superficial

English

Etymology

Borrowing from Late Latin superficiālis (“of or belonging to the surface”), from superficiēs (“top, surface”) +‎ -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ.əl/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˌsu.pɚˈfɪʃ.əl/

  • Audio (US):

    (file)

• Rhymes: -ɪʃəl

Adjective

superficial (comparative more superficial, superlative most superficial)

1. (relational) Existing, occurring, or located on the surface.

   Synonym: surficial

   2. (anatomy, relational, often with to) Closer to the surface of the body; especially, situated or occurring on the skin or immediately beneath it.

      Antonym: deep

      superficial muscles

      The epidermis is superficial to the subcutis.

2. Appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely.

   Synonym: external

3. Not thorough, deep, or complete; concerned only with the obvious or apparent.

   Synonyms: cursory, skin-deep, surface-level

   Antonyms: in-depth, thorough

   • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

     Secondly, I continue to base my concepts on intensive study of a limited suite of collections, rather than superficial study of every packet that comes to hand.

   1. ​Lacking depth of character or understanding; lacking substance or significance.

      Synonym: shallow

      Antonym: substantive

      • 2014, "Little Green Men": A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine 2013–2014‎^[1], Fort Bragg, North Carolina: The United States Army Special Operations Command, page 43:

        These infamous little green men appeared during the decisive seizures or buildings and facilities, only to disappear when associated militias and local troops arrived to consolidate the gains. In this way they provided a measure of deniability—however superficial or implausible—for Moscow.⁴⁰

4. (rare) Two-dimensional; drawn on a flat surface.
5. (British, architecture) Denoting a quantity of a material expressed in terms of area covered rather than linear dimension or volume.

   Synonym: square

   one superficial foot

Derived terms

• nonsuperficial
• superficial fascia
• superficialism
• superficialist
• superficiality
• superficialize, superficialise
• superficially
• superficialness
• superficial temporal artery

 

Related terms

• superficiary

Translations

existing or located on the surface

• Arabic: سَطْحِيّ (saṭḥiyy)
• Bulgarian: повърхностен (bg) (povǎrhnosten)
• Catalan: superficial (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 表面的 (zh) (biǎomiàn de)

• Finnish: pinnallinen (fi), pinta- (fi)
• Georgian: ზედაპირული (zedaṗiruli)
• German: oberflächlich (de)
• Greek:

  Ancient: ἐπιπόλαιος (epipólaios)

• Hebrew: שִׁטְחִי (shitkhí)
• Hungarian: felszíni (hu), felületi (hu)
• Italian: superficiale (it)
• Latin: superficiālis
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: overfladisk (no)

• Portuguese: superficial (pt)
• Russian: пове́рхностный (ru) (povérxnostnyj)
• Spanish: superficial (es)
• Turkish: yüzeysel (tr)
• Yiddish: אויבנאויפֿיק (oybnoyfik)
• Zazaki: sereyran

on or immediately beneath the skin

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 淺層／浅层 (qiǎncéng); 淺／浅 (zh) (qiǎn)

• Finnish: pinnallinen (fi), pinta- (fi)
• German: oberflächlich (de), äußerlich (de)
• Maori: ākahu, kirimoko
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: overfladisk (no)

• Portuguese: superficial (pt)
• Russian: пове́рхностный (ru) (povérxnostnyj)

appearing to be true

• Finnish: näennäinen (fi)

not thorough, concerned with the obvious or apparent

• Finnish: pintapuolinen, pinnallinen (fi)

lacking understanding or substance

• Arabic: سَطْحِيّ (saṭḥiyy)
• Bengali: উদাসীন (bn) (udaśin)
• Catalan: superficial (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 膚淺／肤浅 (zh) (fūqiǎn)

• Czech: povrchní (cs)
• Danish: overfladisk
• Dutch: oppervlakkig (nl)
• Esperanto: supraĵa, malprofunda
• Estonian: pinnapealne
• Finnish: pinnallinen (fi)
• French: superficiel (fr)
• Georgian: ზედაპირული (zedaṗiruli)
• German: oberflächlich (de)
• Greek: ρηχός (el) (richós), αβαθής (el) (avathís)

  Ancient: ἐπιπόλαιος (epipólaios)

• Hebrew: שִׁטְחִי (shitkhí)
• Hindi: सतही (sathī)
• Hungarian: felszínes (hu), felületes (hu)
• Icelandic: yfirborðskenndur
• Italian: superficiale (it)
• Maori: mōhio ngutu (of understanding)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: overfladisk (no)

• Polish: powierzchowny (pl)
• Portuguese: superficial (pt)
• Romanian: superficial (ro)
• Russian: неглубо́кий (ru) (neglubókij), пове́рхностный (ru) (povérxnostnyj)
• Scottish Gaelic: faoin
• Spanish: superficial (es)
• Swedish: ytlig (sv)
• Turkish: yüzeysel (tr), üstünkörü (tr)
• Yiddish: אויבנאויפֿיק (oybnoyfik)
• Zazaki: payaser

two-dimensional, drawn on a flat surface

• Finnish: kaksiulotteinen (fi)

architecture: denoting a quantity in terms of area

See also

• (anatomy): topical

Noun

superficial (plural superficials)

1. (usually in the plural) A surface detail.

   He always concentrates on the superficials and fails to see the real issue.

Related terms

• superfice (archaic)

References

• “superficial”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “superficial”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin superficiālis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [su.pər.fi.siˈal]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [su.peɾ.fi.siˈal]

Adjective

superficial m or f (masculine and feminine plural superficials)

1. superficial

Derived terms

• superficialitat
• superficialment

Related terms

• superfície

Further reading

• “superficial” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “superficial”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “superficial” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “superficial” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Galician

Etymology

From Latin superficiālis.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /supeɾfiˈθjal/ [s̺u.peɾ.fiˈθjɑɫ]

• IPA^(key): (standard) /supeɾfiˈθjal/ [s̺u.peɾ.fiˈθjɑɫ]
• IPA^(key): (seseo) /supeɾfiˈsjal/ [su.peɾ.fiˈsjɑɫ]

• Rhymes: -al
• Hyphenation: su‧per‧fi‧cial

Adjective

superficial m or f (plural superficiais)

1. superficial
2. surficial; of the surface

Derived terms

• superficialidade
• superficialmente

Related terms

• superficie

Further reading

• “superficial”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024

Interlingua

Adjective

superficial (not comparable)

1. superficial (pertaining to the surface)

Related terms

• superficie

Portuguese

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin superficiālis. By surface analysis, superfície +‎ -al.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /su.peʁ.fi.siˈaw/ [su.peh.fi.sɪˈaʊ̯], (faster pronunciation) /su.peʁ.fiˈsjaw/ [su.peh.fiˈsjaʊ̯]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /su.peʁ.fi.siˈaw/ [su.peh.fi.sɪˈaʊ̯], (faster pronunciation) /su.peʁ.fiˈsjaw/ [su.peh.fiˈsjaʊ̯]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /su.peɾ.fi.siˈaw/ [su.peɾ.fi.sɪˈaʊ̯], (faster pronunciation) /su.peɾ.fiˈsjaw/ [su.peɾ.fiˈsjaʊ̯]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /su.peʁ.fi.siˈaw/ [su.peχ.fi.sɪˈaʊ̯], (faster pronunciation) /su.peʁ.fiˈsjaw/ [su.peχ.fiˈsjaʊ̯]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /su.peɻ.fi.siˈaw/ [su.peɻ.fi.sɪˈaʊ̯], (faster pronunciation) /su.peɻ.fiˈsjaw/ [su.peɻ.fiˈsjaʊ̯]

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /su.pɨɾ.fiˈsjal/ [su.pɨɾ.fiˈsjaɫ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /su.pɨɾ.fiˈsjal/ [su.pɨɾ.fiˈsjaɫ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /su.pɨɾ.fiˈsja.li/

• Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
• Hyphenation: su‧per‧fi‧ci‧al

Adjective

superficial m or f (plural superficiais)

1. superficial (comprising a surface)

   camada superficial ― surface layer

2. superficial; shallow (not reaching or penetrating deep)

   ferida superficial ― superficial wound

3. shallow (overly concerned with superficial matters)

   pessoa superficial ― shallow person

4. superficial (lacking thoroughness or attention to minor details)

   análise superficial ― superficial analysis

Derived terms

• superficialidade
• superficialismo
• superficialmente

Related terms

• superfície

Further reading

• “superficial”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2024

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French superficiel. By surface analysis, superficie +‎ -al.

Adjective

superficial m or n (feminine singular superficială, masculine plural superficiali, feminine and neuter plural superficiale)

1. shallow (about people)

Declension

		singular				plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine		masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative/ accusative	indefinite	superficial		superficială		superficiali	superficiale
	definite	superficialul		superficiala		superficialii	superficialele
genitive/ dative	indefinite	superficial		superficiale		superficiali	superficiale
	definite	superficialului		superficialei		superficialilor	superficialelor

Related terms

• superficialitate

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin superficiālis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Spain) /supeɾfiˈθjal/ [su.peɾ.fiˈθjal]
• IPA^(key): (Latin America, Philippines) /supeɾfiˈsjal/ [su.peɾ.fiˈsjal]
• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: su‧per‧fi‧cial

Adjective

superficial m or f (masculine and feminine plural superficiales)

1. superficial
2. shallow (lacking substance)

   Antonym: profundo

Derived terms

• agua superficial
• superficialidad
• superficialmente
• tensión superficial

 

Related terms

• superficie

 

Further reading

• “superficial”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28