خود

See also: جود

Persian

Etymology 1

From Middle Persian BNPŠE, 𐭡𐭭𐭯𐭱𐭤 (xwad), from Old Persian *hvatah. Related to خدا (xodâ, “God”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xʷað]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xʊd̪]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xʊd̪]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xʊ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xud̪̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xod̪̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χud̪]

Readings
Classical reading?	xwaḏ
Dari reading?	xud
Iranian reading?	xod
Tajik reading?	xud

Noun

Dari	خود
Iranian Persian
Tajik	худ

خود • (xod)

1. self, the self

Pronoun

Dari	خود
Iranian Persian
Tajik	худ

خود • (xod)

1. (reflexive pronoun) self, -self

   Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)

   • c. 1260, Rumi, The Masnavi:

     حمله بر خود می‌کنی ای ساده مرد، همچو آن شیری که بر خود حمله کرد.

     hamle bar xod mi-koni ey sâde mard, hamčo ân šir-i ke bar xod hamle kard.

     You are attacking yourself, o simple man, like that lion who attacked himself.

   • 2009, Shadmehr Aghili (lyrics and music), “تقدیر (taqdir)”:

     تو با خودت هم دشمنی.

     to bâ xod-et ham došman-i.

     You are an enemy even with yourself.

2. (emphatic) one's own (in possessive constructions)

   Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)

   مادر خود را نمی‌شناسی؟ (More literary)

   mâdar-e xod-râ ne-mi-šenâsi?

   مادر خودت رو نمی‌شناسی؟ (More colloquial)

   mâdar-e xod-et-o ne-mi-šnâsi?

   Don’t you recognize your own mother?

Usage notes

خود (xod) can occur both in isolation and before a suffixed pronominal clitic such as ـم (-am, “my”), ـت (-at, et, “your”), and ـش (-aš, -eš, “his/her”). In isolation, it serves as a general reflexive pronoun for any subject:

• خود را دیدم

  xod-râ didam

  I saw [my]self

• خود را دیدی

  xod-râ didi

  you saw [your]self

The pronominal clitics specify the pronoun:

• خودم را دیدم

  xod-am-râ didam

  I saw myself

• خودت را دیدی

  xod-at-râ didi

  you saw yourself

In colloquial Persian, the suffixed forms are almost always used.

Derived terms

• خود به خود (xod be xod)
• به خودی خود (be xodi-ye xod)
• خودبین (xodbin)
• خودی (xodi)
• خودکار (xodkâr)
• خودرو (xodrow)
• خودآموز (xod-âmuz)
• بیخود (bixod)
• بیخودی (bixodi)
• از خود بیخود شدن (az xod bixod šodan)
• خود نوشتن (xod neveštan)
• خودکشی (xod-koši)
• خودارضایی (xod-erzâyi)

Descendants

• → Assamese: খোদ (khüd)
• → Armenian: Խոդ (Xod)
• → Bengali: খোদ (khōd)
• → Gujarati: ખુદ (khud)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: ख़ुद (xud)

  Urdu: خود (xud)

• → Marathi: खुद्द (khudda)
• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਖ਼ੁਦ (xud)

  Shahmukhi script: خود (xod)

Etymology 2

From Middle Persian xwd (xōd, “helm”), borrowed from Parthian xwwd (*xōδ, “helmet”), from Old Iranian, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to guard, cover, care for, protect”). The Parthian word is cognate with Old Persian 𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (xaudā-, “hat”), Avestan 𐬑𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (xaoδa, “helmet”), Ossetian худ (xud, “hat”), English hat, hood, etc. The inherited form of the Persian is خوی (xoy). Akin to Old Armenian խոյր (xoyr), արտախոյր (artaxoyr), Georgian ხვირი (xviri), Arabic خُوذَة (ḵūḏa), Iranian borrowings.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xoːð]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xoːd̪]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xoːd̪]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xoːd̪]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xʊːd̪̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xuːd̪̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χɵd̪]

Readings
Classical reading?	xōḏ
Dari reading?	xōd
Iranian reading?	xud
Tajik reading?	xüd

Noun

Dari	خود
Iranian Persian
Tajik	хӯд

خود • (xud) (plural خودها (xud-hâ))

1. a helmet

   Synonym: ترگ (targ)

Derived terms

• کلاه‌خود (kolâh-xud)

Descendants

• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਖੋਦ (khod)

  Shahmukhi script: خود (xod)

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “խոյր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خْوَد (xwad)/خْوُد (xwud).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /xʊd̪/, /xwʊd̪/

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

خود • (xud, xvud) (Hindi spelling ख़ुद)

1. reflexive pronoun: oneself, one's own

   میں یہ کام خود کروں گا۔ ― ma͠i ye kām xud karūṅgā. ― I will do this work myself.

Synonyms

• آپ (āp)

Derived terms

• خودکشی (xudkushi, “suicide”)
• خودغرض (xudġarz, “selfish”)
• خود بخود (xud ba-xud, xvud ba-xvud, “automatically”)

References

• Platts, John T. (1884) “خود”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.