Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *-iyos

Suffix

*-yós

1. Creates adjectives from noun stems.

Usage notes

• When affixed to athematic nouns, the noun appeared in the oblique stem. When affixed to thematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the noun was dropped.
• Despite Ringe's reconstruction of an oxytone suffix, significant amounts of barytone *-yos adjectives formed to athematic nouns can be found in Indo-Iranian and Greek, such as Sanskrit पित्र्य (pitrya), Sanskrit पद्य (padya), and Ancient Greek πάτριος (pátrios).

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-yós	*-yéh₂
genitive	*-yósyo	*-yéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-yós	*-yóh₁	*-yóes
vocative	*-yé	*-yóh₁	*-yóes
accusative	*-yóm	*-yóh₁	*-yóms
genitive	*-yósyo	*?	*-yóHom
ablative	*-yéad	*?	*-yómos, *-yóbʰos
dative	*-yóey	*?	*-yómos, *-yóbʰos
locative	*-yéy, *-yóy	*?	*-yóysu
instrumental	*-yóh₁	*?	*-yṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-yéh₂	*-yéh₂h₁(e)	*-yéh₂es
vocative	*-yéh₂	*-yéh₂h₁(e)	*-yéh₂es
accusative	*-yā́m	*-yéh₂h₁(e)	*-yéh₂m̥s
genitive	*-yéh₂s	*?	*-yéh₂oHom
ablative	*-yéh₂s	*?	*-yéh₂mos, *-yéh₂bʰos
dative	*-yéh₂ey	*?	*-yéh₂mos, *-yéh₂bʰos
locative	*-yéh₂, *-yéh₂i	*?	*-yéh₂su
instrumental	*-yéh₂h₁	*?	*-yéh₂mis, *-yéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-yóm	*-yóy(h₁)	*-yéh₂
vocative	*-yóm	*-yóy(h₁)	*-yéh₂
accusative	*-yóm	*-yóy(h₁)	*-yéh₂
genitive	*-yósyo	*?	*-yóHom
ablative	*-yéad	*?	*-yómos, *-yóbʰos
dative	*-yóey	*?	*-yómos, *-yóbʰos
locative	*-yéy, *-yóy	*?	*-yóysu
instrumental	*-yóh₁	*?	*-yṓys

Derived terms

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-yós

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/diwyós

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷówyos

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éǵr̥yos

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kagʰyóm

• *-é-yos
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -εος (-eos) (archetypically), -εῖος (-eîos) (partially)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áyas
    • Sanskrit: -अय (-áya)
  • Proto-Italic: *-eos
    • Latin: -eus

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
  • Lithuanian: -ỹs, -ias/-jas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-jь (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -ιος (-ios)
• Italic:
  • Latin: -ius
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yás
    • Sanskrit: -य (-yá)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-yáh
    • Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-iia) (e.g. 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haomiia, “made from Haoma”) from 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (haoma, “Haoma”))
• Proto-Germanic: *-jaz
  • Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)