Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-jaz
 |
This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *-yós (agent suffix).
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*-jaz m
- -er, agent suffix
Inflection
[edit]| masculine ja-stemDeclension of *-jaz (masculine ja-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | *-jaz | *-jōz, *-jōs | |
| vocative | *-i | *-jōz, *-jōs | |
| accusative | *-ją | *-janz | |
| genitive | *-jas, *-is | *-jǫ̂ | |
| dative | *-jai | *-jamaz | |
| instrumental | *-jō | *-jamiz | |
Usage notes
[edit]- Following a short stem, which consists of a short vowel followed by a single consonant, the suffix remains *-jaz, but following a long stem, which has either a long vowel or diphthong, or a short vowel followed by several consonants it becomes *-ijaz. This phenomenon is called Sievers's law.
Descendants
[edit]Alternate forms
[edit]- *-az (when not being attached to class 1 weak verbs)
Etymology 2
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-yós. Cognate with Latin -ius, Ancient Greek -ιος (-ios), Sanskrit -य (-ya).
Suffix
[edit]*-jaz
Inflection
[edit]| masculine ja-stemDeclension of *-jaz (masculine ja-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | *-jaz | *-jōz, *-jōs | |
| vocative | *-i | *-jōz, *-jōs | |
| accusative | *-ją | *-janz | |
| genitive | *-jas, *-is | *-jǫ̂ | |
| dative | *-jai | *-jamaz | |
| instrumental | *-jō | *-jamiz | |
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ)
Etymology 3
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]*-jaz
- -ed, forms adjectives from nouns
- *ainaz (“one”) + *handuz (“hand”) + *-jaz → *ainahandijaz (“one-handed”)
Inflection
[edit]Declension of *-jaz (ja-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *-jaz | *-jai | *-jō | *-jôz | *-ją, -atō | *-jō |
| Accusative | *-janǭ | *-janz | *-jǭ | *-jōz | *-ją, -atō | *-jō |
| Genitive | *-jas, -is | *-jaizǫ̂ | *-jaizōz | *-jaizǫ̂ | *-jas, -is | *-jaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *-jammai | *-jaimaz | *-jaizōi | *-jaimaz | *-jammai | *-jaimaz |
| Instrumental | *-janō | *-jaimiz | *-jaizō | *-jaimiz | *-janō | *-jaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *-jô | *-janiz | *-jǭ | *-jōniz | *-jô | *-jōnō |
| Accusative | *-janų | *-janunz | *-jōnų | *-jōnunz | *-jô | *-jōnō |
| Genitive | *-iniz | *-janǫ̂ | *-jōniz | *-jōnǫ̂ | *-iniz | *-janǫ̂ |
| Dative | *-ini | *-jammaz | *-jōni | *-jōmaz | *-ini | *-jammaz |
| Instrumental | *-inē | *-jammiz | *-jōnē | *-jōmiz | *-inē | *-jammiz |