Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þunraz

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Þunraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

• *þunaraz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *toranos (“thunder”), Latin tonō (“to thunder”), Persian تندر (tondar, “thunder”), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, “to resound; to thunder; to roar”), and Proto-Germanic *stenaną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈθun.rɑz/

Noun

*þunraz m

1. thunder

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *þunraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular
nominative	*þunraz
vocative	*þunr
accusative	*þunrą
genitive	*þunras, *þunris
dative	*þunrai
instrumental	*þunrō

Derived terms

• *Þunraz, an early Germanic deity
• *þunrōną (“to thunder”)

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *þunr, *þunar, *þonar
  • Old English: þunor, þunar, þunur, þuner, þonor
    • Middle English: thonder
      • English: thunder
      • Scots: thuner, thunder, thundir
      • Yola: dhunder, dunder
  • Old Frisian: thuner, thonger
    • West Frisian: tonger
  • Old Saxon: thunar, thuner
    • Middle Low German: dunner, donner, donre, donder, dōner
      • Low German:
        • German Low German:

          Hamburgisch: Dunner

        • Westphalian:

          Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Donner

          Sauerländisch: Duener, Dūner, Dunner, Dōener

          Westmünsterländisch: Dunder, Dunner

      • Plautdietsch: Donna
  • Old Dutch: *thonar
    • Middle Dutch: donre
      • Dutch: donder
        • Afrikaans: donder
        • Negerhollands: donner, dondu
          • → Virgin Islands Creole: dondu (dated)
        • → Papiamentu: dònder, donder
        • → Sranan Tongo: dondru
          • Aukan: dondoo, donduu
      • Limburgish: dónder, dónjer
      • West Flemish: dunder
  • Old High German: donar, thonar
    • Middle High German: toner, doner
      • Central Franconian:

        Hunsrik: Dunner

        Luxembourgish: Donner

      • German: Donner
      • Rhine Franconian: Dunner

        Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥onæ̆], (possible pre-1825 pronunciation) [d̥unæ̆]

      • Vilamovian: dunyn (likely a plural form of *duner)
      • Yiddish: דונער (duner)
• Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*þonaraʀ), *ᚦᛟᚱᚨᛉ (*þoraʀ /⁠þǭraʀ⁠/)
  • Old Norse: þórr
    • ⇒ Old Norse: *þórdynr
      • Swedish: tordön
      • Danish: torden
        • Norwegian Bokmål: torden
    • Faroese: tora
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: tor m, tore, tora f; (dialectal) torde (influenced by Þórðr)
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: tore
    • Swedish: tor