Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frumô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fr- (“for, forward”) +‎ *-umô (“superlative”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr- (“before, formerly; through, throughout”) (see *per-) + Pre-Germanic *-m̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *-mHo-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɸru.mɔːː/

Adjective

Proto-Germanic ordinal numbers

	1	2  >
Cardinal : *ainaz     Ordinal : *frumô     Adverbial : *ainas     Multiplier : *ainafalþaz

*frumô

1. first

Synonyms: *frumistaz, *furistaz

Inflection

Declension of *frumô (an/īn-stem)

Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*frumô	*frumaniz	*frumį̄	*frumīniz	*frumô	*frumōnō
Accusative	*frumanų	*frumanunz	*frumīnų	*frumīnunz	*frumô	*frumōnō
Genitive	*fruminiz	*frumanǫ̂	*frumīniz	*frumīnǫ̂	*fruminiz	*frumanǫ̂
Dative	*frumini	*frumammaz	*frumīni	*frumīmaz	*frumini	*frumammaz
Instrumental	*fruminē	*frumammiz	*frumīnē	*frumīmiz	*fruminē	*frumammiz

Derived terms

Adjectival forms:

• Proto-West Germanic:
  • Old English: forma
    • Middle English: forme
      • ⇒ Middle English: former (comparative)
        • English: former
        • Scots: formar
  • Old Saxon: formo
• Old Norse: *frum-
  • Icelandic: frum-
  • Faroese: frum-
• Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 (fruma)

Noun forms:

• Proto-West Germanic:
  • Old English: fruma (“beginning; prince; originator”)
    • Middle English: frume, frome (“origin, source”)
  • Old Frisian: froma (“use, benefit”)
  • Old Saxon: fruma (“use, benefit”)
    • Middle Low German: vrōme (“use, benefit”)
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: vrōme (“righteous”)
        • → Norwegian: from (“pious”)
        • → Old Swedish: fromber (“pious”)
          • Swedish: from (“pious”)
        • → Danish: from (“pious”)
  • Old Dutch: *fruma
    • Middle Dutch: vrome (“use, benefit”)
      • ⇒ Middle Dutch: vrome (“firm, upright”, adjective)
        • Dutch: vroom (“pious”)
  • Old High German: fruma (“use, benefit”)
    • Middle High German: vrome, vrume
      • German: Fromme
      • ⇒ Middle High German: vrume (“firm, upright”, adjective)
        • German: fromm
        • Yiddish: פֿרום (frum)
          • → English: frum, frummer