Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Suffix

*(Ø)-yós

1. Creates adjectives from noun stems.

Usage notes

When affixed to athematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the suffix was stressed and the noun appeared in the oblique stem. When affixed to thematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the noun was dropped; accent remained on the noun stem if the thematic vowel was not originally accented.

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*(Ø)-yós	*(Ø)-yéh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-yósyo	*(Ø)-yéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-yós	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*(Ø)-yóes
vocative	*(Ø)-yé	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*(Ø)-yóes
accusative	*(Ø)-yóm	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*(Ø)-yóms
genitive	*(Ø)-yósyo	*?	*(Ø)-yóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-yéad	*?	*(Ø)-yómos, *(Ø)-yóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-yóey	*?	*(Ø)-yómos, *(Ø)-yóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-yéy, *(Ø)-yóy	*?	*(Ø)-yóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-yṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-yéh₂	*(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-yéh₂es
vocative	*(Ø)-yéh₂	*(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-yéh₂es
accusative	*(Ø)-yā́m	*(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-yéh₂m̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-yéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂oHom
ablative	*(Ø)-yéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂mos, *(Ø)-yéh₂bʰos
dative	*(Ø)-yéh₂ey	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂mos, *(Ø)-yéh₂bʰos
locative	*(Ø)-yéh₂, *(Ø)-yéh₂i	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂su
instrumental	*(Ø)-yéh₂h₁	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂mis, *(Ø)-yéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-yóm	*(Ø)-yóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-yéh₂
vocative	*(Ø)-yóm	*(Ø)-yóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-yéh₂
accusative	*(Ø)-yóm	*(Ø)-yóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-yéh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-yósyo	*?	*(Ø)-yóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-yéad	*?	*(Ø)-yómos, *(Ø)-yóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-yóey	*?	*(Ø)-yómos, *(Ø)-yóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-yéy, *(Ø)-yóy	*?	*(Ø)-yóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-yṓys

Derived terms

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-yós

• *e-yós
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -εῖος (-eîos), -ήϊος (-ḗïos) — Ionic (partially)
      • → Latin: -ēus
  • Proto-Italic: *-eos
    • Latin: -eus

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
  • Lithuanian: -ỹs, -ias/-jas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-jь (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -ιος (-ios)
• Italic:
  • Latin: -ius
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yás
    • Sanskrit: -य (-yá)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-yáh
    • Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-iia) (e.g. 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haomiia, “made from Haoma”) from 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (haoma, “Haoma”))
• Proto-Germanic: *-jaz
  • Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)