User:Rua/Modern Germanic
< User:Rua
Imagine what things would have been like if people still spoke the old Germanic language. Of course a modern language would need words for modern concepts. What words would they use for things that didn't exist two thousand years ago? I've made a short list of words that those people might have coined if they still lived today.
If you have any to add, go right ahead!
Electronics
[edit]- audiobook:
- camera:
- electricity:
- *glasamaginą ("amber power", Icelandic rafmagn with a different word for "amber")
- *ēlihtrikitāts f (Latin electricus + -itas)
- photograph:
- printer:
- radio:
- television:
- telephone:
- videogame:
Social media
[edit]- Facebook:
- Instagram:
- LinkedIn:
- Reddit:
- Skype:
- Twitter:
- *Twitwizōną n
- Whatsapp:
- *Hwatistiuppaz m
- *Hwatappaz m (Latin applicatio)
- YouTube:
- *Izwiztubaz m (Latin tubus)
Computing
[edit]- central processing unit (CPU):
- *midjawerką n (Icelandic miðverk)
- *haubudaprōkessārijaz m (German Hauptprozessor)
- code (noun):
- *kōdeks m (Latin codex)
- code (verb):
- coding:
- *kōdekungō f
- computer:
- hard drive:
- hardware:
- internet:
- keyboard:
- laptop:
- motherboard:
- overwrite:
- *uberwrītaną (English overwrite)
- *uberskrībaną (German überschreiben, Dutch overschrijven)
- password:
- processor:
- program:
- programming:
- programming language:
- software:
- username:
- variable:
- *warjābiliz f (Latin variabilis)
- webcam:
- *wabjakamerō f
- webpage:
- website:
Sport
[edit]- badminton:
- basketball:
- boxing:
- *fuhnstīlaikōz m pl ("fist games", Icelandic hnefaleikar with a different word for "fist")
- football:
- martial art:
- netball:
- sport:
- sportsman:
- sportswoman:
- table tennis:
- *burdatenaiþs m (English table tennis with a different word for "table")
- tennis:
- tennis ball:
- *tenaiþballuz m
Transport
[edit]- airplane:
- airport:
- astronaut:
- *astrunautaz m, *astrunautinī f (Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́στρον (ắstron) + ναύτης (naútēs))
- *kusmunautaz m, *kusmunautinī f (Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos) + ναύτης (naútēs))
- *rūmafarārijaz m, *rūmafarārinī f ("space traveller", German Raumfahrer)
- *sternōnskipārijaz m, *sternōnskipārinī f ("star sailor", calque)
- bicycle:
- bus:
- bus driver:
- bus station:
- *busastatjǭ f (Latin statio)
- bus stop:
- *busahaldastadiz m ("bus holding place", German Bushaltestelle with a different word for "place")
- car:
- *wagnaz (“wagon, cart”) (Western Frisian wein, Dutch wagen)
- *kraftuwagnaz m ("power cart", German Kraftwagen, Dutch vrachtwagen)
- *selbawegandz m ("self-mover", calque of automobile)
- *karraz m (Latin carrus)
- conductor:
- flight:
- *fluhtiz f
- junction:
- *jūnhtijǭ f (Latin iūnctiō)
- monorail:
- *munurēgulō f (Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos), Latin regula)
- *ainaskinōbanō f ("one rail", German Einschienenbahn, Norwegian énskinnebane)
- motorcycle:
- motorway:
- pilot:
- platform:
- railway:
- railway station:
- space ship:
- *rūmaskipą n ("space ship", German Raumschiff)
- *spatjaskipą n (Latin spatium)
- subway:
- *subwegaz m (Latin sub)
- *undergrunduz m (English underground)
- *undergrundaubanō f (German Untergrundbahn)
- *mētraz m (Ancient Greek μητρόπολις (mētrópolis) -> French métro)
- terminus:
- *terminaz m (Latin terminus)
- *andijastatjǭ f ("end station", German Endstation, Danish endestation)
- train:
- train driver:
- train wagon:
- tram:
- *gatwōnbanō f ("street track", German Straßenbahn with a different word for "street")
Sciences
[edit]Branches
[edit]- anthropology:
- *mannifrōdį̄ f ("person wisdom", Icelandic mannfræði)
- *anþrōpulugjō f (Ancient Greek ανθρωπολογία (anthrōpología))
- astronomy:
- *sternōnfrōdį̄ f ("star wisdom", Icelandic stjörnufræði, Dutch sterrenkunde)
- *astranumjō f (Ancient Greek ἀστρονομία (astronomía))
- *stranamjō f (PIE *h₂stronomyeh₂)
- biology:
- chemistry:
- *skaiþafrōdį̄ f ("separation wisdom", Dutch scheikunde)
- *hēmījō f (Ancient Greek χημεία (khēmeía))
- geography:
- *landafrōdį̄ f ("land wisdom", Icelandic landafræði)
- *erþarīkijasfrōdį̄ f ("earth realm wisdom", Dutch aardrijkskunde)
- *geōgrafjō f (Ancient Greek γεωγραφία (geōgraphía))
- geology:
- linguistics:
- mathematics:
- *liznanagaz f ("learny", calque of mathematics)
- *wahstufrōdį̄ f ("size wisdom", Icelandic stærðfræði)
- *maþēmatikaz m (Ancient Greek μαθηματικός (mathēmatikós))
- *mundēmundigaz m (PIE *mn̥dʰeh₁mn̥tikos)
- mechanics:
- medicine:
- *lēkijasfrōdį̄ f ("doctor wisdom", Icelandic læknisfræði)
- *ganesafrōdį̄ ("healing wisdom", Dutch geneeskunde)
- *midikīnō f (Latin medicina)
- *metigīnō f (PIE *medikiHneh₂)
- meteorology:
- *wedrafrōdį̄ f ("weather wisdom", Icelandic veðurfræði)
- *meteōrulugjō f (Latin meteōrologia)
- ornithology:
- *fuglafrōdį̄ f ("bird wisdom", Icelandic fuglafræði)
- *urniþulugjō f (Latin ornithologia)
- physics:
- psychology:
- zoology:
Scientists
[edit]- biologist:
- *lībafrōdingaz m (Icelandic líffræðingur)
- scientist:
Particles
[edit]- atom:
- baryon:
- boson:
- electron:
- fermion:
- gluon:
- *glū(t)and n (Latin gluten)
- graviton:
- *gravitand n (Latin gravitas)
- hadron:
- *hadrand n (Ancient Greek ἁδρός (hadrós))
- kaon:
- *kāand n (Latin ka)
- lepton:
- *leftand n (Ancient Greek λεπτός (leptós))
- meson:
- *mesand n (Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos))
- molecule:
- muon:
- *mījand n (Ancient Greek μῦ (mû))
- neutron:
- -on:
- pion:
- *pījand n (Ancient Greek πεῖ (peî))
- photon:
- proton:
- quark:
- *twāragaz m (Proto-Slavic *tvarogъ)
Elements
[edit]- hydrogen:
- helium:
- lithium:
- beryllium:
- boron:
- *baurô n (Latin baurach)
- carbon:
- nitrogen:
- oxygen:
- fluorine:
- neon:
- sodium:
- magnesium:
- *magnīsiją n (Latin magnesium)
- aluminium:
- *alūminją n (Latin alumen)
- silicon:
- phosphorus:
- sulphur:
- *sweblaz m (“sulphur”)
- chlorine:
- argon:
- potassium:
- calcium:
- scandium:
- titanium:
- *tītāniją f (Ancient Greek Τῑτᾱ́ν (Tītā́n))
- chromium:
- manganese:
- iron:
- *īsarną n (“iron”)
- cobalt:
- nickel:
- *nīkulaz m (Ancient Greek Νῑκόλᾱος (Nīkólāos))
- copper:
- *aiz n (“copper”)
- zinc:
- *tindaz m
- gallium:
- *galją n (Latin Gallia)
- germanium:
- *germāniją n (Latin Germania)
- arsenic:
- *arsiniką n (Ancient Greek ἀρσενικόν (arsenikón))
- selenium:
- bromine:
- krypton:
- rubidium:
- strontium:
- yttrium:
- niobium:
- *niubją n (Ancient Greek Νιόβη (Nióbē))
- molybdenum:
- *mulibdainą n (Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos))
- technetium:
- *tihnītiją n (Ancient Greek τεχνητός (tekhnētós))
- rhodium:
- *hrudją n (Ancient Greek ῥόδο (rhódo))
- palladium:
- *palladją n (Ancient Greek Παλλάς (Pallás))
- silver:
- *silubrą n (“silver”)
- cadmium:
- *kadmiją n (Ancient Greek Κάδμος (Kádmos))
- indium:
- *indi(k)ją n (Latin index)
- tin:
- *tiną n (“tin”)
- antimony:
- *antimunją n (Latin antimonium)
- *stibją n (Latin stibium)
- tellurium:
- iodine:
- xenon:
- caesium:
- *kaisiją n (Latin caesius)
- barium:
- lanthanum:
- *lanþaną n (Ancient Greek λανθάνω (lanthánō))
- cerium:
- *kerją n (Latin Ceres)
- praseodymium:
- neodymium:
- promethium:
- *prumīþiją n (Ancient Greek Προμηθεύς (Promētheús))
- europium:
- *eurōpiją n (Ancient Greek Εὐρώπη (Eurṓpē))
- terbium:
- dysprosium:
- *disprusją n (Ancient Greek δυσπρόσιτος (dusprósitos))
- holmium:
- *hulmiją n
- erbium:
- thulium:
- *þūliją n (Ancient Greek Θούλη (Thoúlē))
- ytterbium:
- lutetium:
- *lutitją n (Latin Lutetia)
- hafnium:
- *habniją n
- tantalum:
- *tantalą n (Ancient Greek Τάνταλος (Tántalos))
- tungsten:
- rhenium:
- *Rīniją n
- osmium:
- *usmiją n (Ancient Greek ὀσμή (osmḗ))
- iridium:
- *īridją n (Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris))
- platinum:
- *platīną n (Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús))
- gold:
- *gulþą n (“gold”)
- mercury:
- *kwikwasilubrą n ("quick silver", English quicksilver, Dutch kwikzilver)
- *merkurjaz n (Latin Mercurius)
- thallium:
- *þalją n (Ancient Greek θαλλός (thallós))
- lead:
- bismuth:
- polonium:
- *pulunją n (Latin Polonia)
- astatine:
- *astatīnō f (Ancient Greek ἄστατος (ástatos))
- radon:
- *radą (Latin radius)
- francium:
- *frankiją n
- radium:
- *radją n (Latin radius)
- actinium:
- *ahtīniją n (Ancient Greek ἀκτῑ́ς (aktī́s))
- thorium:
- *þunriją n
- protactinium:
- uranium:
- *ūranją n (Ancient Greek Οὐρανός (Ouranós))
- neptunium:
- *neftūniją n (Latin Neptunus)
- plutonium:
- *plūtōniją n (Ancient Greek Πλούτων (Ploútōn))
- americium:
- curium:
- *kūriją n (Latin curia)
- berkelium:
- einsteinium:
- fermium:
- *firmiją n (Latin firmus)
- lawrencium:
- *laurintiją n (Latin Laurentius)
- rutherfordium:
- seaborgium:
- moscovium:
- *maskawją n (Proto-Slavic *mosky)
- *maskūją n
- oganesson:
- *jōannēsą n (Ancient Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), via Armenian Հովհաննիսյան (Hovhannisyan), via Russian Оганеся́н (Oganesján))
Other materials
[edit]Epidemiology/pathology
[edit]- coronavirus:
- epidemic:
- influenza:
- *īnfluintijō f (Latin influentia)
- *inblawandijō f (PIE *h₁enbʰlow-ontsyeh₂)
- pandemic:
- pneumonia:
- quarantine:
- *kwadragintīnō f (Latin quadraginta + -inus)
- *fedwōrtigiwīnō f (calque of above)
- respiratory droplets:
- *respīrātōrijōz drupillittōz m (Latin re- + spiro + -ellus + -ittus)
- SARS:
- social distancing:
- WHO:
Evolutionary theory
[edit]Taxonomy
[edit]- kingdom:
- *kuningadōmaz m
- class:
- *klassiz f (Latin classis)
Animals
[edit]- animal:
Chordate
[edit]Dinosauria
[edit]- dinosaur:
Mammal
[edit]- Carnivora:
- *Karniwurō f (Latin carnivorus)
- *Flaiskētijô m ("flesh eater")
- Elephant shrew:
Primate
[edit]- Gibbon:
- Old World monkey:
- *kerkopiþīkidôz f (Ancient Greek κερκοπίθηκος (kerkopíthēkos) + Latin idae)
Hominidae
[edit]- Australopithecus:
- *Australupiþikaz m (Latin austrālis + Ancient Greek πῐ́θηκος (pĭ́thēkos))
- *Sunþrōnijaz Apô m ("southern ape", calque)
- Gorilla:
- *Gurillō f (Ancient Greek Γόριλλαι (Górillai))
Homo
[edit]Ursidae
[edit]- polar bear:
- *pulāriz berô m (Latin polāris)
- *hwītaz berô m ("white bear", Icelandic hvítabjörn, Yiddish ווײַסער בער (vayser ber))
- *īsaberô m ("ice bear", German Eisbär, Swedish isbjörn)
Plants
[edit]Fungi
[edit]Astronomy
[edit]Units
[edit]- light year:
- light month:
- light week:
- light day:
Planets
[edit]- planet:
- exoplanet:
- Mercury:
- Venus:
- Mars:
- Jupiter:
- Saturn:
- Uranus:
- Neptune:
Stars
[edit]- Sun:
- *Sunnǭ f
- Sirius:
- *Sīrijaz m (Ancient Greek Σείριος (Seírios))
- *Alfō Kaniz Majōriz n
- Canopus:
- *Kanōpaz m (Latin Canopus)
- *Alfō Karīnōz n
- Alpha Centauri:
- *Alfō Kentauras n
- *Regelaz Kentauraz m (Arabic رِجْل (rijl) via Ancient Greek *Ρεγελος)
- *Zalīmānaz m (Arabic الظَّلِيمَان (aẓ-ẓalīmān) via Ancient Greek *Ζαλειμᾱνος)
- *Pruhsimō Kentauras f (Latin proximus)
- Arcturus:
- *Arhtūraz m (Ancient Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος (Arktoûros))
- *Alfō Buōtōz n
- Vega:
- *Wākijaz m (Arabic وَاقِع (wāqiʕ) via Ancient Greek *Ουᾱκεος)
- *Alfō Lirōz n
- Capella:
- *Kapellō f (Latin capella)
- *Alfō Aurīgōz n
- *Alfō Auzejakōz n
- Rigel:
- *Regelaz m (Arabic رِجْل (rijl) via Ancient Greek *Ρεγελος)
- *Bētō Ōrījaz n
- Procyon:
- *Prukjô m (Ancient Greek Προκύων (Prokúōn))
- *Alfō Kaniz Minōriz n
- Achernar:
- *Āherannaraz m (Arabic آخر النهر via Ancient Greek *Ᾱχερανναρος)
- *Alfō Ēridanas n
- Betelgeuse:
- *Iftalgauzāaz m (Arabic إبط الجوزاء via Ancient Greek *Εβταλγαυζᾱος)
- *Jadalgauzāaz m (Arabic يد الجوزاء via Ancient Greek *Ιαδαλγαυζᾱος)
- *Alfō Ōrījaz n
Satellites
[edit]- Moon:
- *Mēnô m
- Phobos:
- Deimos:
- Io:
- *Ījuiz f (Ancient Greek Ἰώ (Iṓ))
- Europa:
- Ganymede:
- *Ganimēdaz (z-stem) m (Ancient Greek Γανυμήδης (Ganumḗdēs))
- Callisto:
- *Kallistuiz f (Ancient Greek Καλλιστώ (Kallistṓ))
- Titan:
- *Tītāniz m (Ancient Greek Τιτάν (Titán))
- Iapetus:
- *Ījapetaz m (Ancient Greek Ἰαπετός (Iapetós))
- Rhea:
- *Rejō f (Ancient Greek Ῥέᾱ (Rhéā))
- Tethys:
- *Tēþūz f (Ancient Greek Τηθύς (Tēthús))
- Dione:
- *Djōnō f (Ancient Greek Διώνη (Diṓnē))
- Mimas:
- *Mimānts m (Ancient Greek Μίμᾱς (Mímās))
- Enceladus:
- *Enkeladaz m (Ancient Greek Ἐγκέλᾰδος (Enkélădos))
- Titania:
- *Tītānijō f (Ancient Greek Τιτάν (Titán))
- Oberon:
- Ariel:
- *Arjēlaz m (Ancient Greek Ἀριήλ (Ariḗl))
- Umbriel:
- *Umbrijēlaz m (Latin umbra)
- Miranda:
- *Mīrandō f (Latin mirandus)
- Triton:
- *Trītǭ m (Ancient Greek Τρίτων (Trítōn))
Constellations
[edit]- zodiac:
- Aries:
- Taurus:
- Gemini:
- Cancer:
- Leo:
- Virgo:
- Libra:
- *Lībrō m (Latin libra)
- Scorpio:
- *Skurpijô m (Latin scorpio)
- Sagittarius:
- *Sagittārijaz m (Latin sagittārius)
- Capricorn:
- *Kaprikurnaz m (Latin Capricornus)
- *Hafrahurnaz m
- Aquarius:
- Pisces:
- Andromeda:
- Aquila:
- Ara:
- Auriga:
- Bootes:
- *Bwōtō f (Ancient Greek Βοώτης (Boṓtēs))
- Canis Major:
- Canis Minor:
- Cassiopeia:
- *Kassijupījō f (Ancient Greek Κασσιόπεια (Kassiópeia))
- Centaurus:
- *Kentauraz m (Ancient Greek κένταυρος (kéntauros))
- Cepheus:
- *Kēfēwiz m (Ancient Greek Κηφεύς (Kēpheús))
- Cetus:
- *Kētaz m (Ancient Greek κῆτος (kêtos))
- Corona Australis:
- *Kurōnō Austrālijō f (Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē) + Latin australis)
- *Sunþrōnijō Kurōnō f
- Corona Borealis:
- *Kurōnō Burjālijō f (Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē) + Latin borealis)
- *Nurþrōnijō Kurōnō f
- Corvus:
- Crater:
- *Krātēriz m (Ancient Greek κρᾱτήρ (krātḗr))
- Cygnus:
- Delphinus:
- Draco:
- Equuleus:
- *Ekuljaz m (Latin equuleus)
- Eridanus:
- *Ēridanaz m (Ancient Greek Ἠρῐδᾰνός (Ērĭdănós))
- Hercules:
- *Hēraklijaz (z-stem) m (Ancient Greek Ἡρακλῆς (Hēraklês))
- Hydra:
- *(H)idrō f (Ancient Greek ῠ̔́δρᾱ (hŭ́drā))
- Lepus:
- Lupus:
- Lyra:
- *Lirō f (Ancient Greek λῠ́ρᾰ (lŭ́ră))
- Ophiuchus:
- *Ufjūhaz f (Ancient Greek Ὀφιοῦχος (Ophioûkhos))
- Orion:
- *Ōrījô m (Ancient Greek Ὠρῑ́ων (Ōrī́ōn))
- Pegasus:
- *Pēgasaz m (Ancient Greek Πήγᾰσος (Pḗgăsos))
- Perseus:
- *Persēwiz m (Ancient Greek Περσεύς (Perseús))
- Piscis Austrinus:
- *Piskiz Austrīnaz m (Latin pisces + Latin austrinus)
- *Sunþrōnijaz Fiskaz m
- Sagitta:
- Serpens:
- Triangulum:
- *Trijangulą n (Latin triangulum)
- Ursa Major:
- Ursa Minor:
- Coma Berenices:
- Columba:
- *Kulumbō f (Latin columba)
- Apus:
- *Apudz f (Ancient Greek ἄπους (ápous))
- Chamaeleon:
- *Hamaileundz m (Ancient Greek χαμαιλέων (khamailéōn))
- Dorado:
- *Daurātaz m (Latin deauratus)
- Grus:
- *Gruwiz m (Latin grus)
- Hydrus:
- Indus:
- *Indaz m (Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós))
- Musca:
- *Muskō f (Latin musca)
- Pavo:
- *Pāwô m
- Phoenix:
- *Fuiniks m (Ancient Greek φοῖνῐξ (phoînĭx))
- Triangulum Australe:
- *Trijangulą Austrāliz n (Latin triangulum + australis)
- Tucana:
- *Tukanō f (Latin tucana)
- Volans:
- *Wulants f (Latin volans)
- Crux:
- *Kruks f (Latin crux)
- Camelopardalis:
- *Kamēlupardaliz m (Ancient Greek κᾰμηλοπάρδᾰλῐς (kămēlopárdălĭs))
- Monoceros:
- *Munukerōts m (Latin monoceros)
- Canes Venatici:
- Lacerta:
- *Lakertō f (Latin lacerta)
- Leo Minor:
- Lynx:
- *Linhs m (Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx))
- Scutum:
- *Skūtą n (Latin scutum)
- Sextans:
- *Sehstants m (Latin sextans)
- Vulpecula:
- *Wulpēkulō f (Latin vulpecula)
- Antlia:
- *Antlijō f (Ancient Greek ἀντλία (antlía))
- Caelum:
- *Kailą n (Latin caelum)
- Circinus:
- *Kirkinaz m (Latin circinus)
- Fornax:
- *Furnāks m (Latin fornax)
- Horologium:
- *(H)ōrulugją n (Ancient Greek ὡρολόγιον (hōrológion))
- Mensa:
- *Mēnsō f (Latin mensa)
- Microscopium:
- *Mīkraskupją n (Latin microscopium)
- Norma:
- *Nurmō f (Latin norma)
- Octans:
- *Uhtants m (Latin octans)
- Pictor:
- *Pihtōriz m (Latin pictor)
- Pyxis:
- *Pihsidz f (Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís))
- Reticulum:
- *Rētikulą n (Latin reticulum)
- Sculptor:
- *Skulftōriz m (Latin sculptor)
- Telescopium:
- *Tēleskupją n (Latin telescopium)
- Carina:
- *Karīnō f (Latin carina)
- Puppis:
- *Puppiz f (Latin puppis)
- Vela:
- *Wēlō n (Latin velum)
Mathematics
[edit]- algebra
- *algibrō f (Arabic الْجَبْر (al-jabr))
- *bōkastabarekanungō f ("letter arithmetic", Icelandic bókstafareikningur)
- algorithm:
- *algōriþmaz m (Arabic الخُوَارِزْمِيّ (al-ḵuwārizmiyy))
- *rekanōwritą n (Icelandic reiknirit)
- arithmetic
- *ariþmētikaz m (Ancient Greek ἀριθμητικός (arithmētikós))
- *rekanungō f (Icelandic reikningur)
- axiom
- billion (109):
- calculus:
- *kalkulaz m (Latin calculus)
- calculator:
- *rekanārijaz m ("reckoner", German Rechner)
- *kalkulatārijaz m (English calculator)
- complex number:
- digit:
- *sifrō f (Arabic صِفر (ṣifr))
- element:
- *ilimintą n (Latin elementum)
- equation:
- even:
- *ebnaz m
- formula:
- *fōrmulō f (Latin fōrmula)
- fraction:
- function:
- geometry:
- integer:
- million:
- natural number:
- odd:
- *uzdaz m
- percent:
- polynomial:
- prime number:
- proof:
- rational number:
- real number:
- root:
- *wrōts f
- set:
- sine:
- *sinuz m (Latin sinus)
- solution:
- tangent:
- theorem
- *þeōrēmats n (Ancient Greek θεώρημα (theṓrēma))
- trigonometry
- zero:
Linguistics
[edit]Germanic languages
[edit]- Grimm's law:
- Verner's law:
- High German consonant shift:
- *Anþeraz Hleuþawihslaz m ("the Second Sound Change", German zweite Lautverschiebung)
- strong verb:
- *starkų werbą n
- weak verb:
- *waikwą werbą n
- Afrikaans:
- Danish:
- *Daniskaz m
- Dutch:
- English:
- Faroese:
- Frisian:
- German:
- Gothic:
- Icelandic:
- Low German:
- Norwegian:
- Swedish:
Grammar
[edit]- case:
- conjugation:
- *kunjugātjō f (Latin coniugātiō)
- *frafōgijungō f (Dutch vervoeging)
- declension:
- *dēklīnātjō f (Latin dēclīnātiō)
- *fallabaugijungō f ("case inflection", Icelandic fallbeyging)
- gender:
- grammar:
- inflection:
- mood:
- orthography:
- *urþugrafjō f (Ancient Greek ὀρθογρᾰφῐ́ᾱ (orthogrăphĭ́ā))
- *rehtaskrībungō f ("right writing", German Rechtschreibung, Icelandic réttritun)
- part of speech:
- person:
- *persōnō f (Latin persōna)
- tense:
- voice:
Case
[edit]- ablative case:
- accusative case:
- *akkūsatīwaz m (Latin accūsātīvus)
- *hwanōfallaz m
- *skuldīfallaz m ("blame case")
- dative case:
- genitive case:
- instrumental case:
- locative case:
- nominative case:
- vocative case:
Gender
[edit]- common gender:
- feminine gender:
- masculine gender:
- *maskulīną n (Latin masculīnum)
- *werakunją n
- neuter gender:
Mood
[edit]- debitive mood:
- imperative mood:
- *impirātīwaz m (Latin imperātīvus)
- *būsnīmōdaz m ("order mood")
- indicative mood:
- *indikātīwaz m (Latin indicātīvus)
- *wīsijamōdaz m ("showing mood")
- optative mood:
- subjunctive mood:
- *kunjūnhtīwaz m (Latin coniūnctīvus)
- *subjūnhtīwaz m (Latin subiūnctīvus)
- *fōgijamōdaz m ("joining mood")
Number
[edit]- dual:
- paucal:
- plural:
- singular:
- *singulāriz m (Latin singulāris)
- *ainatalō f ("one number", German Einzahl, Icelandic eintala)
- trial:
Parts of speech
[edit]- adjective:
- *adjehtīwą n (Latin adiectīvum)
- *atjēdīwaz m (PIE *h₂ed(H)yeh₁tiHwos)
- *liuhsijungōwurdą n ("description word", Icelandic lýsingarorð)
- adverb:
- article:
- noun:
- pronoun:
- proper noun:
- verb:
Person
[edit]Tense
[edit]- future tense:
- past tense:
- *praitiritą n (Latin praeteritum)
- *furaitīdiz f
- present tense:
Voice
[edit]- active voice:
- middle voice:
- passive voice:
Phonology
[edit]- ablaut:
- approximant:
- *appruhsimandz m (Latin approximans)
- *nēhwahleuþą n ("near sound")
- consonant:
- diphthong:
- fricative:
- glide:
- *glīdaz m
- monophthong:
- *munufþungaz m (Ancient Greek μονόφθογγος (monóphthongos)
- *ainahleuþą n ("one sound", Icelandic einhljóð)
- phonology:
- *fōnulugjō f (Ancient Greek φωνολογία (phōnología))
- *hleuþafrōdį̄ f ("sound wisdom", Icelandic hljóðkerfisfræði)
- plosive:
- trill:
- triphthong:
- *trifþungaz m (Ancient Greek τρῐ́φθογγος (trĭ́phthongos))
- *þrīhleuþą n ("three sound", Icelandic þríhljóð)
- umlaut:
- vowel:
- *wōkāliz f (Latin vōcālis)
- *selbahleuþą n ("self sound", German Selbstlaut, Icelandic sérhljóð)
Philosophy
[edit]- argument:
- *argūmentą n (Latin argumentum)
- *arkumundą n (PIE *h₂erǵoumn̥tom)
- belief:
- *galaubô m
- ethics:
- existence:
- *ehsistintijō f (Latin existentia)
- *ihs(t)istandijō f (PIE *h₁eǵʰs(t)ist-ontsyeh₂)
- knowledge:
- I think, therefore I am:
- logic:
- moral:
- *mōrāliz m (Latin moralis)
- paradox:
- *paraduhsaz m (Ancient Greek πᾰρᾰ́δοξος (părắdoxos))
- philosopher:
- philosophy:
- reason:
- science:
- *skijantijō f (Latin scientia)
- *skijandijō f (PIE *sky-ontsyeh₂)
- *witanaskapiz m (German Wissenschaft, Dutch wetenschap, Swedish vetenskap)
Politics
[edit]- anarchy:
- constitution:
- democracy:
- election:
- government:
- left wing:
- monarchy:
- *monarhijō f (Ancient Greek μοναρχίᾱ (monarkhíā))
- *kuningadōmaz m
- politics:
- politician:
- president:
- *praisidandz m (male) (Latin praesidens)
- *fraisetandz m (PIE *prh₂eised-onts)
- *praisidentinī f (female)
- prime minister:
- referendum:
- *refirindą n (Latin referendum)
- republic:
- *rēpūblikō f (Latin rēspūblica)
- *liudīwaldą n ("people dominion", Icelandic lýðveldi)
- right wing:
- state:
- theocracy:
- *þeōkratjō f (Ancient Greek θεοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ (theokrătĭ́ā))
- *gudakraftuz f (calque of above)
- vote:
Economics
[edit]- bank:
- *bankiz f
- central bank:
- consumption:
- currency:
- distribution:
- economics:
- goods:
- *gōdō n
- growth:
- inflation:
- market:
- *merkātuz m (Latin mercatus)
- production:
- services:
- supply:
- trade:
- *tradō f
Foreign/modern food
[edit]By necessity, a lot of these are loanwords rather than constructed from native roots.
- burrito:
- chili pepper:
- curry:
- chips/fries:
- coffee:
- *kahwą n (Arabic قهوة (qahwa, “coffee”))
- döner kebab:
- lollipop:
- maize:
- pepper:
- *piperaz m (Latin piper)
- pineapple:
- pizza:
- potato:
- tea:
- tomato:
Military
[edit]Ground
[edit]- army:
- soldier:
- *harjamann- m
- *suldārijaz m (Latin soldarius)
- *salidārijaz m (PIE *solh₂idʰ-)
- rifle:
- pistol:
- tank:
Sea
[edit]- navy:
Countries
[edit]Africa
[edit]- Africa:
- Cape Verde:
- Egypt:
- Eritrea:
- *Iritrajō f (Latin Erythraea)
- Ethiopia:
- *Aiþiupjō f (Ancient Greek Αἰθιοπίᾱ (Aithiopíā))
- Ivory Coast:
- Liberia:
- Libya:
- *Libjō f (Ancient Greek Λιβύη (Libúē))
- Mauritania:
- *Maurītānijō f (Latin Mauritania)
- Sierra Leone:
- Sudan:
- *Sūdānōz m pl (Arabic سودان via Ancient Greek *Σουδᾱνοι)
Asia
[edit]- Asia:
- *Austrahalbǭ f ("Eastern half", Old Saxon Ōstarhalva, Old Norse Austrhálfa)
- *Asjō f (Ancient Greek Ἀσία (Asía))
- Bahrain:
- *Barainaz m (Arabic البحرين via Ancient Greek *Βαραινος)
- Brunei:
- *Brūnājō f (Arabic بروناي via Ancient Greek *Βρουνᾱιᾱ)
- Burma:
- China:
- Iraq:
- *Erākaz m (Arabic العراق via Ancient Greek *Ερᾱκος)
- India:
- Japan:
- *Japô m (Icelandic Japan)
- Jordan:
- Kuwait:
- *Huwaitaz m (Arabic الكويت via Ancient Greek *Χουαιτος)
- Laos:
- *Lāwaz m (Sanskrit लाव् (lāv))
- Lebanon:
- *Lubnānaz m (Arabic لبنان via Ancient Greek *Λοβνᾱνος)
- Malaysia:
- *Mālaisijō f (Arabic ماليزيا)
- Oman:
- *Umānaz m (Arabic عُمان (ʕumān) via Ancient Greek *Ομᾱνος)
- Philippines:
- *Filippīnōz f pl (Ancient Greek Φῐ́λῐππος (Phĭ́lĭppos))
- Qatar:
- *Kataraz m (Arabic قطر via Ancient Greek *Καταρος)
- Saudi Arabia:
- *Suūdīyō f (Arabic السعودية via Ancient Greek *Σοουδῑᾱ)
- Singapore:
- *Sinhapuraz m (Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhapura))
- Syria:
- Thailand:
- United Arab Emirates:
- *Imārātōz f pl (Arabic الإمارات via Ancient Greek *Εμᾱρᾱται)
- Yemen:
- *Jamanaz m (Arabic اليمن via Ancient Greek *Ιαμανος)
America
[edit]- America:
- *Westrahalbǭ f ("Western half", Old Norse Vestrhálfa)
- *Amirikō f (New Latin America)
- Canada:
- United States
Oceania
[edit]- Oceania:
- Australia:
- Indonesia:
- Micronesia:
- New Caledonia:
- New Zealand:
Europe
[edit]- Europe:
- Albania:
- *Albanjō f (Ancient Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía))
- Andorra:
- *Andurrō f
- Armenia:
- *Arminjō f (Ancient Greek Ἀρμενία (Armenía))
- Austria:
- *Austrarīkiją n ("Eastern kingdom", German Österreich)
- Belarus:
- Belgium:
- Bosnia and Herzegovina:
- Bulgaria:
- *Bulgarjō f (Latin Bulgaria)
- Croatia:
- *Harwātijō f (Proto-Slavic *xorvatъ)
- Cyprus:
- *Kipraz m (Ancient Greek Κῠ́προς (Kŭ́pros))
- Czechia:
- *Keluhijō f (Proto-Slavic *čelověkъ + *ъхъ)
- *Keluhǭ Rēpūblikō f ("the Czech Republic", English Czech Republic)
- *Keluhulandą n (Icelandic Tékkland)
- Denmark:
- Estonia:
- *Istunjō f (Latin Estonia)
- Finland:
- France:
- Germany:
- Great Britain:
- Greece:
- Hungary:
- *Hungārijō f (Latin Hungaria)
- Iceland:
- Ireland:
- Italy:
- *Ītaljō f (Latin Ītalia)
- Latvia:
- *Latwijō f (Latvian Latvija)
- Liechtenstein:
- Lithuania:
- *Lītuwānijō f (Proto-Slavic *Litъva)
- Luxembourg:
- Macedonia:
- *Makidunjō f (Ancient Greek Μᾰκεδονῐ́ᾱ (Măkedonĭ́ā))
- Malta:
- *Militō f (Latin Melita)
- Moldova:
- Monaco:
- *Munuikaz m (Ancient Greek μόνοικος (mónoikos))
- Montenegro:
- Netherlands:
- *Niþeralandō n pl (Dutch Nederlanden)
- Norway:
- Poland:
- Portugal:
- *Purtuz Kallaz m (Latin Portus Cale)
- Romania:
- *Rōmānijō f (Latin Romanus)
- Russia:
- San Marino:
- Serbia:
- *Sirbijō f (Proto-Slavic *sьrbъ)
- Slovakia:
- *Slawākijō f (Proto-Slavic *slověninъ + *-akъ)
- Slovenia:
- *Slawēnijō f (Proto-Slavic *slověninъ)
- Spain:
- *Hispānijō f (Latin Hispānia)
- Sweden:
- Switzerland:
- Turkey:
- Ukraine:
- United Kingdom
- Vatican City:
- *Wātikānō Kīwitāts f (Latin Cīvitās Vāticāna)
Regions/provinces
[edit]Asia
[edit]India
[edit]- Andhra Pradesh:
- *Āndraz Pradēsaz m (आन्ध्र प्रदेश (āndhra pradeśa) via Ancient Greek *Ᾱνδρος Πραδησος)
- Arunachal Pradesh:
- *Arunāsalaz Pradēsaz m (अरुणाचल प्रदेश (aruṇācala pradeśa) via Ancient Greek *Αρονᾱσαλος Πραδησος)
- Assam:
- *Asamaz m (असम (asama) via Ancient Greek *Ασαμος)
- Bihar:
- *Bihāraz m (बिहार (bihāra) via Ancient Greek *Βιᾱρος)
- Chhattisgarh:
- *Sattīsagaraz m (छत्तीसगढ़ via Ancient Greek *Σαττεισαγαρος)
- Goa:
- *Gōwō f (गोवा (govā) via Ancient Greek *Γωᾱ)
- Gujarat:
- *Guzarātaz m (गुजरात (gujarāta) via Ancient Greek *Γοζαρᾱτος)
- Haryana:
- *Harijānō f (हरियाणा (hariyāṇā) via Ancient Greek *Ἁριᾱνᾱς)
- Himachal Pradesh:
- *Himāsalaz Pradēsaz m (हिमाचल प्रदेश (himācala pradeśa) via Ancient Greek *Ἱμᾱσαλος Πραδησος)
- Jharkhand:
- *Zārahandaz m (केरल (kerala) via Ancient Greek *Ζᾱραχανδος)
- Karnataka:
- *Karnātakaz m (कर्नाटक (karnāṭaka) via Ancient Greek *Καρνᾱτακος)
- Kerala:
- *Kēralaz m (केरल (kerala) via Ancient Greek *Κηραλος)
- Ladakh:
- *Laddāhaz m (लद्दाख़ via Ancient Greek *Λαδδᾱχος)
- Madhya Pradesh:
- *Madjaz Pradēsaz m (मध्य प्रदेश (madhya pradeśa) via Ancient Greek *Μαδιος Πραδησος)
- Maharashtra:
- *Mahārāstraz m (महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra) via Ancient Greek *Μαᾱρᾱστρος)
- Manipur:
- *Manipuraz m (मणिपुर (maṇipura) via Ancient Greek *Μανιπορος)
- Meghalaya:
- *Mēgālajaz m (मेघालय (meghālaya) via Ancient Greek *Μηγᾱλαιος)
- Mizoram:
- *Mizōramaz m (मिज़ोरम via Ancient Greek *Μιζωραμος)
- Nagaland:
- *Nāgālaindaz m (नागालैण्ड (nāgālaiṇḍa) via Ancient Greek *Νᾱγᾱλαινδος)
- Odisha:
- *Ōdisaz m (ओडिशा (oḍiśā) via Ancient Greek *Ωδισος)
- Punjab:
- *Panzābaz m (पंजाब (paṃjāba) via Ancient Greek *Πανζᾱβος)
- Rajasthan:
- *Rāzasþānaz m (राजस्थान (rājasthāna) via Ancient Greek *Ρᾱζασθᾱνος)
- Sikkim:
- *Sikkimaz m (सिक्किम (sikkima) via Ancient Greek *Σικκιμος)
- Tamil Nadu:
- *Tamilaz Nāduz m (तमिल नाडु (tamila nāḍu) via Ancient Greek *Ταμιλος Νᾱδυς)
- Telangana:
- *Tēlangānāz f (तेलंगाना (telaṃgānā) via Ancient Greek *Τηλαγγᾱνᾱ)
- Tripura:
- *Tripurō f (त्रिपुरा (tripurā) via Ancient Greek *Τριπορᾱ)
- Uttar Pradesh:
- *Uttaraz Pradēsaz m (उत्तर प्रदेश (uttara pradeśa) via Ancient Greek *Οτταρος Πραδησος)
- Uttarakhand:
- *Uttarāhandaz m (उत्तराखण्ड (uttarākhaṇḍa) via Ancient Greek *Οτταρᾱχανδος)
- West Bengal:
- *Passimas Bangālaz m (पश्चिम बंगाल (paścima baṃgāla) via Ancient Greek *Πασσιμος Βαγγᾱλος)
- *Westrōnijaz Bangālaz m
Oman
[edit]- Ad Dakhiliyah:
- *Addāhilījō f (Arabic الداخلية via Ancient Greek *Αδδᾱχελεια)
- Ad Dhahirah:
- *Azāerō f (Arabic الظاهرة via Ancient Greek *Αζᾱερᾱ)
- Al Batinah:
- *Albātinō f (Arabic الباطنة via Ancient Greek *Αλβᾱτενᾱ)
- Al Wusta:
- *Alwustāz m (Arabic الوسطى via Ancient Greek *Αλουοστας)
- Ash Sharqiyah:
- *Assarhījō f (Arabic الشرقية via Ancient Greek *Ασσαρχεια)
- Dhofar:
- *Zufāraz m (Arabic ظفار via Ancient Greek *Ζοφᾱρος)
- Musandam:
- *Musandamaz m (Arabic مسندم via Ancient Greek *Μοσανδαμος)
Pakistan
[edit]- Balochistan:
- *Balūsistānaz m (बलूचिस्तान (balūcistāna) via Ancient Greek *Βαλουσιστᾱνος)
- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:
- *Haibaraz Pahtūnahwō f (ख़ैबर पख़्तूनख़्वा via Ancient Greek *Χαιβαρος Πακτουναχουᾱ)
- Punjab:
- *Panzābaz m (पंजाब (paṃjāba) via Ancient Greek *Πανζᾱβος)
- Sindh:
- *Sindaz m (सिंध (siṃdha) via Ancient Greek *Σινδος)
Saudi Arabia
[edit]- Asir:
- *Asīraz m (Arabic عَسِيرٌ (ʕasīrun) via Ancient Greek *Ασῑρος)
- Hejaz:
- *Igāzaz m (Arabic ٱلْحِجَاز (l-ḥijāz) via Ancient Greek *Ἑγᾱζος)
- Najd:
- *Nagdaz m (Arabic نَجْدٌ (najdun) via Ancient Greek *Ναγδος)
Yemen
[edit]- Hadramaut:
- *Adramauþaz f (Arabic حضرموت via Ancient Greek *Αδραμαυθος)
- Socotra:
- *Sukutrāz f (Arabic سقطرى via Ancient Greek *Σοκοτρᾱς)
Europe
[edit]Germany
[edit]- Bavaria:
- *Bāuwarją n (Proto-Celtic *bāus (“cow”))
- Saxony:
- *Sahsą n
The Netherlands
[edit]- Drenthe:
- *Þrihantją n
- Friesland:
- Limburg:
- North Holland:
- Overijssel:
- *Uberīsalō f
- South Holland:
- Twente:
- *Twihantją n
- Zeeland:
Portugal
[edit]- Algarve:
- *Algarbaz m (Arabic الْغَرْب (al-ḡarb))
- Azores:
- *Akkipitrīz m pl (Latin accipiter)
- Madeira:
- *Māterjō f (Latin materia)
Spain
[edit]- Canary Islands:
- Catalonia:
- *Katalunjō f (Catalan Catalunya)
- Extremadura:
- Galicia:
- *Gallaikjō f (Latin Gallaecia)
Switzerland
[edit]- Aargau:
- *Argawją n
- Appenzell:
- Ticino:
- *Tīkīnaz m (Latin Ticinus)
- Valais:
- *Walliz f (Latin vallis)
- Vaud:
- *Walþuz m
United Kingdom
[edit]- England:
- Northern Ireland:
- *Nurþrōniją Īralandą n
- Scotland:
- Wales:
North America
[edit]Canada
[edit]- New Brunswick:
- Newfoundland and Labrador:
- Nova Scotia:
- *Nuwō Skōtjō f (Latin Nova Scōtia)
- *Niwją Skōtīlandą n ("New Scotland")
- Ontario:
- *Untarjō f
- Prince Edward Island:
- *Prīnkepaz Audawardauz Awjōlandą n ("Prince Edward's island", Latin prī̆nceps)
Oceania
[edit]Australia
[edit]- Australian Capital Territory:
- New South Wales:
- Northern Territory:
- *Nurþrōniją Territōriją n (Latin territōrium)
- Queensland:
- South Australia:
- *Sunþrō Austrālijō f
- Tasmania:
- *Tasmanjō f (Dutch Tasman)
- Victoria:
- *Wihtōrijō f (Latin victōria)
- Western Australia:
- *Westrōnijō Austrālijō f
Cities
[edit]Africa
[edit]Algeria
[edit]- Algiers:
- *Algāsirôz f pl (Arabic الجزائر via Ancient Greek *Αλγᾱζεραι)
- Constantine:
- *Kōnstantīnō f (Latin Constantina)
- Oran:
- *Warānaz m (Arabic وَهران via Ancient Greek *Ουαρᾱνος)
Egypt
[edit]- Alexandria:
- *Alihsandrījō f (Ancient Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Alexándreia))
- Aswan:
- *Sijīnō f (Ancient Greek Συήνη (Suḗnē))
- Cairo:
- *Kājirō f (Arabic القاهرة via Ancient Greek *Κᾱερᾱ)
- Giza:
- *Gīsō f (Arabic الجيزة via Ancient Greek *Γῑζᾱ)
- Mansoura:
- *Mansūrō f (Arabic المنصورة via Ancient Greek *Μανσουρᾱ)
- Port Said:
- Suez:
- *Suwaisaz m (Arabic السويس via Ancient Greek *Σουαισος)
Libya
[edit]- Benghazi:
- *Bangāsī f (Arabic بنغازي via Ancient Greek *Βανγᾱζῑ)
- Sirte:
- *Sirtiz f (Ancient Greek Σύρτις (Súrtis))
- Tobruk:
- *Antipirgaz m (Ancient Greek Αντίπυργος (Antípurgos))
- Tripoli:
- *Tripuliz f (Ancient Greek Τρίπολις (Trípolis))
Mauritania
[edit]- Nouakchott:
- *Nuwāhsūtaz m (Arabic نواكشوط via Ancient Greek *Νουᾱξουτος)
Morocco
[edit]- Casablanca:
- Fez:
- *Fāsaz m (Arabic فاس (fās) via Ancient Greek *Φᾱσος)
- Marrakesh:
- *Murrahusaz m (Arabic مراكش via Ancient Greek *Μορραχοσος)
- Meknes:
- *Mihnāsaz m (Arabic مكناس via Ancient Greek *Μεχνᾱσος)
- Rabat:
- *Rebātaz m (Arabic الرِّبَاط (ar-ribāṭ) via Ancient Greek *Ρεβᾱτος)
- Tangier:
- Tingiz f (Ancient Greek Τιγγίς (Tingís))
Somalia
[edit]- Mogadishu:
- *Makadīsūz m (Arabic مقديشو via Ancient Greek *Μακαδῑσους)
Sudan
[edit]- Khartoum:
- *Hartūmaz m (Arabic أم درمان via Ancient Greek *Χαρτουμος)
- Omdurman:
- *Umbdurmānaz m (Arabic ٱلْـخَـرْطُـوْم (l-ḵarṭuwm) via Ancient Greek *Ομβδορμᾱνος)
Tunisia
[edit]- Sfax:
- *Sifākisaz m (Arabic صفاقس via Ancient Greek *Σιφᾱκεσος)
- Sousse:
- *Sūsō f (Arabic سوسة via Ancient Greek *Σουσᾱ)
- Tunis:
- *Þūnisaz m (Arabic تونس via Ancient Greek *Θουνεσος)
Asia
[edit]Afghanistan
[edit]- Ghazni:
- *Gaznīz m (Arabic غزني via Ancient Greek *Γαζνῑς)
- Herat:
- *Erāþaz m (Arabic هرات via Ancient Greek *Ερᾱθος)
- Jalalabad:
- *Galālābādaz m (Arabic جلال آباد via Ancient Greek *Γαλᾱλᾱβᾱδος)
- Kabul:
- *Hābulaz m (Arabic کابل via Ancient Greek *Χᾱβολος)
- Kandahar:
- *Kandaāraz m (Arabic قندهار via Ancient Greek *Κανδαᾱρος)
- Khost:
- *Hausþaz m (Arabic خوست via Ancient Greek *Χαυσθος)
- Kunduz:
- *Kundūzaz m (Arabic قندوز via Ancient Greek *Κονδουζος)
- Mazar-i-Sharif:
- *Mazārisarīfaz m (Arabic مزار شریف via Ancient Greek *Μαζᾱρεσαρῑφος)
- Puli Khumri:
- *Fulikumbrīz m (Arabic پلخمری via Ancient Greek *Φολεχομβρῑς)
- Taloqan:
- *Tālukānaz m (Arabic طالقان via Ancient Greek *Τᾱλοκᾱνος)
Bahrain
[edit]- Manama:
- *Manāmō f (Arabic المنامة via Ancient Greek *Μανᾱμᾱ)
Bangladesh
[edit]- Barisal:
- *Barisālaz m (বরিশাল (boriśal) via Ancient Greek *Βαρισᾱλος)
- Chittagong:
- *Sattagrāmaz m (চট্টগ্রাম (coṭṭogram) via Ancient Greek *Σατταγρᾱμος)
- Dhaka:
- *Dākō f (ঢাকা (ḍhaka) via Ancient Greek *Δᾱκᾱ)
- Khulna:
- *Hulanō f (খুলনা (khulna) via Ancient Greek *Χολανᾱ)
- Mymensingh:
- *Majamanasin(h)az m (ময়মনসিংহ (moẏomnośiṅho) via Ancient Greek *Μαιαμανασιγγος)
- Rajshahi:
- *Rāzasāhīz m (রাজশাহী (rajśahi) via Ancient Greek *Ρᾱζασᾱεις)
- Rangpur:
- *Rampuraz m (রংপুর (roṅpur) via Ancient Greek *Ραμπορος)
- Sylhet:
- *Silētaz m (সিলেট (śileṭ) via Ancient Greek *Σιλητος)
India
[edit]- Agartala:
- *Agaratalō f (शिमला (śimlā) via Ancient Greek *Αγαραταλᾱ)
- Ahmedabad:
- *Amadāwādaz m (અમદાવાદ (amadāvād) via Ancient Greek *Αμαδᾱουᾱδος)
- Aizawl:
- *Aizōlaz m (अइज़ोल (aizol) via Ancient Greek *Αιζωλος)
- Amaravati:
- *Amarāwatīz m (अमरावती (amrāvtī) via Ancient Greek *Αμαρᾱουατεις)
- Bengaluru:
- *Bangalauraz m (बंगलौर (baṅglaur) via Ancient Greek *Βαγγαλαυρος)
- Bhopal:
- *Bōpālaz m (कानपुर (kānpur) via Ancient Greek *Βωπᾱλος)
- Bhubaneswar:
- *Buwanēswaraz m (भुवनेश्वर (bhuvneśvar) via Ancient Greek *Βουανησουαρος)
- Chandigarh:
- *Sandīgar(h)az m (चण्डीगढ़ (caṇḍīgaṛh) via Ancient Greek *Σανδειγαρος)
- Chennai:
- *Sēnnaīz m (चेन्नई (cennaī) via Ancient Greek *Σηνναεις)
- Daman:
- *Damanaz m (दमन (daman) via Ancient Greek *Δαμανος)
- Dehradun:
- *Dēharādūnaz m (देहरादून (dehrādūn) via Ancient Greek *Δηαρᾱδουνος)
- Delhi:
- *Dillīz m (दिल्ली (dillī) via Ancient Greek *Διλλεις)
- Dharamshala:
- *Darmasālō f (शिमला (śimlā) via Ancient Greek *Δαρμασᾱλᾱ)
- Dimapur:
- *Dīmāpuraz m (दीमापुर (dīmāpur) via Ancient Greek *Δειμᾱπορος)
- Dispur:
- *Disapuraz m (दिसपुर (dispur) via Ancient Greek *Δεσαπορος)
- Faridabad:
- *Farīdābādaz m (फरीदाबाद (pharīdābād) via Ancient Greek *Φαρειδᾱβᾱδος)
- Gairsain:
- *Gairasainnaz m (गैरसैंण (gairsa͠iṇ) via Ancient Greek *Γαιρασαιννος)
- Gandhinagar:
- *Gāndīnagaraz m (बंगलौर (baṅglaur) via Ancient Greek *Γᾱνδειναγαρος)
- Gangtok:
- *Gāntōkaz m (गान्तोक (gāntok) via Ancient Greek *Γᾱντωκος)
- Guwahati:
- *Guwāhātīz m (गुवाहाटी (guvāhāṭī) via Ancient Greek *Γουᾱᾱτεις)
- Hyderabad:
- *Haidarābādaz m (हैदराबाद (haidrābād) via Ancient Greek *Ἁιδαρᾱβᾱδος)
- Imphal:
- *Imfālaz m (कोच्चि (kocci) via Ancient Greek *Εμφᾱλος)
- Indore:
- *Indauraz m (इन्दौर (indaur) via Ancient Greek *Ενδαυρος)
- Itanagar:
- *Ītānagaraz m (ईटानगर (īṭāngar) via Ancient Greek *Ειτᾱναγαρος)
- Jaipur:
- *Zajapuraz m (जयपुर (jaypur) via Ancient Greek *Ζαιαπορος)
- Jammu:
- *Zammūz m (जम्मू (jammū) via Ancient Greek *Ζαμμους)
- Jamshedpur:
- *Zamasēdapuraz m (जमशेदपुर (jamśedpur) via Ancient Greek *Ζαμασηδαπορος)
- Kanpur:
- *Kānapuraz m (कानपुर (kānpur) via Ancient Greek *Κᾱναπορος)
- Kargil:
- *Kāragilaz m (कारगिल (kārgil) via Ancient Greek *Κᾱραγιλος)
- Kavaratti:
- *Kawarattīz m (कवरत्ती (kavrattī) via Ancient Greek *Καουαραττεις)
- Kochi:
- *Kōssīz m (कोच्चि (kocci) via Ancient Greek *Κωσσεις)
- Kolkata:
- *Kalakātō f (কলকাতা (kolkata) via Ancient Greek *Καλακᾱτᾱ)
- Kohima:
- *Kōhimō f (कोहिमा (kohimā) via Ancient Greek *Κωιμᾱ)
- Leh:
- Lucknow:
- *Lahanaūz m (लखनऊ (lakhnaū) via Ancient Greek *Λαχαναους)
- Ludhiana:
- *Ludijānō f (चेन्नई (cennaī) via Ancient Greek *Λοδειᾱνᾱ)
- Mumbai:
- *Mumbaīz m (मुंबई (mumbaī) via Ancient Greek *Μομβαεις)
- Nagpur:
- *Nāgapuraz m (नागपुर (nāgpur) via Ancient Greek *Νᾱγαπορος)
- Panaji:
- *Panazīz m (पणजी (paṇjī) via Ancient Greek *Παναζεις)
- Patna:
- *Patanō f (पटना (paṭnā) via Ancient Greek *Πατανᾱ)
- Pondicherry:
- *Pudusērīz m (पुदुचेरी (puducerī) via Ancient Greek *Ποδοσηρεις)
- Raipur:
- *Rājapuraz m (रायपुर (rāypur) via Ancient Greek *Ρᾱιαπορος)
- Ranchi:
- *Rānsīz m (राँची (rā̃cī) via Ancient Greek *Ρᾱνσεις)
- Shillong:
- *Silāngaz m (शिलांग (śilāṅg) via Ancient Greek *Σιλᾱγγος)
- Shimla:
- *Simalō f (शिमला (śimlā) via Ancient Greek *Σιμαλᾱ)
- Srinagar:
- *Srīnagaraz m (श्रीनगर (śrīngar) via Ancient Greek *Σρειναγαρος)
- Thiruvananthapuram:
- *Tiruwanantapuramaz m (तिरुवनन्तपुरम (tiruvnantapuram) via Ancient Greek *Τερουανανταποραμος)
- Visakhapatnam:
- *Wisākapatnamaz m (विशाखपट्नम (viśākhpaṭnam) via Ancient Greek *Ουεσᾱχαπατναμος)
Iran
[edit]- Ahvaz:
- *Awāsaz m (Arabic الأهواز via Ancient Greek *Αυᾱζος)
- Esfahan:
- *Isfānaz m (Arabic اصفهان via Ancient Greek *Εσφαᾱνας)
- Karaj:
- *Haragaz m (Arabic كرج via Ancient Greek *Χαραγος)
- Mashhad:
- *Masadaz m (Arabic مشهد via Ancient Greek *Μασαδος)
- Qom:
- *Kumaz m (Arabic قم via Ancient Greek *Κομος)
- Shiraz:
- *Sīrāsaz m (Arabic شيراز via Ancient Greek *Σῑρᾱζος)
- Tabriz:
- *Þabrīsaz m (Arabic تبريز via Ancient Greek *Θαβρῑζος)
- Tehran:
- *Terānaz m (Arabic طهران via Ancient Greek *Τερᾱνος)
Iraq
[edit]- Baghdad:
- *Bagdādaz m (Arabic بغداد via Ancient Greek *Βαγδᾱδος)
- Basra:
- *Basrō f (Arabic البصرة via Ancient Greek *Βασρᾱ)
- Erbil:
- *Arbīlō f (Ancient Greek Ἄρβηλα (Árbēla))
- Mosul:
- *Mausilaz m (Arabic الموصل via Ancient Greek *Μαυσελος)
Jordan
[edit]- Amman:
- *Ammānaz m (Arabic عَمّان (ʕammān) via Ancient Greek *Αμμᾱνος)
- Aqaba:
- *Akabō f (Arabic العقبة via Ancient Greek *Ακαβᾱ)
Kyrgyzstan
[edit]- Bishkek:
- *Bīshihaz m (Arabic بيشكك via Ancient Greek *Βῑσχεχος)
- Osh:
- *Ōsaz m (Arabic أوش via Ancient Greek *Ωσος)
Lebanon
[edit]- Beirut:
- *Bairūþaz m (Arabic بيروت via Ancient Greek *Βαιρουθος)
- Sidon:
- *Sīdǭ f (Ancient Greek Σιδών (Sidṓn))
- Tripoli:
- *Tripuliz f (Ancient Greek Τρίπολις (Trípolis))
- Tyre:
- *Tiraz m (Ancient Greek Τύρος (Túros))
Myanmar
[edit]- Bago:
- *Paihūz (z-stem) m (ပုသိမ် (pu.sim) via Ancient Greek *Παιχους (s-stem))
- Dawei:
- *Þāswaiz m (ထားဝယ် (hta:wai) via Ancient Greek *Θᾱσουαις)
- Hakha:
- *Hāshāz (z-stem) m (ဟားခါး (ha:hka:) via Ancient Greek *Ᾱσχᾱς (s-stem))
- Loikaw:
- *Luinkauz m (လွိုင်ကော် (lwuingkau) via Ancient Greek *Λουεγκαυς)
- Magwe:
- *Makwēz (z-stem) m (မကွေး (ma.kwe:) via Ancient Greek *Μακουης (s-stem))
- Mandalay:
- *Mantalēz (z-stem) m (မန္တလေး (manta.le:) via Ancient Greek *Μανταλης (s-stem))
- Mawlamyine:
- *Maulamrijų (n-stem) m (မော်လမြိုင် (maula.mruing) via Ancient Greek *Μαυλαμριος (n-stem))
- Monywa:
- *Munruwō f (မုံရွာ (mum-rwa) via Ancient Greek *Μονρουᾱ)
- Myitkyina:
- *Mrakkīsnāz (z-stem) m (မြစ်ကြီးနား (mrackri:na:) via Ancient Greek *Μρακκεισνᾱς (s-stem))
- Naypyidaw:
- *Nēprantauz m (နေပြည်တော် (ne-pranytau) via Ancient Greek *Νηπρανταυς)
- Pa-an:
- *Bāsô (an-stem) m (ဘားအံ (bha:am) via Ancient Greek *Βᾱσαν)
- Pathein:
- *Pusimz m (ပဲခူး (pai:hku:) via Ancient Greek *Ποσεμ)
- Sittwe:
- *Sahtwēz m (စစ်တွေ (cactwe) via Ancient Greek *Σακτουης)
- Taunggyi:
- *Tōnkrīz (z-stem) m (တောင်ကြီး (taungkri:) via Ancient Greek *Τωγκρεις (s-stem))
- Yangon:
- *Rankų (n-stem) m (ရန်ကုန် (rankun) via Ancient Greek *Ρανκως (n-stem))
Nepal
[edit]- Biratnagar:
- *Wirātanagaraz m (विराटनगर (virāṭangar) via Ancient Greek *Ουερᾱταναγαρος)
- Birendranagar:
- *Wīrēndranagaraz m (वीरेन्द्रनगर (vīrendrangar) via Ancient Greek *Ουειρηνδραναγαρος)
- Deukhuri:
- *Dēuhurīz f (देउखुरी (deukhurī) via Ancient Greek *Δηοχορεις)
- Godawari:
- *Gōdāwarīz f (गोदावरी (godāvrī) via Ancient Greek *Γωδᾱουαρεις)
- Hetauda:
- *Hētaudō f (हेटौडा (heṭauḍā) via Ancient Greek *Ἡταυδᾱ)
- Janakpur:
- *Zanakapuraz m (जनकपुर (janakpur) via Ancient Greek *Ζανακαπορος)
- Kathmandu:
- *Kāþamādaų (n-stem) f (काठमाडौँ (kāṭhmāḍa͠u) via Ancient Greek *Κᾱθαμᾱδαυς (n-stem))
- Pokhara:
- *Pōharō f (हेटौडा (heṭauḍā) via Ancient Greek *Πωχαρᾱ)
Oman
[edit]- Muscat:
- *Maskataz m (Arabic مسقط via Ancient Greek *Μασκατος)
- Salalah:
- *Salālō f (Arabic صلالة via Ancient Greek *Σαλᾱλᾱ)
Palestine
[edit]- Bethlehem:
- *Bīþlijimō f (Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém))
- Gaza:
- *Gasō f (Ancient Greek Γάζα (Gáza))
- Hebron:
- *Hebrǭ f (Ancient Greek Χεβρών (Khebrṓn))
- Jericho:
- *Jirīhō f (Ancient Greek Ἰεριχώ (Ierikhṓ))
- Nablus:
- Ramallah:
- *Rāmallāaz m (Arabic رام الله (rām allāh) via Ancient Greek *Ρᾱμαλλᾱος)
Pakistan
[edit]- Faisalabad:
- *Faisalābādaz m (फ़ैसलाबाद (faislābād) via Ancient Greek *Φαισαλᾱβᾱδος)
- Gilgit:
- *Gilagitaz m (गिलगित (gilgit) via Ancient Greek *Γελαγετος)
- Gujranwala:
- *Guzarānwālō f (गुजरांवाला (gujrāmvālā) via Ancient Greek *Γοζαρᾱνουᾱλᾱ)
- Hyderabad:
- *Haidarābādaz m (हैदराबाद (haidrābād) via Ancient Greek *Αιδαρᾱβᾱδος)
- Islamabad:
- *Islāmābādaz m (इस्लामाबाद (islāmābād) via Ancient Greek *Εσλᾱμᾱβᾱδος)
- Karachi:
- *Karāsīz m (कराची (karācī) via Ancient Greek *Καρᾱσεις)
- Lahore:
- *Lāhauraz m (लाहौर (lāhaur) via Ancient Greek *Λᾱαυρος)
- Multan:
- *Multānaz m (मुल्तान (multān) via Ancient Greek *Μολτᾱνος)
- Muzaffarabad:
- *Muzaffarābādaz m (मुज़फ़्फ़राबाद (muzaffarābād) via Ancient Greek *Μοζαπφαρᾱβᾱδος)
- Peshawar:
- *Pēsāwaraz m (पेशावर (peśāvar) via Ancient Greek *Πησᾱουαρος)
- Quetta:
- *Kwētō f (क्वेटा (kveṭā) via Ancient Greek *Κουητᾱ)
- Rawalpindi:
- *Rāwalapindīz m (रावलपिंडी (rāvalpiṇḍī) via Ancient Greek *Ρᾱουαλαπενδῑς)
Qatar
[edit]- Doha:
- *Dawō f (Arabic الدوحة via Ancient Greek *Δαυᾱ)
Saudi Arabia
[edit]- Dammam:
- *Dammāmaz m (Arabic الدمام via Ancient Greek *Δαμμᾱμος)
- Jeddah:
- *Geddō f (Arabic جدة via Ancient Greek *Γεδδᾱ)
- Mecca:
- *Mahhō f (Arabic مكة via Ancient Greek *Μαχχᾱ)
- Medina:
- *Madīnō f (Arabic المدينة via Ancient Greek *Μαδῑνᾱ)
- Riyadh:
- *Rijāsaz m (Arabic الرياض via Ancient Greek *Ρειᾱσος)
Sri Lanka
[edit]- Anuradhapura:
- *Anurādapurajaz m (අනුරාධපුරය (anurādhapuraya) via Ancient Greek *Ανορᾱδαποραιος)
- Badulla:
- Colombo:
- Galle:
- Jaffna:
- *Jālpānamz (m-stem) m (யாழ்ப்பாணம் (yāḻppāṇam) via Ancient Greek *Ιᾱλπᾱναμ)
- *Jāpanajaz m (යාපනය (yāpanaya) via Ancient Greek *Ιᾱπαναιος)
- Kandy:
- Kurunegala:
- *Kurunākalz (l-stem) m (யாழ்ப்பாணம் (yāḻppāṇam) via Ancient Greek *Κορονᾱκαλ)
- *Kurunēgalaz m (කුරුණෑගල (kuruṇǣgala) via Ancient Greek *Κορονηγαλος)
- Ratnapura:
- *Ratnapuraz m (රත්නපුර (ratnapura) via Ancient Greek *Ρατναπορος)
- Trincomalee:
- *Tirukōnamalaiz m (திருகோணமலை (tirukōṇamalai) via Ancient Greek *Τιροκωναμαλαις)
- *Trikunāmalajaz m (ත්රිකුණාමළය (trikuṇāmaḷaya) via Ancient Greek *Τρικονᾱμαλαιος)
Syria
[edit]- Aleppo:
- Damascus:
- *Damaskaz m (Ancient Greek Δαμασκός (Damaskós))
- Deir ez-Zor:
- *Dairasūraz m (Arabic دير الزور via Ancient Greek *Δαιραζουρος)
- Hama:
- *Īmaþaz m (Ancient Greek Ημαθ (Ēmath))
- Homs:
- *Imisō f (Ancient Greek Ἔμεσα (Émesa))
- Latakia:
- *Laudikījō f (Ancient Greek Λαοδίκεια (Laodíkeia))
- Raqqa:
- *Rakkō m (Arabic الرقة via Ancient Greek *Ρακκᾱ)
Tajikistan
[edit]- Dushanbe:
- *Dūsanbiaz m (Arabic دوشنبه via Ancient Greek *Δουσανβεος)
- Khujand:
- *Hugandō f (Arabic خجندة via Ancient Greek *Χογανδᾱ)
Turkey
[edit]- Istanbul:
- *Ēstēnpuliz f (Byzantine Greek εἰς τὴν Πόλιν (eis tḕn Pólin, “to the City”)
- *Kunstantinupuliz f (Ancient Greek Κωνστᾰντῑνούπολῐς (Kōnstăntīnoúpolĭs))
- *Mikilagardaz m (Old Norse Miklagarðr)
- *Kaisaraburgz f ("emperor city", calque of Ancient Greek expression Βασιλέως Πόλις (Basiléōs Pólis, “the city of the emperor”))
United Arab Emirates
[edit]- Abu Dhabi:
- *Abūzabī f (Arabic أبو ظبي via Ancient Greek *Αβουζαβῑ)
- Ajman:
- *Agmānaz m (Arabic عجمان via Ancient Greek *Αγμᾱνος)
- Al Ain:
- *Alainaz m (Arabic ٱلْـعَـيْـن (l-ʕayn) via Ancient Greek *Αλαινος)
- Dubai:
- *Dubajaz m (Arabic دبي via Ancient Greek *Δοβαιος)
- Fujairah:
- *Fugairō f (Arabic الفجيرة via Ancient Greek *Φογαιρᾱ)
- Ras Al Khaimah:
- *Rāsalhaimō f (Arabic رأس الخيمة via Ancient Greek *Ρᾱσαλχαιμᾱ)
- Sharjah:
- *Sārikō f (Arabic الشارقة via Ancient Greek *Σᾱρεκᾱ)
- Umm Al Quwayn:
- *Ummalkuwainaz m (Arabic أم القيوين via Ancient Greek *Ομμαλκουαινος)
Yemen
[edit]- Aden:
- *Adinaz m (Arabic عدن via Ancient Greek *Αδενος)
- Al Hudaydah:
- *Aludaidō f (Arabic الْحُدَيْدَة (al-ḥudayda) via Ancient Greek *Αλοδαιδᾱ)
- Sana'a:
- *Sanāaz m (Arabic صَنْعَاء (ṣanʕāʔ) via Ancient Greek *Σανᾱος)
- Taiz:
- *Þaisaz m (Arabic تعز via Ancient Greek *Θαεζος)
Europe
[edit]Austria
[edit]- Eisenstadt:
- Feldkirch:
- Graz:
- Innsbruck:
- Klagenfurt:
- Linz:
- *Lintijō f (Latin Lentia)
- Salzburg:
- St. Pölten:
- *Sanhtaz (Hip)pulitaz m (Latin sanctus + Latin Hippolytus)
Belarus
[edit]Belgium
[edit]- Antwerp:
- Bruges:
- *Brugjǭ f
- Brussels:
- Charleroi:
- Ghent:
- *Gandaz m
- Liège:
- *Liudikaz m
- Namur:
- *Namūrką n (Latin Namurcum)
- Tournai:
- *Turnaką n (Latin Tornacum)
Denmark
[edit]France
[edit]- Agen:
- *Aginną n (Latin Aginnum)
- Aire:
- *Aturō f (Latin Atura)
- Ajaccio:
- *Adjakją n (Latin Adiacium)
- Amiens:
- *Ambijanaz m (Latin Ambiani)
- Angers:
- *Andikawaz m (Latin Andecavi)
- Avignon:
- *Awinjǭ f (Latin Avenio)
- Bayonne:
- *Bajunō f (Latin Baiona)
- Beauvais:
- *Belluwakumą n (Latin Bellovacum)
- Belfort:
- Besançon:
- Bordeaux:
- *Burdigalō f (Latin Burdigala)
- Colmar:
- *Kulumbōriją n (Latin Columbārium)
- Dax:
- Dijon:
- *Diwjǭ f (Latin Divio)
- Épinal:
- *Spinalją n (Latin Spinalium)
- La Rochelle:
- *Rupillō f (Latin Rupella)
- Lescar:
- *Laskurriz f (Latin Lascurris)
- Lyon:
- *Lugdūną n (Latin Lugdūnum)
- Marseille:
- *Massiljō f (Latin Massilia)
- Melun:
- *Milidūną n (Latin Meledūnum)
- Metz:
- *Midjōmatrikaz m (Latin Mediomatrici)
- *Mettiz m (Latin Mettis)
- Montbéliard:
- *Muntbillijardō f (Latin Montem Billiardae)
- Nancy:
- *Nankijaką n (Latin Nanciacum)
- Nice:
- *Nikajō f (Latin Nicaea)
- Orleans:
- *Auriljaną n (Latin Aurelianum)
- Paris:
- Périgueux:
- *Petrukurją n (Latin Petrocorium)
- Poitiers:
- *Pihtawō f (Latin Pictava)
- Rouen:
- *Rutumagaz m (Latin Rotomagus)
- Saint-Claude:
- Saint-Dié:
- Saint-Étienne:
- Strasbourg:
- Toul:
- *Tullą n (Latin Tollum)
- Toulouse:
- *Tulusō f (Latin Tolosa)
- Troyes:
- *Trikassiją n (Latin Tricassium)
- Verdun:
- *Weradūną n (Latin Verodunum)
Germany
[edit]- Aachen:
- *Ahwō f
- Augsburg:
- *Augustōburgz f (Latin Augusta Vindelicōrum)
- Berlin:
- *Berlīnaz m (Old Polabian *berl-/birl- ("swamp") + Proto-Slavic *-inъ)
- Bochum:
- Bonn:
- *Bunnō f (Latin Bonna)
- Chemnitz:
- Cologne:
- *Kulunjō f (Latin Colonia Agrippina)
- Dortmund:
- *Þrutōmanjō f
- Düsseldorf:
- *Þusilaþurpą n
- Essen:
- Frankfurt:
- Leipzig:
- Mainz:
- *Muguntijaką n (Latin Mogontiacum)
- Munich:
- Münster:
- *Munastīriją n (Ancient Greek μοναστήριον (monastḗrion))
- Stuttgart:
- Trier:
- *Trīwiraz m (Latin Augusta Treverorum)
Greece
[edit]- Athens:
- *Aþīnō f (Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι (Athênai))
- Corfu:
- *Kurkīrō f (Ancient Greek Κόρκῡρᾰ (Kórkūră))
- Corinth:
- *Kurinþaz m (Ancient Greek Κόρινθος (Kórinthos))
- Heraklion:
- *Īraklīją n (Ancient Greek Ηράκλειον (Ērákleion))
- Larissa:
- *Larīsō f (Ancient Greek Λάρισα (Lárisa))
- Patras:
- *Patrôz f pl (Ancient Greek Πάτραι (Pátrai))
- Sparta:
- *Spartō f (Ancient Greek Σπάρτᾱ (Spártā))
- Thessaloniki:
- *Þessalunīkō f (Ancient Greek Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κη (Thessălonī́kē))
Iceland
[edit]Ireland
[edit]- Dublin:
- *Dubulinduz m (Proto-Celtic *dubus (“black”) + Proto-Celtic *lindus (“pool”))
- Waterford:
- Wexford:
- Wicklow:
Italy
[edit]- Aosta:
- *Augustō f (Latin Augusta Praetōria)
- Bari:
- *Barją n (Latin Barium)
- Bologna:
- *Bunōnijō f (Latin Bononia)
- Catanzaro:
- *Katanþiraz m (Ancient Greek Κατανθέρος (Katanthéros))
- Florence:
- *Flōrintijō f (Latin Florentia)
- Genoa:
- *Gen(u)wō f (Latin Genua)
- Milan:
- *Midjōlōną n (Latin Mediolanum)
- Naples:
- *Neāpuliz f (Latin Neapolis)
- Palermo:
- *Panurmaz n (Latin Panormus)
- Perugia:
- *Perūsijō f (Latin Perusia)
- Potenza:
- *Putintijō f (Latin Potentia)
- Rome:
- Trento:
- *Tridintą n (Latin Tridentum)
- Triest:
- *Tirgistą n (Latin Tergestum)
- Turin:
- *Taurīnaz m (Latin Augusta Taurīnōrum)
- Venice:
- *Winitjō f (Latin Venetia)
- Verona:
- *Wīrōnō f (Latin Verona)
The Netherlands
[edit]- Alkmaar:
- Almelo:
- Almere:
- Amersfoort:
- *Amarōsfurduz m
- Amsterdam:
- *Amastalōdammaz m
- Apeldoorn:
- Arnhem:
- Breda:
- Deventer:
- *Dabantrō f (Proto-Celtic *Dabantrā)
- Dordrecht:
- Eindhoven:
- Enschede:
- Gouda:
- Groningen:
- Haarlem:
- Heerhugowaard:
- Heerlen:
- Hilversum:
- Hoofddorp:
- IJmuiden:
- Leiden:
- *Līþōz m
- Maastricht:
- Nijmegen:
- *Nawjamagaz m (Latin Noviomagus)
- Roosendaal:
- 's-Hertogenbosch:
- *(Þanǭ) Buskaz m
- *(Þas) Harjatuginizbuskaz m
- The Hague:
- Utrecht:
- Venlo:
- Zoetermeer:
Poland
[edit]- Bydgoszcz:
- Gdansk:
- *Gudāniskaz m (Proto-Slavic *gъdanьskъ)
- Katowice:
- Lodz:
- *Aldī f (Proto-Slavic *oldi)
- Lublin:
- Szczecin:
- Terespol:
- *Tirisōpuliz f (Teresa + Ancient Greek πόλις (pólis))
Portugal
[edit]- Bragança:
- *Brigantjō f (Latin Brigantia)
- Coimbra:
- *Kunimbrīgō f (Latin Conimbrīga)
- Évora:
- *Eburō f (Latin Ebora)
- Porto:
- *Purtuz m (Latin portus)
- Lisbon:
- *Ulisīpō f (Latin Olisīpō)
Russia
[edit]- Krasnodar:
- Moscow:
- *Maskūz f (Proto-Slavic *mosky)
- Novgorod:
- Rostov:
- Smolensk:
- *Sumaliniskaz f (Proto-Slavic *sъmolьnьskъ)
- Stavropol:
- St. Petersburg:
- Tver:
- *Tihwairiz f (Proto-Slavic *Tьxvěrь)
- Volgograd:
- Yaroslavl:
Spain
[edit]- Barcelona:
- *Barkinōnō f (Latin Barcenona)
- Bilbao:
- *Flāwijabrīgō f (Latin Flaviobriga)
- Burgos:
- *Burgz f
- Ciudad Real:
- Huesca:
- *Uskō f (Latin Osca)
- León:
- *Ligjǭ f (Latin legio)
- Málaga:
- *Malakō f (Latin Malaca)
- Osma:
- *Uhsumō f (Latin Oxoma)
- Palencia:
- *Palintijō f (Latin Palentia)
- Pontevedra:
- *Puntiwitirō f (Vulgar Latin Ponte Vetera)
- Sant Feliu de Llobregat:
- *Sanhtaz Fīliks Rubrikātas f (Latin sanctus + Latin Felix + Latin rubricatus)
- Seville:
- *Hispaliz m (Latin Hispalis)
- Terrassa:
- Toledo:
- *Tulītą n (Latin Toletum)
- Valencia:
- *Walintijō f (Latin Valentia)
- Valladolid:
- *Wallitulitą n (Celtiberian Vallis Tolitum)
- Vitoria:
- *Wihturijō f (Latin Victoria)
- Zaragoza:
- *Kaisaraugustō f (Latin Caesaraugusta)
Sweden
[edit]Switzerland
[edit]- Basel:
- *Basiljō f (Latin Basilia)
- Fribourg:
- Geneva:
- *Genawō f (Latin Genava)
- Lausanna:
- *Lausannō f (Latin Lausanna)
- Neuchâtel:
- Thun:
- *Dūną n (Proto-Celtic *dūnom)
- Zürich:
- *Turīką n (Latin Turicum)
United Kingdom
[edit]- Bath:
- *Baþą n
- Birmingham:
- Bradford:
- Brighton:
- Bristol:
- Canterbury:
- Carlisle:
- *Kagraluguwaliją n (Proto-Celtic *kagrom + Latin Luguvalium)
- Chelmsford:
- Chester:
- *Kastrą (Latin castrum)
- Derby:
- Ely:
- Exeter:
- Gloucester:
- Hereford:
- Lincoln:
- London:
- *Lundīniją (Latin Londinium)
- Manchester:
- Newcastle:
- *Niwjakastillą n (Latin castellum)
- Norwich:
- Oxford:
- Peterborough:
- Portsmouth:
- Preston:
- *Prisbitiratūną n (Ancient Greek πρεσβῠ́τερος (presbŭ́teros))
- St Albans:
- Salford:
- Sheffield:
- Wakefield:
- Wells:
- *Wallijǭ f
- Westminster:
- *Westramunastīriją n (Ancient Greek μοναστήριον (monastḗrion))
- Winchester:
- York:
- *Eburōką n (Latin Eboracum)