Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/neutaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to seize; grasp; use”). Cognate with Lithuanian naudà (“utility, usefulness, note”),^[1] as well as perhaps Proto-Slavic *nùďa (“need, necessity”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈneu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*neutaną^[2]^[3]

(with genitive) to use, to make use of
(with genitive) to enjoy (the use of)

Inflection

Conjugation of *neutaną (strong class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*neutō	*neutaų	—	*neutai	?
2nd singular	*niutizi	*neutaiz	*neut	*neutazai	*neutaizau
3rd singular	*niutidi	*neutai	*neutadau	*neutadai	*neutaidau
1st dual	*neutōz	*neutaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*neutadiz	*neutaidiz	*neutadiz	—	—
1st plural	*neutamaz	*neutaim	—	*neutandai	*neutaindau
2nd plural	*niutid	*neutaid	*niutid	*neutandai	*neutaindau
3rd plural	*neutandi	*neutain	*neutandau	*neutandai	*neutaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*naut	*nutį̄
2nd singular	*naust	*nutīz
3rd singular	*naut	*nutī
1st dual	*nutū	*nutīw
2nd dual	*nutudiz	*nutīdiz
1st plural	*nutum	*nutīm
2nd plural	*nutud	*nutīd
3rd plural	*nutun	*nutīn

	present	past
participles	*neutandz	*nutanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *neutan
- Old English: nēotan
  - Middle English: neoten (in derivatives)
- Old Frisian: niāta, nieta
- Old Saxon: niotan
  - Middle Low German: nēten
- Old Dutch: nietan
  - Middle Dutch: nieten
    - Dutch: nieten (obsolete)
    - Limburgish: nete
- Old High German: niozan, nioȥȥan, niaȥan
  - Middle High German: niezen
    - German: nießen
Old Norse: njóta
- Icelandic: njóta
- Faroese: njóta
- Old Swedish: niūta
  - Swedish: njuta
- Old Danish: *niute
  - Danish: nyde
Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (niutan)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*neutan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389
^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EDPG
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*neutanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*neutan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389

[EDPG-2] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EDPG

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*neutanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285

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