cascar

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *quassicāre, frequentative from Latin quassāre (“strike”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [kəsˈka]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [kasˈkaɾ]
• Rhymes: -a(ɾ)

Verb

cascar (first-person singular present casco, first-person singular preterite casquí, past participle cascat)

1. (transitive) to bruise

   Synonyms: macar, masegar

2. (pronominal) to become bruised

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cascar (first conjugation, c-qu alternation)

infinitive			cascar
gerund			cascant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		cascat		cascada
		plural		cascats		cascades
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	casco	casques	casca	casquem	casqueu	casquen
	imperfect	cascava	cascaves	cascava	cascàvem	cascàveu	cascaven
	future	cascaré	cascaràs	cascarà	cascarem	cascareu	cascaran
	preterite	casquí	cascares	cascà	cascàrem	cascàreu	cascaren
	conditional	cascaria	cascaries	cascaria	cascaríem	cascaríeu	cascarien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	casqui	casquis	casqui	casquem	casqueu	casquin
	imperfect	casqués	casquessis	casqués	casquéssim	casquéssiu	casquessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	casca	casqui	casquem	casqueu	casquin
	negative (no)	—	no casquis	no casqui	no casquem	no casqueu	no casquin

Derived terms

• cascar-se-la

Further reading

• “cascar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “cascar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “cascar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “cascar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Galician

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *quassicāre, frequentative from Latin quassāre (“strike”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kasˈkaɾ/

Verb

cascar (first-person singular present casco, first-person singular preterite casquei, past participle cascado)

1. to crack, to shell, to peel
2. to hit; to blow
3. (vulgar) to wank, to masturbate

   Déixame estar, ho! Vai cascala! ― Leave me alone! Go wank yourself!

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cascar (c-qu alternation)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	cascar
Personal	cascar	cascares	cascar	cascarmos	cascardes	cascaren
Gerund
	cascando
Past participle
Masculine	cascado			cascados
Feminine	cascada			cascadas
Indicative
Present	casco	cascas	casca	cascamos	cascades	cascan
Imperfect	cascaba	cascabas	cascaba	cascabamos	cascabades	cascaban
Preterite	casquei	cascaches	cascou	cascamos	cascastes	cascaron
Pluperfect	cascara	cascaras	cascara	cascaramos	cascarades	cascaran
Future	cascarei	cascarás	cascará	cascaremos	cascaredes	cascarán
Conditional	cascaría	cascarías	cascaría	cascariamos	cascariades	cascarían
Subjunctive
Present	casque	casques	casque	casquemos	casquedes	casquen
Imperfect	cascase	cascases	cascase	cascásemos	cascásedes	cascasen
Future	cascar	cascares	cascar	cascarmos	cascardes	cascaren
Imperative
Affirmative		casca	casque	casquemos	cascade	casquen
Negative (non)		non casques	non casque	non casquemos	non casquedes	non casquen

    Reintegrated conjugation of cascar (c-qu alternation) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	cascar
Personal	cascar	cascares	cascar	cascarmos	cascardes	cascarem
Gerund
	cascando
Past participle
Masculine	cascado			cascados
Feminine	cascada			cascadas
Indicative
Present	casco	cascas	casca	cascamos	cascades, cascais	cascam
Imperfect	cascava	cascavas	cascava	cascávamos	cascávades, cascáveis, cascávais1	cascavam
Preterite	casquei	cascaste, cascache1	cascou	cascamos	cascastes	cascárom, cascaram
Pluperfect	cascara	cascaras	cascara	cascáramos	cascárades, cascáreis, cascárais1	cascaram
Future	cascarei	cascarás	cascará	cascaremos	cascaredes, cascareis	cascarám, cascarão
Conditional	cascaria	cascarias	cascaria	cascaríamos	cascaríades, cascaríeis, cascaríais1	cascariam
Subjunctive
Present	casque	casques	casque	casquemos	casquedes, casqueis	casquem
Imperfect	cascasse	cascasses	cascasse	cascássemos	cascássedes, cascásseis	cascassem
Future	cascar	cascares	cascar	cascarmos	cascardes	cascarem
Imperative
Affirmative		casca	casque	casquemos	cascade, cascai	casquem
Negative (nom)		nom casques	nom casque	nom casquemos	nom casquedes, nom casqueis	nom casquem

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

• casca
• cascallar
• cascallo
• cascante
• casco
• cascón
• cascuda
• casqueiro
• casquento
• casquete
• escascar

References

• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “cascar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “cascar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “cascar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “cascar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “cascar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *quassicāre, frequentative from Latin quassāre (“strike”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /kasˈka(ʁ)/ [kasˈka(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /kasˈka(ʁ)/ [kasˈka(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /kasˈka(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /kaʃˈka(ʁ)/ [kaʃˈka(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /kasˈka(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐʃˈkaɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐʃˈkaɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐʃˈka.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: cas‧car

Verb

cascar (first-person singular present casco, first-person singular preterite casquei, past participle cascado)

1. to hit, to blow
2. (figuratively) to say bitter words to someone
3. to peel, to shell

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cascar (c-qu alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	cascar
Personal	cascar	cascares	cascar	cascarmos	cascardes	cascarem
Gerund
	cascando
Past participle
Masculine	cascado			cascados
Feminine	cascada			cascadas
Indicative
Present	casco	cascas	casca	cascamos	cascais	cascam
Imperfect	cascava	cascavas	cascava	cascávamos	cascáveis	cascavam
Preterite	casquei	cascaste	cascou	cascamos1, cascámos2	cascastes	cascaram
Pluperfect	cascara	cascaras	cascara	cascáramos	cascáreis	cascaram
Future	cascarei	cascarás	cascará	cascaremos	cascareis	cascarão
Conditional	cascaria	cascarias	cascaria	cascaríamos	cascaríeis	cascariam
Subjunctive
Present	casque	casques	casque	casquemos	casqueis	casquem
Imperfect	cascasse	cascasses	cascasse	cascássemos	cascásseis	cascassem
Future	cascar	cascares	cascar	cascarmos	cascardes	cascarem
Imperative
Affirmative		casca	casque	casquemos	cascai	casquem
Negative (não)		não casques	não casque	não casquemos	não casqueis	não casquem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Derived terms

• cascar o bico

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *quassicāre, frequentative from Latin quassāre (“strike”). More-or-less a doublet of quejar. Cf. also English quash.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kasˈkaɾ/ [kasˈkaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: cas‧car

Verb

cascar (first-person singular present casco, first-person singular preterite casqué, past participle cascado)

1. to crack, to split
2. (informal) to hit

   Synonym: golpear

3. (informal) to wank
4. (Southern Spain, Andalusia) (informal) to chatter
5. (informal) (reflexive) (dysphemistic}) to snuff it (die)

   Synonym: palmar

6. (informal) to slap (a fine on someone)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cascar (c-qu alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			cascar
gerund			cascando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		cascado		cascada
		plural		cascados		cascadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	casco	cascastú cascásvos	casca	cascamos	cascáis	cascan
	imperfect	cascaba	cascabas	cascaba	cascábamos	cascabais	cascaban
	preterite	casqué	cascaste	cascó	cascamos	cascasteis	cascaron
	future	cascaré	cascarás	cascará	cascaremos	cascaréis	cascarán
	conditional	cascaría	cascarías	cascaría	cascaríamos	cascaríais	cascarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	casque	casquestú casquésvos2	casque	casquemos	casquéis	casquen
	imperfect (ra)	cascara	cascaras	cascara	cascáramos	cascarais	cascaran
	imperfect (se)	cascase	cascases	cascase	cascásemos	cascaseis	cascasen
	future1	cascare	cascares	cascare	cascáremos	cascareis	cascaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		cascatú cascávos	casque	casquemos	cascad	casquen
	negative		no casques	no casque	no casquemos	no casquéis	no casquen

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of cascar (c-qu alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive cascar
	dative	cascarme	cascarte	cascarle, cascarse	cascarnos	cascaros	cascarles, cascarse
	accusative	cascarme	cascarte	cascarlo, cascarla, cascarse	cascarnos	cascaros	cascarlos, cascarlas, cascarse
with gerund cascando
	dative	cascándome	cascándote	cascándole, cascándose	cascándonos	cascándoos	cascándoles, cascándose
	accusative	cascándome	cascándote	cascándolo, cascándola, cascándose	cascándonos	cascándoos	cascándolos, cascándolas, cascándose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative casca
	dative	cáscame	cáscate	cáscale	cáscanos	not used	cáscales
	accusative	cáscame	cáscate	cáscalo, cáscala	cáscanos	not used	cáscalos, cáscalas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative cascá
	dative	cascame	cascate	cascale	cascanos	not used	cascales
	accusative	cascame	cascate	cascalo, cascala	cascanos	not used	cascalos, cascalas
with formal second-person singular imperative casque
	dative	cásqueme	not used	cásquele, cásquese	cásquenos	not used	cásqueles
	accusative	cásqueme	not used	cásquelo, cásquela, cásquese	cásquenos	not used	cásquelos, cásquelas
with first-person plural imperative casquemos
	dative	not used	casquémoste	casquémosle	casquémonos	casquémoos	casquémosles
	accusative	not used	casquémoste	casquémoslo, casquémosla	casquémonos	casquémoos	casquémoslos, casquémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative cascad
	dative	cascadme	not used	cascadle	cascadnos	cascaos	cascadles
	accusative	cascadme	not used	cascadlo, cascadla	cascadnos	cascaos	cascadlos, cascadlas
with formal second-person plural imperative casquen
	dative	cásquenme	not used	cásquenle	cásquennos	not used	cásquenles, cásquense
	accusative	cásquenme	not used	cásquenlo, cásquenla	cásquennos	not used	cásquenlos, cásquenlas, cásquense

Derived terms

• cascarrabias
• cascársela
• casco

 

Further reading

• “cascar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28

Venetan

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *cāsicāre, derived from Latin cadere. Compare Italian cascare.

Verb

cascar

1. to fall

Conjugation

• Venetan conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

Conjugation of cascar (first conjugation)

infinitive	cascar
auxiliary verb		aver	gerund		cascando
past participle		cascà
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	mi	ti	eło / eła	noialtri / noialtre	voialtri / voialtre	łuri / łore
present	casco	(te) caschi	(el/ła) casca	caschémo, cascòn	casché	(i/łe) casca
imperfect	cascava	(te) cascavi	(el/ła) cascava	cascàvimo	cascavi	(i/łe) cascava
future	cascarò	(te) cascarè	(el/ła) cascarà	cascarémo	cascarè	(i/łe) cascarà
conditional	mi	ti	eło / eła	noialtri / noialtre	voialtri / voialtre	łuri / łore
present	cascarìa	(te) cascarisi	(el/ła) cascarìa	cascarìsimo	cascarisi	(i/łe) cascarìa
subjunctive	che mi	che ti	che eło / eła	che noialtri / noialtre	che voialtri / voialtre	che łuri / łore
present	casche, casca	(te) caschi	(el/ła) casche, (el/ła) casca	caschémo, cascone	casché	(i/łe) casche, (i/łe) casca
imperfect	cascase	(te) cascasi	(el/ła) cascase	cascàsimo	cascasi	(i/łe) cascase
imperative	—	ti	eło / eła	noialtri / noialtre	voialtri / voialtre	łuri / łore
	—	(te) casca	(el/ła) casca, (el/ła) casche	caschémo	casché	(i/łe) casca, (i/łe) casche

See also

• caièr