Appendix:Gallo-Italic Swadesh lists

Presentation

This is a Swadesh list of Gallo-Italic languages, specifically Ligurian, Lombard, Piedmontese and Venetan, compared with that of English.

List

№	English	Ligurian ligure edit (207)	Lombard lombard edit (207)	Piedmontese piemontèis edit (207)	Venetan vèneto edit (207)
1	I (1sg)	mi	mì	mi	mi
2	you (2sg)	ti	tì	ti	ti
3	he, she, it (3sg)	lê	lù, lüü	chiel	lu, el
4	we (1pl)	noî, niâtri	nun, nüm	noi, nojàutri	noaltri
5	you (2pl)	voî, viâtri	violter, viòltar, viotar	voi, vojàutri	voaltri
6	they (3pl)	lô, liâtri	luur	lor, loràutri	lori, i
7	this	quésto, sto	quell … chì, cal … ché, chì, queschì, isto	cost, ëst	sto qua
8	that	quéllo	quell … lì, cal … lé, lì	col	sto la
9	here	chi	chì, chichinscì, chiloo, scià	sì	qua
10	there	la	lì, lé, là	lì, là	là
11	who	chi	chiè, s'cè, chiè che, s'cè che	chi	chi
12	what	cöse, cösa	cosè, cusè, sa	lòn, còs	cossa, coss'
13	where	dôve	indoè, inde	andoa, anté	ndove
14	when	quànde	quaant, quand	quand	cuando
15	how	cómme	comè	com, cmé	come
16	not	no	minga, mìa, méa, nò	nen, pa	no
17	all	tùtto	tutt, tüt, töt, tucc, tücc, tücòos, tuscòss	tut	tuto
18	many	tànto	paricc, assee, tanc	tant, vàire	sai
19	some	quàrche	on quaj	quàich, chèich	cualche
20	few	pöco	pòcch	pòch	poco
21	other	âtro	olter, òltar, otar	àutr	altro
22	one	un	vun, vün	un	un
23	two	doî*, dôe*	duu, düü, dò, dó	doi*, doe*	do
24	three	tréi*, træ*	trii, tré, trè	tre	tre
25	four	quàttro	quater, quatar	quatr	cuatro
26	five	çìnque	ciinch	sinch	zinque
27	big	grànde	graant, gross	grand	grando
28	long	lóngo	luunch	longh	longo
29	wide	làrgo	laarch	largh	largo
30	thick	drûo	èrtegh	tëgg	groso
31	heavy	pezànte	gréef, ch'el dà al pées	grev	pesanto
32	small	picìn	pinìn	cit	picio
33	short	cùrto	cüürt	curt	corto
34	narrow	stréito	stréeng, strénc, strècc	strèit	strento
35	thin	sotî	fin, sutiir, màgher	fin	magro
36	woman	dònna	dòna	fomna	dona
37	man (adult male)	òmmo	óm, òmm	òm	omo
38	man (human being)	persónn-a	persóna, òmen	përson-a	omo
39	child	figeu	bagaj, bagajìn, fioeu, tuus	cit, masnà	mulo, putel
40	wife	mogê	miée, dòna	fomna	mujer
41	husband	màio, marîo	marii, òmm	òm	omo
42	mother	moæ	mamm, mam	mare	mare
43	father	poæ	pà, pader	pare	pare
44	animal	animâ	bèstia	animal	bestia
45	fish	péscio	pèss	pess	pese
46	bird	öxéllo	üsèl	osel	usel
47	dog	càn	caŋ	can	can
48	louse	pighéuggio	piöcc	poj	pedocio
49	snake	serpénte	biss	sërpent	bisa
50	worm	verme	giuanìŋ, biótt, cagnon	gianin, verm	verme
51	tree	èrbo	piànta, piònta	erbo	pianta
52	forest	bosco	busch	bòsch	bosco
53	stick	bacco	bastùŋ	baston	baston
54	fruit	frûta	früt	fruta	fruto
55	seed	armella	soménza, suménza	smens	seme
56	leaf	féuggia	föja, foeuja	feuja	foja
57	root	réixe	sciocch, sciùch	rèis	radise
58	bark (of a tree)	scorsa	scòrza, pèll	scòrsa	scorza
59	flower	sciô	fiuur, fiùu	fior	fior
60	grass	erba	èrba	erba	erba
61	rope	corda	còrda	corda, soastr	corda
62	skin	pelle	pèll	pel	pele
63	meat	carne	càrna	carn	carne
64	blood	sàngoe	sàanch	sangh	sangue
65	bone	osso	òss	òss	oso
66	fat (noun)	grascia	grass	grass	graso
67	egg	êuvo	ööf, oeuf	euv	ovo
68	horn	corno	còrnu	corna, còrn	corno
69	tail	côa	cùa	coa	coda
70	feather	penna	pèna, badina, piüm	piuma	pena
71	hair	cavello	cavèj	cavèj	cavel
72	head	testa	coo, cràpa	testa, cò	crapa, testa
73	ear	oêgia	urégia	aurija	recia
74	eye	éuggio	oeugg, öcc	euj	ocio
75	nose	nâzo	naas	nas	naso
76	mouth	bocca	buca	boca	boca
77	tooth	dente	dinc, déent	dent	dente
78	tongue (organ)	léngoa	léngua	lenga	lingua
79	fingernail	ongia	üngia	ongia	ongia
80	foot	pê	pè	pe	pie
81	leg	ganba	gàmba, garon	gamba	gamba
82	knee	zenoggio	genoeugg, genöcc, ginöcc	gënoj	genocio
83	hand	man	maŋ	man	man
84	wing	âa	àla	ala	ala
85	belly	pansa	borigia, venter, pànza	pansa	panza
86	guts	intestin	büèl, buvell	boele	budela
87	neck	collo	còl	còl	colo
88	back	schénn-a	s'céna, r'céna, schèna	schin-a	schena
89	breast	pêto	pecc	pet	peto, teta
90	heart	cheu	cöör, coeur	cheur	cor
91	liver	figæto	fidegh, fìdech	fìdich	fedigo
92	to drink	béive	béef, trincà	bèive	bever
93	to eat	mangiâ	mangià, majà, maeà, magnà	mangé	magnar
94	to bite	adentâ	cagnà, sgagnà	mòrde	morsigar
95	to suck	susâ	sciüscià, ciücà	ciucé	ciuciar
96	to spit	spuâ	spüà, spuvà	spuvé	spudar
97	to vomit	vomitâ	trà sù, trà sü	gumité	vometar
98	to blow	sciusciâ	boffà, bufà	bufé	sofiar
99	to breathe	respiâ	fiadà	arspiré	respirar
100	to laugh	rîe	ghignà, riit	rije	rider
101	to see	védde	vedè, véet	vëdde, vèje, voghe	veder
102	to hear	sentî	sentì	sente	sentir
103	to know	savéi	savè, cognoss, cugnuss	savèj	saver
104	to think	pensâ	pensà	pensé	creder
105	to smell	ödoâ	spuzà, fà uduur, savè de, sentì de	snufié	spuzar
106	to fear	témme	vecch pagüra, sgagiass, strimiss	tëmme	gaver paura
107	to sleep	dormî	durmì, dörmì	deurme	dormir
108	to live	vîve	viif	vive	viver
109	to die	moî	murì	meuire	morir, crepar
110	to kill	amasâ	mazà, cupà	massè, gniché	mazar, copar
111	to fight	conbatte	fà guèra, cumbàtt	combate	lotar
112	to hunt	cacciâ	cascià	cassé	cazare
113	to hit	batte	trüssà, picà, ciappà	bate	bater
114	to cut	tagiâ	tajà, mucià, fà giò, scürtà	tajé, copé	tajar
115	to split	dividde	spartì, separà	spartì	divider
116	to stab	cotelâ	sbögià, infulcinà	stileté	sbusar
117	to scratch	gratâ	sfrisà, sbregà, sgarbelà, sgraffignà	sgrafigné	sgrafare
118	to dig	scavâ	scavà, rugà, fà giò ona zocca, spalà foeu	sgavé	scavar
119	to swim	nuâ	nudà, nuà	noé	nuotar
120	to fly	xoâ	sgorà, sgurà	volé	svolar
121	to walk	caminâ	caminà	caminé, marcé	caminar
122	to come	vegnî	vegnì, vegnì scià	vnì	vegnir
123	to lie (as in a bed)	destendise	stravacass giò, trass là, slongass giò	cogesse	stravacar
124	to sit	asetâse	setass giò	setesse	sentar
125	to stand	stâ in piêi	vess in pee, stà sù drizz	sté an pè	star
126	to turn (intransitive)	gjâ	voltass, girà	viré, giré	girar
127	to fall	càzze	burlà giò	tombè, caschè	cascar
128	to give	dâ	dà	dé	dar
129	to hold	tegnî	tegnì	ten-e	tener
130	to squeeze	spremme	schiscià	spërme	strucar
131	to rub	fretâ	strusà, gratà, fregà sù	fërté	fregar
132	to wash	lavâ	lavà, sgorà	lavé	lavar
133	to wipe	sciugâ	sügà	suvé	netar, sugar
134	to pull	tiâ	tirà in scià	tiré	tirar
135	to push	spinze	rüzà	possé	spinger
136	to throw	tiâ	slanzà, trà per ari, tirà	frandé, slansé	butar, tirar
137	to tie	ligâ	ligà sü, fà sù	gropé, lijé	ligar
138	to sew	cuxî	cüsì	cuse	cusire
139	to count	contâ	cüntà	conté	contar
140	to say	dî	dì	dì	diser
141	to sing	cantâ	cantà	canté	cantar
142	to play	zugâ	giügà	giughé, giué	zogar
143	to float	galezâ	stà dessoravìa, andà a gala, stà a gala, stà sü	floté	galejare
144	to flow	scorre	sculà	score	scolar
145	to freeze	zeâ	gelà	geilé	jazar
146	to swell	gonfiâ	sgonfià	anfié	sgionfar
147	sun	sô	suu	sol	sol
148	moon	lùnn-a	lüna	lun-a	luna
149	star	stélla	stéla	stèila	stela
150	water	ægoa	aqua	eva	acua
151	rain	ægoa	pioèuva	pieuva	piova
152	river	sciùmme	fjüm	fium	fiume
153	lake	lâgo	laach	lagh	lago
154	sea	mâ	maar	mar	mar
155	salt	sâ	saa, saal	sal	sal
156	stone	prîa	sass	pera	piera
157	sand	ænn-a	gèra	sabia	rena
158	dust	pûa	pùlvura	póer	polvere
159	earth	tæra	tèra	mond	tera
160	cloud	nûvia	nìgula	nìvola	nuvola
161	fog	nêgia	nèbia	nëbbia	caligine
162	sky	çê	cél	cel	cel
163	wind	vento	veent	vent	vento
164	snow	néive	neef	fiòca	neve
165	ice	giassa	giàz	giassa	jazo
166	smoke	fumme	fumèra	fum	fumo
167	fire	fêugo	föög	feu	fogo
168	ash	çeine	scindra	sënner	cendre
169	to burn	brüxâ	brüsà	brusé	brusar
170	road	stradda	strada, via	stra	strada, via
171	mountain	montagna	muunt	montagna	monte
172	red	rosso	rós	ross	roso
173	green	verde	veert	verd	verde
174	yellow	giâno	giàalt	giàun	gialo
175	white	gianco	biàanch	bianch	bianco
176	black	néigro	négar	nèir	negro
177	night	néutte	nòcc	neuit	note
178	day	giorno	dì	dì	giorno
179	year	anno	aŋ	ann	ano
180	warm	câdo	caalt	càud	caldo
181	cold	fréido	frecc	frèid	fredo
182	full	pìn	piéŋ	pien	pien
183	new	nêuvo, nêuo	nööf	neuv	novo
184	old	vêgio	vécc	vej	vecio
185	good	bon	bóŋ	bon	bon
186	bad	catîvo	catìif	gram	cativo
187	rotten	marso	mars	marsent	marzo
188	dirty	sücido	tenc	anflà, salòp	sludro
189	straight	drîto	driss	drit	drito
190	round	rióndo	rudùund, rudùunt	riond	tondo
191	sharp (as a knife)	afilòu	güz	avuss	spizo
192	dull (as a knife)	smusòu	mucch	sirognà	spizato
193	smooth	lìscio	liss	seuli	lisier
194	wet	bagnòu	ümit	bagnà, mojà	bagnà
195	dry	sécco	sech	sech	seco
196	correct	giùsto	giüst	giust	giusto
197	near	arénte, vixìn	visìŋ	aranda, davzin	vizin
198	far	lontàn	luntàŋ	lontan, leugn	lontan
199	right	drîta, dèstra	dèstra	drita	destro
200	left	mancìnn-a, scinìstra	sinistra	gàucia, snista	sinistro
201	at	a	a, em	a	a
202	in	in	in, in da	an, ant	in
203	with	con	con	con	con
204	and	e	e	e	e
205	if	se	se	se	se
206	because	perché	parchè	përchè	parché
207	name	nómme	nóm	nòm	nome

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Ashkun Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Antillean Creole Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Armenian Old Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Avestan Awadhi Fiji Hindi Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Kabyle Tarifit Bhojpuri Breton Bugis Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cantonese Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Cebuano Central Bikol Chambeali Chavacano Chechen Cornish Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dhivehi Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic Egyptian English Middle English Old English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Faliscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Middle French Old French Frisian West Frisian Friulian Galician Gallo Gan Garo Garhwali Gaulish Gelao Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Mariupol Greek Mycenaean Greek Guaraní Guinea-Bissau Creole Gujarati Haitian Creole Hakka Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Ingush Irish Old Irish Italian Jamaican Creole Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Jaunsari Javanese Jizhao Kannada Kapampangan Kashubian Kashmiri Katë Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Korean Jeju Middle Korean Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Kurukh Kusunda Kyrgyz Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Latgalian Ligurian Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Luwian Macedonian Maguindanao Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Betawi Indonesian Musi Malayalam Maltese Mandarin Mandaic Manx Māori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Meitei/Manipuri Middle Chinese Min Hokkien Eastern Min Mingrelian Mongolian Mokilese Muong Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Bokmål Norwegian Nynorsk Northern Mansi Nihali Nuristani Kalasha Occitan Odia Ojibwe Okinawan Old Chinese Old Norse Old Prussian Old Tupi Oscan Osing Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Middle Persian Old Persian Phrygian Pirahã Polabian Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Prasun Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Silesian Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Old Spanish Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Thai Tocharian A Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Torwali Tswana Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Ukrainian Umbrian Upper Sorbian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Waray-Waray Welsh Wu Wutun Yiddish Zazaki Zulu Xiang ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Albanian Algonquian and Iroquoian Anatolian Arabic Armenian Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Bantu Berber Celtic Brythonic Goidelic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Germanic West North Hellenic Hmong-Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Nuristani Italic Romance Sabellic Japonic Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tocharian Tyrsenian Slavic East West South Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Lidepla Lojban Toki Pona
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Iranian Proto-Nuristani Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-Tai Proto-Tocharian
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