Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stenaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”). Cognate with Latin tonō (“to thunder”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈste.nɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stenaną

1. (West Germanic) to sigh, to groan

Inflection

Conjugation of *stenaną (strong class 4)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stenō	*stenaų	—	*stenai	?
2nd singular	*stinizi	*stenaiz	*sten	*stenazai	*stenaizau
3rd singular	*stinidi	*stenai	*stenadau	*stenadai	*stenaidau
1st dual	*stenōz	*stenaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stenadiz	*stenaidiz	*stenadiz	—	—
1st plural	*stenamaz	*stenaim	—	*stenandai	*stenaindau
2nd plural	*stinid	*stenaid	*stinid	*stenandai	*stenaindau
3rd plural	*stenandi	*stenain	*stenandau	*stenandai	*stenaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stan	*stēnį̄
2nd singular	*stant	*stēnīz
3rd singular	*stan	*stēnī
1st dual	*stēnū	*stēnīw
2nd dual	*stēnudiz	*stēnīdiz
1st plural	*stēnum	*stēnīm
2nd plural	*stēnud	*stēnīd
3rd plural	*stēnun	*stēnīn
	present	past
participles	*stenandz	*stunanaz

Related terms

• *þunraz

Derived terms

• *stanjaną
• *stēnijaną
• *stuniz
• *stunjaną
• *stunōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *stenan
  • Old English: stenan, stinan
    • Middle English: stenen, steynen (regarded as byforms of stunien)
  • Old Saxon: *stenan
    • Middle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)
      • Low German: stöhnen
      • →? Middle High German: stenen (northern)
        • German: stöhnen
  • Old Dutch: *stenan
    • Middle Dutch: stēnen
      • Dutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)