proper

See also: Proper and pro per

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:

proper

Wikipedia

Alternative forms

propa (Geordie)
propre (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle English propre, from Anglo-Norman proper, propre, Old French propre (French: propre), from Latin proprius.

Pronunciation

(General Australian) IPA^(key): /ˈpɹɔp.ə/
(UK) IPA^(key): /ˈpɹɒp.ə(ɹ)/
(US) enPR: präpʹər, IPA^(key): /ˈpɹɑ.pɚ/
- Audio (US): (file)
Rhymes: -ɒpə(ɹ)
Homophone: propper
Hyphenation: prop‧er

Adjective

proper (comparative more proper, superlative most proper)

Suitable.
1. Suited or acceptable to the purpose or circumstances; fit, suitable. [13th c.]
  Synonyms: correct, right, apt, prudent, upright, sensible, fitting; see also Thesaurus:suitable
  
  Antonyms: incorrect, wrong, bad, imprudent, insensible, improper; see also Thesaurus:unsuitable
  
  the proper time to plant potatoes
  - 1733, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Man. […], (please specify |epistle=I to IV), London: Printed for J[ohn] Wilford, […], →OCLC:
    The proper study of mankind is man.
  - 2014 June 14, “It's a gas”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8891:
    One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.
2. Following the established standards of behavior or manners; correct or decorous. [18th c.]
  Synonyms: appropriate, decent, good, polite, right, well-mannered, upright; see also Thesaurus:orthodox, Thesaurus:virtuous
  
  Antonyms: inappropriate, indecent, bad, impolite, wrong, ill-mannered, unseemly; see also Thesaurus:unorthodox, Thesaurus:immoral
  
  a very proper young lady
  - 1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
    This new-comer was a man who in any company would have seemed striking. […] Indeed, all his features were in large mold, like the man himself, as though he had come from a day when skin garments made the proper garb of men.
  - 2014, Paul Chrystal, Tea: A Very British Beverage:
    The Nippy became a national icon, symbolic of the girl next door, always approachable and proper; […]
3. (topology, of a function) Such that the preimage of every compact set is compact.
4. (topology, of a function) Continuous, mapping closed sets to closed sets, and such that the preimage of every point is compact.
5. (algebraic geometry, of a morphism of schemes) separated, of finite type, and universally closed.
6. (algebraic geometry, of a variety over a field $k$ ) such that unique morphism from the variety to $k$ is proper (as above).
7. (mathematical analysis, of a metric space) Such that every closed ball is compact
Possessed, related.
1. (grammar) Used to designate a particular person, place, or thing. Proper nouns are usually written with an initial capital letter. [14th c.]
2. Pertaining exclusively to a specific thing or person; particular. [14th c.]
  Synonyms: individual, singular; see also Thesaurus:specific
  - 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
    , II.1.3:
    They have a proper saint almost for every peculiar infirmity: for poison, gouts, agues […].
  - 1829, James Marsh, Preliminary Essay to Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Aids to Reflection
    those higher and peculiar attributes […] which constitute our proper humanity
3. (usually postpositive) In the strict sense; within the strict definition or core (of a specified place, taxonomic order, idea, etc).
  - 1893, Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences:
    These are divided into two great families, the vipers proper (Viperidae) and the pit-vipers (Crotalidae).
  - 1976, Eu-Yang Kwang, The political reconstruction of China, page 165:
    Siberia, though it stands outside the territorial confines of Russia proper, constitutes an essentially component part […] . Outer Mongolia, [so called] to distinguish it from Inner Mongolia, which lies nearer to China proper, revolted and declared its independence.
  - 2004, Stress, the Brain and Depression, page 24:
    Hence, this border is still blurred, raising the question whether traumatic life events induce sadness/distress – which is self-evident – or depression proper and, secondly, whether sadness/distress is a precursor or pacemaker of depression.
  - For more quotations using this term, see Citations:proper.
4. Belonging to oneself or itself; own. [14th c.]
  proper motion — proper left — proper right
  - c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:
    a man so bold
    That dares do justice on my proper son
  - 1717, John Dryden, Meleager and Atalanta:
    Now learn the difference, at your proper cost, / Betwixt true valour and an empty boast.
  - 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
    , II.4.1.ii:
    every country, and more than that, every private place, hath his proper remedies growing in it, particular almost to the domineering and most frequent maladies of it.
  - 1946, Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy, I.20:
    Each animal has its proper pleasure, and the proper pleasure of man is connected with reason.
5. (heraldry) Portrayed in natural or usual coloration, as opposed to conventional tinctures. [16th c.]
6. (mathematics) Being strictly part of some other thing (not necessarily explicitly mentioned, but of definitional importance), and not being the thing itself. [20th c.]
  proper subset — proper ideal
7. (mathematics, physics) Eigen-; designating a function or value which is an eigenfunction or eigenvalue. [20th c.]
Accurate, strictly applied.
1. Excellent, of high quality; such as the specific person or thing should ideally be. (Now often merged with later senses.) [14th c.]
  Synonyms: comprehensive, royal, sweeping, intensive
  
  Antonyms: partial, incomplete, superficial, slapdash
  
  Now that was a proper breakfast.
2. (now regional) Attractive, elegant. [14th c.]
  - 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Acts vij:
    The same tyme was Moses borne, and was a propper [translating ἀστεῖος (asteîos)] childe in the sight of God, which was norisshed up in his fathers housse thre monethes.
3. (often postpositive) In the very strictest sense of the word. [14th c.]
  Synonyms: strictly speaking, properly speaking, par excellence
  - 1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 16]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:
    Though unusual in the Dublin area he knew that it was not by any means unknown for desperadoes who had next to nothing to live on to be abroad waylaying and generally terrorising peaceable pedestrians by placing a pistol at their head in some secluded spot outside the city proper […].
4. (now colloquial) Utter, complete. [15th c.]
  Synonyms: complete, right, total, utter; see also Thesaurus:total
  
  When I realized I was wearing my shirt inside out, I felt a proper fool.
5. (set theory, of a class) Not being a set.

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

fit, suitable

Armenian: համապատասխան (hy) (hamapatasxan)
Bulgarian: подходящ (bg) (podhodjašt)
Catalan: adequat (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 適當 / 适当 (zh) (shìdàng), 妥當 / 妥当 (zh) (tuǒdang, tuǒdàng)
Czech: správný (cs), pravý (cs)
Danish: passende
Dutch: goed (nl), juist (nl), gepast (nl), geschikt (nl)
Finnish: oikea (fi), kunnon (fi)
French: approprié (fr)
Galician: adecuado (gl) m
Georgian: ვარგისი (vargisi), შესაფერისი (šesaperisi), სათანადო (satanado)
German: richtig (de), passend (de), angemessen (de)
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍉𐍆 (gadōf), 𐍆𐌰𐌲𐍂𐍃 (fagrs)
Greek:
Ancient: ἄρτιος (ártios), πρεπώδης (prepṓdēs)
Hebrew: ראוי (he) m (ra'úy)
Hiligaynon: dápat
Hindi: उचित (hi) (ucit)
Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (a-a-ra)
Hungarian: megfelelő (hu)
Italian: adatto (it) m, appropriato (it) m
Japanese: ふさわしい (ja) (ふさわしい, fusawashii), 適した (てきした, tekishita), 適切 (ja) (てきせつ, tekisetsu), 適当 (ja) (てきとう, tekitō), 妥当 (ja) (だとう, datō)
Latin: aptus (la), idōneus
Macedonian: соодветен m (soodveten), прикладен m (prikladen), погоден m (pogoden)
Norwegian: passende (no), høvelig
Old English: ġedēfe, ġedafen, dafenlīċ, cynn
Polish: właściwy (pl) m
Portuguese: apropriado (pt), próprio (pt), adequado (pt)
Russian: подходя́щий (ru) (podxodjáščij), соотве́тствующий (ru) (sootvétstvujuščij), надлежа́щий (ru) (nadležáščij)
Scottish Gaelic: iomchaidh
Slovene: primeren, ustrezen (sl)
Spanish: adecuado (es), proprio (es)
Swedish: proper (sv), passande (sv), lämplig (sv)
Turkish: düzgün (tr)
Ukrainian: підходя́щий (pidxodjáščyj), нале́жний (naléžnyj)
Urdu: اچت (ucit)
Welsh: addas (cy)

following the established standards of behavior or manners

Armenian: պատշաճ (hy) (patšač)
Bulgarian: приличен (bg) (priličen), пристоен (bg) (pristoen)
Czech: slušný (cs)
Danish: passende, ordentlig (da)
Dutch: keurig (nl), goed (nl), net (nl), deugdelijk (nl)
Finnish: kunnollinen (fi), kelpo (fi), kunnon (fi)
French: convenable (fr), exact (fr), juste (fr), propre (fr)
Georgian: სათანადო (satanado), სწორი (sc̣ori), ჯეროვანი (ǯerovani), მართებული (martebuli), წესიერი (c̣esieri), ზრდილობიანი (zrdilobiani), თავაზიანი (tavaziani)
Italian: decente (it), proprio (it)
Japanese: きちんとした (kichintoshita), 品の良い (hin no yoi), 上品 (ja) (jōhin)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: پەسەند (ckb) (pesend)
Macedonian: умесен m (umesen), пристоен m (pristoen)
Norwegian: ordentlig (no), veloppdragent, høvisk
Plautdietsch: sitlich
Polish: właściwy (pl) m
Portuguese: apropriado (pt), decente (pt), certo (pt) m, certinho m
Romanian: cuviincios (ro), decent (ro)
Russian: пра́вильный (ru) (právilʹnyj)
Scottish Gaelic: iomchaidh
Slovene: spodoben (sl)
Spanish: conveniente (es), preciso (es), proprio (es)
Swedish: passande (sv)
Ukrainian: пра́вильний (uk) (právylʹnyj)

in the very strictest sense of the word

Czech: vlastní (cs) (precedes the noun)
Dutch: echt (nl), eigenlijk (nl), zelf (nl)
Finnish: varsinainen (fi)
French: propre (fr), proprement dit (fr)
Georgian: დამახასიათებელი (damaxasiatebeli), საკუთარი (saḳutari), ნიშანდობლივი (nišandoblivi), ჩვეული (čveuli)
German: eigentlich (de)
Hungarian: tényleges (hu)
Japanese: 厳密 (ja) (genmitsu)
Latin: stricto sensu
Macedonian: самиот (samiot)
Norwegian: egentlig (no)
Persian: خود (fa) (xod)
Polish: właściwy (pl), jako taki
Portuguese: propriamente dito
Russian: са́мый (ru) (sámyj), как таково́й (kak takovój)
Swedish: egentlig (sv)

grammar: designating a particular person, place or thing

Bulgarian: собствен (bg) (sobstven)
Czech: vlastní (cs)
Dutch: eigen- (nl)
Finnish: erisnimi (fi) (proper noun)
Georgian: საკუთარი (saḳutari)
German: Eigenname (de) m (proper noun)
Hungarian: tulajdonnév (hu)
Japanese: 固有 (ja) (koyū)
Macedonian: личен m (ličen), сопствен m (sopstven)
Norwegian: riktig (no), korrekt (no)
Portuguese: próprio (pt)
Russian: со́бственный (ru) (sóbstvennyj)
Slovene: lasten (sl)
Swedish: egennamn (sv)

belonging to oneself or itself, own

Bulgarian: собствен (bg) (sobstven), свойствен (bg) (svojstven)
Czech: pravý (cs), vlastní (cs)
Dutch: eigen (nl)
Finnish: oikea (fi)
French: propre (fr)
German: eigen (de)
Hungarian: saját (hu)
Japanese: 元の (ja) (moto no), 本来の (ja) (honrai no), 固有の (ja) (koyū no), 特有の (ja) (tokuyū no), 独特の (ja) (dokutoku no)
Macedonian: свој m (svoj), сопствен m (sopstven)
Norwegian: egen (no)
Portuguese: próprio (pt)
Romanian: propriu (ro)
Russian: со́бственный (ru) (sóbstvennyj), прису́щий (ru) (prisúščij)
Slovene: lasten (sl)
Spanish: propio (es)
Swedish: egen (sv)

complete, thorough

Czech: pořádný (cs) m
Dutch: grondig (nl)
Finnish: kelpo (fi)
German: richtig (de)
Japanese: 完全 (ja) (kanzen), 徹底した (tettei shita)
Macedonian: добар (dobar)
Norwegian: skikkelig (no), ordentlig (no)
Portuguese: completo (pt)
Russian: по́лный (ru) (pólnyj)
Swedish: riktig (sv), äkta (sv)

entitled to its name, true

Bulgarian: правилен (bg) (pravilen)
Czech: pořádný (cs)
Dutch: echt (nl), degelijk (nl)
Finnish: oikea (fi), varsinainen (fi)
German: richtig (de)
Hungarian: rendes (hu)
Japanese: まとも (ja) (matomo)
Macedonian: правилен m (pravilen)
Norwegian: sann (no)
Slovene: pravi
Swedish: riktig (sv), äkta (sv)

heraldry: having its natural or usual coloration

Finnish: luonnonvärinen
Swedish: naturfärgad (sv)

informal: utter

Czech: pořádný (cs)
Dutch: volslagen (nl), compleet (nl)
Finnish: oikea (fi)
German: richtig (de)
Hungarian: tökéletes (hu)
Japanese: 全く (ja) (mattaku), 完全 (ja) (kanzen), 完璧 (ja) (kanpeki)
Macedonian: прав m (prav), вистински m (vistinski)
Portuguese: por completo
Russian: по́лный (ru) (pólnyj), кру́глый (ru) (krúglyj), настоя́щий (ru) (nastojáščij)
Swedish: riktig (sv), äkta (sv)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked‌: "right or correct"

Arabic: ^{(please verify)} مُنَاسِب (munāsib)
French: ^{(please verify)} convenable (fr), ^{(please verify)} exact (fr), ^{(please verify)} juste (fr), ^{(please verify)} propre (fr)
Hebrew: ^{(please verify)} יאה (he) (yaʾe), ^{(please verify)} נכון (he) (naḥon)
Hungarian: ^{(please verify)} helyes (hu), ^{(please verify)} megfelelő (hu)
Italian: ^{(please verify)} decente (it), ^{(please verify)} proprio (it)
Korean: ^{(please verify)} 정당한 (jeongdanghan)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: ^{(please verify)} پەسەند (ckb) (pesend)
Mandarin: ^{(please verify)} 恰当 (zh) (qiàdàng)
Norwegian: ^{(please verify)} riktig (no), ^{(please verify)} korrekt (no)
Swedish: ^{(please verify)} egentlig (sv)

Adverb

proper (not comparable)

(UK, Ireland, colloquial) properly; thoroughly; completely.
- 1929, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, When the World Screamed‎^[1]:
  'I thought it was the American Associated Press.' 'Oh, they are on the track, are they?' 'They to-day, and the Times yesterday. Oh, they are buzzing round proper.'
- 1956, Anthony Burgess, Time for a Tiger (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 202:
  “Christmas Eve,” said Nabby Adams. “I used to pump the bloody organ for the carols, proper pissed usually.”
- 1957, Ray Lawler, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll, Sydney: Fontana Books, published 1974, page 32:
  The kid towelled him up proper.
- 1964, Saint Andrew Society (Glasgow, Scotland), The Scots magazine: Volume 82
  Don't you think you must have looked proper daft?
(nonstandard, colloquial) properly.
- 1988, Mary Steele, Mallyroot's Pub at Misery Ponds, Ringwood: Puffin Books, page 68:
  "But it's not many of us as can make 'em proper."
- 2012, Latta, Soufside, Hello (song)
  When I meet a bad chick, know I gotta tell her hello
  
  talk real proper, but she straight up out the ghetto

Noun

proper (plural propers)

(obsolete) Something set apart for a special use.
(Christianity) A part of the Christian liturgy that varies according to the date.
Coordinate term: ordinary (noun)

Anagrams

per pro, propre

Catalan

Etymology

From prop +‎ -er.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central) [pɾuˈpe]
IPA^(key): (Balearic) [pɾoˈpe]
IPA^(key): (Valencia) [pɾoˈpeɾ]

Adjective

proper (feminine propera, masculine plural propers, feminine plural properes)

Synonyms

(the coming day, week, year etc.): que ve, venint

Related terms

prop

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈpropɛr]

Verb

proper

second-person singular imperative of proprat

Danish

Etymology

Borrowed from French propre (“clean, house-trained, own”), from Latin proprius (“own”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /proːbər/, [ˈpʰʁ̥oːˀb̥ɐ]

Adjective

proper

cleanly
tidy

Inflection

Inflection of *proper*
	positive	comparative	superlative
indefinite common singular	proper	—	—²
indefinite neuter singular	propert	—	—²
plural	propre	—	—²
definite attributive¹	propre	—	—

¹ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
² The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

Derived terms

properhed ("cleanliness", "tidiness")

References

“proper” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch proper, from Old French propre, from Latin proprius.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈproː.pər/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: pro‧per

Adjective

proper (comparative properder, superlative properst)

(chiefly Belgium) clean

Declension

Declension of proper
uninflected	proper
inflected	propere
comparative	properder
		positive	comparative	superlative
predicative/adverbial		proper	properder	het properst het properste
indefinite	m./f. sing.	propere	properdere	properste
	n. sing.	proper	properder	properste
	plural	propere	properdere	properste
definite		propere	properdere	properste
partitive		propers	properders	—

Synonyms

netjes, rein, zindelijk
(Netherlands) schoon

German

Etymology

Ultimately from Old French propre, from Latin proprius. Probably borrowed in north-western dialects via Middle Dutch proper [13th c., sense: 15th c.], later generalized under the influence of modern French propre. The colloquial euphemism for “chubby” may, in part, be due to association with Proppen (whence also proppenvoll and Wonneproppen).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈpʁɔpɐ/
Audio: (file)

Adjective

proper (strong nominative masculine singular properer, comparative properer, superlative am propersten)

(somewhat informal, dated) in good condition: clean; neat; well-kept; developed
Bis vor kurzem herrschte hier bittere Armut, aber jetzt ist es ein ganz properes Städtchen geworden.
Until recently bitter poverty prevailed around here, but now it’s become rather a neat little town.
(colloquial, euphemistic) overweight; chubby
Die Linda war doch immer so’ne Schlanke, aber jetzt sieht sie ziemlich proper aus.
Linda was always a slender one, but now she looks pretty chubby.

Declension

Positive forms of proper

number & gender		singular			plural
number & gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
predicative		er ist proper	sie ist proper	es ist proper	sie sind proper
strong declension (without article)	nominative	properer	propere	properes	propere
	genitive	properen	properer	properen	properer
	dative	properem	properer	properem	properen
	accusative	properen	propere	properes	propere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der propere	die propere	das propere	die properen
	genitive	des properen	der properen	des properen	der properen
	dative	dem properen	der properen	dem properen	den properen
	accusative	den properen	die propere	das propere	die properen
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein properer	eine propere	ein properes	(keine) properen
	genitive	eines properen	einer properen	eines properen	(keiner) properen
	dative	einem properen	einer properen	einem properen	(keinen) properen
	accusative	einen properen	eine propere	ein properes	(keine) properen

Comparative forms of proper

number & gender		singular			plural
number & gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
predicative		er ist properer	sie ist properer	es ist properer	sie sind properer
strong declension (without article)	nominative	propererer	properere	propereres	properere
	genitive	propereren	propererer	propereren	propererer
	dative	propererem	propererer	propererem	propereren
	accusative	propereren	properere	propereres	properere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der properere	die properere	das properere	die propereren
	genitive	des propereren	der propereren	des propereren	der propereren
	dative	dem propereren	der propereren	dem propereren	den propereren
	accusative	den propereren	die properere	das properere	die propereren
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein propererer	eine properere	ein propereres	(keine) propereren
	genitive	eines propereren	einer propereren	eines propereren	(keiner) propereren
	dative	einem propereren	einer propereren	einem propereren	(keinen) propereren
	accusative	einen propereren	eine properere	ein propereres	(keine) propereren

Superlative forms of proper

number & gender		singular			plural
number & gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
predicative		er ist am propersten	sie ist am propersten	es ist am propersten	sie sind am propersten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	properster	properste	properstes	properste
	genitive	propersten	properster	propersten	properster
	dative	properstem	properster	properstem	propersten
	accusative	propersten	properste	properstes	properste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der properste	die properste	das properste	die propersten
	genitive	des propersten	der propersten	des propersten	der propersten
	dative	dem propersten	der propersten	dem propersten	den propersten
	accusative	den propersten	die properste	das properste	die propersten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein properster	eine properste	ein properstes	(keine) propersten
	genitive	eines propersten	einer propersten	eines propersten	(keiner) propersten
	dative	einem propersten	einer propersten	einem propersten	(keinen) propersten
	accusative	einen propersten	eine properste	ein properstes	(keine) propersten

Old French

Adjective

proper m (oblique and nominative feminine singular proper)

(rare) Alternative form of propre
Or a mai entendez Ki proper volunté amez, Set Pechez 70

Swedish

Adjective

proper (comparative proprare, superlative proprast)

neat, tidy
Synonym: välvårdad
proper (following (strict) established social standards)
en proper tillställning
a proper event

Declension

Inflection of **proper**
Indefinite	positive	comparative	superlative¹
common singular	proper	proprare	proprast
neuter singular	propert	proprare	proprast
plural	propra	proprare	proprast
masculine plural²	propre	proprare	proprast

Definite	positive	comparative	superlative
masculine singular³	propre	proprare	propraste
all	propra	proprare	propraste

¹ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
² Dated or archaic.
³ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

References

English

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Adverb

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Catalan

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Czech

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Danish

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Dutch

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Declension

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German

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