Appendix:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Swadesh List

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Sūret
ܣܘܪܝܬ 		Transliteration IPA
pronunciation
1 I ܐܢܐ ānā [ɑːnɑː]
2 you (singular) ܐܢܬ, ܐܢܬܝ at (m), at (f) [ʔat], [ʔat]
3 they (singular) ܗܘ, ܗܝ awa (m), aya (f) [awaː], [ajaː]
4 we ܐܚܢܢ aḥnan [ax.nan]
5 you (plural) ܐܚܬܘܢ aḥton [ʔax.tonː]
6 they (plural) ܐܢܝ ānī [ʔɑːniː]
7 this ܕܗܘ, ܕܗܝ d-awa (m), d-aya (f) [dəawaː, dəaja]
8 that ܕܗܘ, ܕܗܝ d-awa (m), d-aya (f) [dəawaː], [dəaja]
9 here ܠܐܟܐ laˀḵā [lɑːxɑː]]
10 there ܬܡܐ tāmā [tɑːmɑː]
11 who ܡܢ min [mɪn]
12 what ܡܘܕܝ modī [modī]
13 where ܐܝܟܐ aykā [ʔajkaː]
14 when ܐܝܡܢ īman [iːman]
15 how ܐܝܡܢ īman [iːman]
16 not ܠܐ la [lɑ]
17 all ܟܠ kul [kul]
18 many ܣܓܝܐܐ sagīˀā [saɡ.ɡiːʔɑː]
19 some ܚܕܬܪܝܢ ḥattēy [xatteː]
20 few ܚܕܬܪܝܢ ḥattēy [xatteː]
21 other ܐܚܪܢܐ ḥēnā [xeːnɑː]
22 one ܚܕ, ܚܕܐ ḥa (m), ḥḏā (f) [xa], [xəðɑː]
23 two ܬܪܝܢ, ܬܪܬܝܢ trēn (m), tartēn (f) [trenː], [tarteːn]
24 three ܬܠܬܐ, ܬܠܬ tlātā (m), tlāt (f) [tlɑːtɑː], [tlɑtː]
25 four ܐܪܒܥܐ, ܐܪܒܥ arbˁā (m), arbaʿ (f) [ʔarbəʕaː], [ʔarbaʕ]
26 five ܚܡܫ, ܚܡܫ ḥamšā (m), ḥamiš (f) [xam.ʃɑː] ,[xammɪʃ]
27 big ܪܒܐ, ܟܒܝܪܐ rabbā, kabbīrā [rab.bɑː], [kab.biːrɑː]
28 long ܝܪܝܟܐ yarīḵā [jar.riːxɑː]
29 wide ܦܬܝܐ pityā [pɪt.jɑː]
30 thick
31 heavy ܝܩܘܪܐ yaqqūrā [jaq.quːrɑː]
32 small ܙܥܘܪܐ zˁōrā [z(ə)ʕoːrɑː]
33 short ܟܪܝܐ kiryā [kɪr.jɑː]
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman ܐܢܬܬܐ atṯā [ʔat.tɑː], [ʔat.θɑː]
37 man (adult male) ܓܒܪܐ gaḇrā [ɡo.rɑː]
38 man (human being) ܐܢܫܐ nāšā [naːʃaː]
39 child ܝܠܕܐ yālā [jɑːlɑː]
40 wife ܐܢܬܬܐ atṯā [ʔat.tɑː], [ʔat.θɑː]
41 husband ܓܒܪܐ gaḇrā [ɡo.rɑː]
42 mother
43 father
44 animal ܚܝܘܬܐ ḥayyūtā [xaj.juːtɑː]
45 fish ܢܘܢܐ nuna [nʊːnɑː]
46 bird ܛܝܪܐ ṭayrā [tˤaj.rɑː]
47 dog ܟܠܒܐ kalbā [kal.bɑː]
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm
51 tree ܐܝܠܢܐ īlānā [ʔiːlɑːnɑː]
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit ܦܐܪܐ pērā [peːʔraː]
55 seed
56 leaf ܛܪܦܐ ṭarpā [tˤarpaː]
57 root ܫܪܫܐ širšā [ʃɪrʃɑː]
58 bark (of a tree)
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat
64 blood ܕܡܐ dimmā [dɪmmaː]
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair ܣܥܪܐ saˁrā [saʕ.rɑː]
72 head ܪܝܫܐ rēšā [reːʃɑː]
73 ear
74 eye ܥܝܢܐ ˁaynā [ʕaj.nɑː]
75 nose
76 mouth ܦܘܡܐ pummā [pum.mɑː]
77 tooth ܫܢܐ šinnē [ʃɪn.nɑː]
78 tongue (organ) ܠܫܢܐ liššānā [lɪʃˈʃɑːnɑː]
79 fingernail
80 foot ܥܩܠܐ ˁaqlā [ʕaq.lɑː]
81 leg ܪܓܠܐ riḡlā [rɪɣ.lɑː]
82 knee
83 hand ܐܝܕܐ īdā [ʔiːdɑː]
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast ܨܕܪܐ, ܚܕܝܐ ṣadrā, ḥaḏyā [sˤad.rɑː], [ħaðjɑː]
90 heart ܠܒܐ libbē [lɪbbaː]
91 liver
92 to drink ܫܬܐ šātē [ʃɑːteː]
93 to eat ܐܟܠ āḵēl [ɑːxeːl]
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow ܢܦܚ nāpēḥ [nɑːpexː]
99 to breathe ܢܦܫ nāpēš [nɑːpeʃː]
100 to laugh ܓܚܟ gāḥēk [ɡɑːxekː]
101 to see ܚܙܐ ḥāzē [xaːzeː]
102 to hear ܫܡܥ šāmēˁ [ʃɑːmeʕː]
103 to know ܝܕܐ yāḏēˁ [jɑːðeʕː]
104 to think ܚܫܒ ḥāšēḇ [xɑːʃuː]
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep ܕܡܟ dāmēḵ [dɑːmexː]
108 to live ܚܝܐ ḥayyē [xaj.jeː]
109 to die ܡܐܬ māˀēṯ [mɑːʔeθː]
110 to kill ܩܛܠ qāṭēl [qaːtˤəl]
111 to fight
112 to hunt ܨܐܕ ṣāˀēḏ [sˤɑːjeðː]
113 to hit ܡܚܐ māḥē [mɑːxeː]
114 to cut ܩܛܥ qāṭēˁ [qɑːtˤeːʕ]
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim ܣܚܐ sāḥē [sɑːxeː]
120 to fly ܦܪܚ pārēḥ [paːrexː]
121 to walk ܗܠܟ hālēḵ [hɑːlexː]
122 to come ܐܬܐ āṯē [ʔɑːθeː]
123 to lie (as in a bed)
124 to sit ܝܬܒ yāṯēḇ [jɑːtewː]
125 to stand
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall ܢܦܠ nāpēl [nɑːpelː]
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash ܚܠܠ ḥallil [ħal.lɪl]
133 to wipe
134 to pull ܓܪܫ gārēš [ɡaːreʃː]
135 to push ܙܥܦ zāˁip [zaːʕɪp]
136 to throw ܪܡܐ rāmē [rɑːmeː]
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count ܡܢܐ mānē [mɑːneː]
140 to say ܐܡܪ āmēr [ɑːmerː]
141 to sing ܙܡܪ zāmēr [zɑːmerː]
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow ܪܕܐ zāmēr [rɑːdeː]
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun ܫܡܫܐ šimšā [ʃɪm.ʃɑː]
148 moon ܣܗܪܐ sahrā [sahrɑː]
149 star ܟܘܟܒܐ kawḵḇā [kawx(ə)vaː]
150 water ܡܝܐ mayyā [maj.jɑ]
151 rain ܡܛܪܐ miṭrā [mɪtˤ.rɑː]
152 river ܢܗܪܐ nahrā [nah.rɑː]
153 lake
154 sea ܝܡܐ yimmā [ˈjɪm.mɑː]
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth ܐܪܥܐ arˁā [ʔarʕaː]
160 cloud
161 fog ܥܪܦܠܐ ˁarpillā [ʕar.pɪllɑː]
162 sky ܫܡܝܐ šmayyā [ʃmaj.jɑː]
163 wind
164 snow ܬܠܓܐ talgā [tal.ɡɑː]
165 ice ܓܠܝܕܐ glīdā [ɡ.liːdɑː]
166 smoke
167 fire ܢܘܪܐ nūrā [nuːrɑː]
168 ash ܩܛܡܐ qiṭmā [qɪtˤmaː]
169 to burn ܝܩܕ yāqēḏ [jɑːqeðː]
170 road ܐܘܪܚܐ ūrḥā [ur.xɑː]
171 mountain
172 red ܣܡܘܩܬܐ, ܣܡܘܩܐ smōqā (m), smōqtā (f) [səmoːqaː], [smoːqtaː]
173 green ܝܪܘܩܬܐ, ܝܪܘܩܐ yarōqā (m), yarōqtā (f) [ja.roːqɑː], [ja.roːqtɑː]
174 yellow ܫܥܘܬܐ, ܫܥܘܬܐ šaˁūṯā (m), šaˁūṯē (f) [ʃaʕʕuːθaː], [ʃaʕʕuːθaː]
175 white ܚܘܪܬܐ, ܚܘܪܐ ḥwārā (m), ḥwārtā (f) [xəwɑːrɑː], [xwɑr.tɑː]
176 black ܐܟܩܡܬܐ, ܐܟܘܡܐ kōmā (m), kōmtā (f) [koːmɑː], [komtaː]
177 night
178 day ܝܘܡܐ yāwmā [jawmɑː]
179 year ܫܝܬܐ šētā [ʃiːtɑː]
180 warm
181 cold ܩܪܝܪܐ qarīrā [qarriːraː]
182 full
183 new ܚܕܬܐ ḥadtā [xad.tɑː]
184 old ܥܬܝܩܐ, ܣܒܐ, ܩܫܝܫܐ ˁatīqā (thing), sāḇā (person), qašīšā (person) [ʕat.tiːqɑː], [sɑːwɑː], [qa.ʃiːʃɑː]
185 good ܛܒܐ ṭāḇā [tˤɑvɑ]
186 bad ܒܝܫܐ bīšā [biːʃɑː]
187 rotten
188 dirty ܫܚܬܢܐ šūḥtānā [ʃuħtaːnaː]
189 straight ܬܪܝܨܐ trīṣā [təriːsˤɑː]
190 round
191 sharp (as a knife) ܚܪܝܦܐ ḥarīpā [xarriːpɑː]
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet ܪܛܝܒܐ raṭīḇā [ratˤˈtˤiːwɑː]
195 dry ܝܒܝܫܐ yabīšā [jab.biːʃɑː]
196 correct ܬܪܝܨܐ trīṣā [təriːsˤɑː]
197 near ܩܪܝܒܐ qarīḇā [qar.riːwɑː]
198 far ܪܚܝܩܐ raḥīqā [rax.xiːqɑː]
199 right ܝܡܝܢܐ yamīnā [jam.miːnɑː]
200 left ܣܡܠܐ simmālā [sim.mɑːlɑː]
201 at ܒ- b- [b(ə)-]
202 in ܒ- b- [b(ə)-]
203 with ܥܡ, ܒ- ˁam, bə- [ʕam], [b(ə)-]
204 and ܘ- w- [w(ə)]
205 if ܐܢ in [in]
206 because
207 name ܫܡܐ šimmā [ʃɪm.maː]
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