alternative form of 't

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-t, from Proto-Uralic *-t. Cognates include Finnish -t and Estonian -d.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-t/, [-t]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-t/, [-t]

Suffix

-t

Used to form the nominative/accusative plural; -s

Inupiaq

Suffix

-t

plural suffix in the absolutive case. Numbers vary between singular -q and plural -t depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting

Irish

Suffix

-t f

suffix forming a verbal noun, typically from verbs ending in -(a)il, -(a)in, or -(a)ir

Derived terms

Irish terms suffixed with -t

Lushootseed

Affix

-t-

variation of transitive suffix "-d" when used before other suffixes.

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t/

Etymology 1

From Middle High German -ede, from Old High German -ida, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with rare German -de, Dutch -te, English -th.

Suffix

-t f (plural -ten)

forms nouns from adjectives: -th, -ness
‎déif (“deep”) + ‎-t → ‎Déift (“depth”)

‎stëll (“still, quiet”) + ‎-t → ‎Stëllt (“stillness, quietness”)

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

-tt (in some irregular verbs)
-dd (in the form sidd of sinn)

Suffix

-t

used to form the second-person plural present and imperative of all verbs (except those with a stem in -d or -t, see usage note)
‎laachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎dir laacht (“you [lot] laugh”)
used to form the third-person singular present of all regular and some irregular verbs
‎laachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎hie laacht (“he laughs”)
used to form the past participle of all regular and some irregular verbs (often with the prefix ge-, see there)
‎laachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎gelaacht (“laughed”)
used to form the first-person singular, third-person singular, and second-person plural past tense and past subjunctive of some irregular verbs
‎mussen (“must, to have to”) + ‎-t → ‎ech musst (“I had to”)

‎mussen (“must, to have to”) + ‎-t → ‎ech misst (“I would have to”)

Usage notes

With verb stems in -d, this letter becomes -t unless followed by a vowel and the ending is thus omitted, as it is with stems that end in -t to begin with.

Manx

Suffix

-t

Alternative form of -it

Mayo

Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *-ci.

Suffix

-t (plural -chim)

Diminutive suffix

Derived terms

Mayo terms suffixed with -t

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-t

(following fricatives) Alternative form of -th (abstract nominal suffix)

Etymology 2

Suffix

-t

(following fricatives) Alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)

Etymology 3

Suffix

-t

(following fricatives) Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)

Mohawk

Suffix

-t

(causative verb suffix)

References

Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 417

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Etymology 1

From Proto-Samic *-ktē.

Suffix

-t (with odd-syllable stems -it)

Forms adverbs of manner from adjectives.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

When affixed to stems ending in -i and -u, there are two possible alternative forms. In the first, the suffix added with no change, while in the second, the final vowel lowered to e and o respectively and diphthong simplification is performed on the preceding syllable.

Derived terms

Northern Sami terms suffixed with -t (manner adverb)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Samic *-tē (partitive/ablative).

Suffix

-t

Forms adverbs of time.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Derived terms

Northern Sami terms suffixed with -t (time adverb)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Samic *-mpē.

Suffix

-t (with odd-syllable stems -it or -eabbo)

Forms the comparative of adjectives.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Suffix

-t

Forms ordinal numbers from cardinals.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Inflection

Odd, no gradation
Attributive	—
Nominative	-t
Genitive	-da
Attributive	—
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-t	-dat
Accusative	-da	-diid
Genitive	-da	-diid
Illative	-dii	-diidda
Locative	-dis	-diin
Comitative	-diin	-diiguin
Essive	-din

Derived terms

See Category:Northern Sami ordinal numbers

Etymology 5

From Proto-Samic *-k, from Proto-Uralic *-t. Cognate with Finnish -t.

Suffix

-t

The ending of the nominative plural.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Etymology 6

From Proto-Samic *-tēk. Cognate with Finnish -a, -da.

Suffix

-t

The ending of the infinitive.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Suffix

-t

Used to form adverbs from adjectives
Used to make neuter forms of adjectives
Used to make past participle of some weakly inflected verbs

Old English

Suffix

-t

Alternative form of -þ and -þu

Old Norse

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-t

Alternative form of -a, used in between vowels
Alternative form of -t, used following hard consonants
Used to form adverbs from adjectives
Used to make neuter forms of adjectives

Pipil

Suffix

-t

Plural verb suffix.
Titakwikat
We sing
Nominal absolutive suffix.
*siwa- → siwat

*tutu- → tutut

Usage notes

The nominal absolutive suffix -t is a truncated form of -ti used for vowel-ending stems.
Opposed to absolutive suffixes, construct suffixes used are -w (for vowel-ending stems), -(zero) (for consonant-ending stems) and -yu ("inalienable possession" marker)

Scottish Gaelic

Suffix

-t f

Suffix forming a verbal noun from verbs ending in -(a)il, or -(a)ir
‎iomair (“play, undertake, campaign”) + ‎-t → ‎iomairt (“playing, undertaking, campaign”)

‎geil (“graze”) + ‎-t → ‎geilt (“grazing”)

Swedish

Suffix

-t

Suffix to create the definite singular form of neuter nouns ending in an unstressed vowel: hjärta (“heart”) → hjärtat (“the heart”)
Suffix for creating adverbs out of adjectives: långsam (“slow”) → långsamt (“slowly”)
Suffix used on the positive form of adjectives to denote that the corresponding noun is of neuter gender, indefinite form: en gul bil (“a yellow car”) → ett gult hus (“a yellow house”), the latter being neuter. However, the -a suffix is used for definite form independent of gender: den gula bilen (“the yellow car”) → det gula huset (“the yellow house”).
Suffix to form the past participle of weakly inflected verbs, to be used when the corresponding participle belongs with a neuter noun in indefinite singular form.
Suffix for forming supine of verbs of the first (ar-verbs) and second (weak er-verbs) conjugations; see also -it and -tt

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ـت (-t, “causative suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-t (“causative suffix”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐱃 (t¹ /⁠-(ï)t⁠/, “causative suffix”).

Suffix

-t

Forms causative verbs usually from polysyllabic stems ending in a vowel or 'l' or 'r'.
‎köpürmek (“to foam”) + ‎-t → ‎köpürtmek (“to cause something to foam”)
Form of -ıt

Related terms

-tur (used after monosyllabic stems and polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant other than 'l' or 'r'